School headmasters’ emotional intelligence and teachers’ job satisfaction: Moderation effect of emotional labor

Abstract

This study aims to examine the moderation effect of teachers’ emotional labor (EL) on the relationship between school headmasters’ emotional intelligence (EI) and teachers’ job satisfaction (JS). This correlational research is based on data collected from 27 school headmasters and 469 teachers. Data were analyzed by using a moderated hierarchical multiple linear regression method. Our results highlight that headmasters’ EI competencies and teachers’ EL competencies significantly predict teachers’ job satisfaction level and that teachers’ emotional labor moderates the relationship between headmasters’ EL and teachers’ JS. Some theoretical and practical implications are also discussed.

Keywords

School headmasters teachers emotional intelligence emotional labor job satisfaction

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

Acar

F. T.

(2001).zekâ yeteneklerinin göreve ve insana yönelik liderlik davranışları ile ilişkisi: Banka şube müdürleri üzerine bir alan araştırması [The relationship between emotional intelligence skills and leadership behaviors (employee–centered and job–centered): A survey research on bank managers.] [Doctoral dissertation, Istanbul University].

Anafarta

(2015). Job satisfaction as a mediator between emotional labor and the intention to quit. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 6(2), 72–81.

Anttila

, Turtiainen

, Varje

, & Väänänen

(2018). Emotional labor in a school of individuals. Pedagogy, Culture & Society, 26(2), 215–231.

Ashforth

B. E.

, & Humphrey

R. H.

(1993). Emotional labor in service roles: The influence of identity. Academy of Management Review, 18(1), 88–115.

Baltaş

(2005). Ekip çalışması ve liderlik [Team work and leadership]. Remzi.

Bar–on

(1997). Bar–on emotional quotient inventory user's manual. Toronto, Canada: Multi–Health Systems.

Baron

R. M.

, & Kenny

D. A.

(1986). The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173–1182.

Baycan

(1985).An analysis of the several aspects of job satisfaction between different occupational groups [Master's thesis, Boğaziçi University].

Beatty

B. R.

(2000). The emotions of educational leadership: Breaking the silence.International Journal of Leadership in Education, 3(4), 331–357.

10.

Brackett

M. A.

, Palomera

, Mojsa–Kaja

, Reyes

M. R.

, & Salovey

(2010). Emotion–regulation ability, burnout, and job satisfaction among British secondary–school teachers.Psychology in the Schools, 47(4), 406–417.

11.

Chen

, & Chen

C. C.

(2004). On the intricacies of the Chinese guanxi: A process model of guanxi development. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 21(4), 305–324.

12.

Cherniss

(2000). Emotional intelligence: What it is and why it matters. Annual meeting of the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology. New Orleans, LA. Retrieved from http://www.talentsmart.com/media/uploads/pdfs/eq–what–it–is.pdf

13.

Chu

K. H.

(2002). The effects of emotional labor on employee work outcomes. (Doctoral dissertation, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia). Retrieved from https://vtechworks.lib.vt.edu/.

14.

Cooper

R. K.

, & Sawaf

(2000). Liderlikte duygusal zekâ [Executive E.Q.]. Ankara, Turkey: Sistem.

15.

Craig

J. B.

(2008). The relationship between the emotional intelligence of the principal and teacher job satisfaction (Publication No. 3310476) [Doctoral Dissertation, University of Pennsylvania]. Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database.

16.

Crawford

(2007). Emotional coherence in primary school headship.Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 35(4), 521–534.

17.

Crawford

(2009).Getting to the heart of leadership: Emotion and educational leadership. London, England: SAGE.

18.

Cribbs

A. J.

(2016). Emotional labor and conflict in schools: Teacher perceptions of the emotional display rules necessary for negative teacher–student interactions [Doctoral dissertation, University of Pittsburgh]. University of Pittsburgh Digital Archive.

19.

Crossman

, & Harris

(2006). Job satisfaction of secondary school teachers.Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 34(1), 29–46.

20.

Çukur

C. Ş.

(2009). Öğretmenlerde duygusal işcilik ölçeği geliştirme: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması [Development of the teacher emotional labor scale (TELS): Validity and reliability study]. Educational Sciences: Theory and Practice, 9(2), 527–574.

21.

Dahler–Larsen

, & Foged

S. K.

(2017). Job satisfaction in public and private schools: Competition is key. Social Policy & Administration, 52(5), 1084–1105.

22.

Dunbar

, & Baker

W. D.

(2014). Teaching as emotional labor: Preparing to interact with all students. Language Arts Journal of Michigan, 30(1), 32–40.

23.

Fraenkel

J. R.

, & Wallen

N. E.

(2008). How to design and evaluate research in education (7th ed). Boston, MA: McGraw–Hill.

24.

Frazier

P. A.

, Tix

A. P.

, & Barron

K. E.

(2004). Testing moderator and mediator effects in counseling psychology research. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 51(1), 115–134.

25.

Fried

(1995). The passionate teacher. Boston, MA: Beacon Press.

26.

Gelman

, & Hill

(2006).Data analysis using regression and multilevel/hierarchical models. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.

27.

George

J. M.

(2000). Emotions and leadership: The role of emotional intelligence. Human Relations, 53(8), 1027–1055.

28.

Goleman

(1995). Emotional intelligence: Why it can matter more than IQ. New York, NY: Bantam Books.

29.

Goleman

, Boyatzis

R. E.

, & Mckee

(2008). Yeni Liderler [New leaders: Transforming the art of leadership]. Istanbul, Turkey: Varlık.

30.

Grandey

A. A.

(2000). Emotion regulation in the workplace: A new way to conceptualize emotional labor. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 5(1), 95–110.

31.

Gray

(2009). Emotional intelligence and school leadership.International Journal of Educational Leadership Preparation, 4(4), 1–3.

32.

Harris

(2004). Leading by heart. School Leadership and Management, 24(4), 391–404.

33.

Hayes

A. F.

, & Matthes

(2009). Computational procedures for probing interactions in OLS and logistic regression: SPSS and SAS implementations. Behavior Research Methods, 41(3), 924–936.

34.

Hochschild

A. R.

(1983). The managed heart: The commercialization of human feeling. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

35.

Iordanoglou

(2007). The teacher as leader: The relationship between emotional intelligence and leadership effectiveness, commitment, and satisfaction.Journal of Leadership Studies, 1(3), 57–66.

36.

İplik

, Topsakal

, & İplik

(2014). The effects of emotional labor on job attitudes of hotel employees: Mediating and moderating roles of social support and job autonomy. International Review of Management and Marketing, 4(3), 175–186.

37.

Jones

G. R.

, & George

J. M.

(1998). The experience and evolution of trust: Implications for cooperation and teamwork. Academy of Management Review, 23(3), 531–546.

38.

Jose

P. E.

(2008). ModGraph–I: A program to compute cell means for the graphical display of moderational analyses. Retrieved from https://psychology.victoria.ac.nz/modgraph/modgraph.php

39.

Jung

H. S.

, & Yoon

H. H.

(2014). Moderating role of hotel employees’ gender and job position on the relationship between emotional intelligence and emotional labor.International Journal of Hospitality Management, 43, 47–52.

40.

Karimi

, Leggat

S. G.

, Donohue

, Farrell

, & Couper

G. E.

(2014). Emotional rescue: The role of emotional intelligence and emotional labour on well–being and job–stress among community nurses.Journal of Advanced Nursing, 70(1), 176–186.

41.

Keller

M. M.

, Chang

M. L.

, Becker

E. S.

, Goetz

, & Frenzel

A. C.

(2014). Teachers’ emotional experiences and exhaustion as predictors of emotional labor in the classroom: An experience sampling study.Frontiers in Psychology, 5, 1442.

42.

Kim

T. T.

, Jung–Eun Yoo

J. J. E.

, Lee

, & Kim

(2012). Emotional intelligence and emotional labor acting strategies among frontline hotel employees.International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 24(7), 1029–1046.

43.

Lee

(2010). The relationship between emotional intelligence and emotional labor and its effect on job burnout in Korean organizations [Doctoral dissertation, University of Minnesota–Twin Cities]. University of Minnesota–Twin Cities Archive.

44.

Lee

H. J.

(2018). How emotional intelligence relates to job satisfaction and burnout in public service jobs.International Review of Administrative Sciences, 84(4), 729–745.

45.

Locke

E. A.

(1976). The nature and causes of job satisfaction. In Dunnette

M. D.

(Ed.), Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology (1st ed., pp. 1297–1349). Chicago, IL: Rand McNally.

46.

Lopes

P. N.

, Bracket

M. A.

, Nezlek

J. B.

, Schütz

, Sellin

, & Salovey

(2004). Emotional intelligence and social interaction. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30(8), 1018–1034.

47.

Luthans

(2005). Organizational behavior. New York, NY: McGraw–Hill.

48.

Marinetti

, Moore

, Lucas

, & Parkinson

(2011). Emotions in social interactions: Unfolding emotional experience. In R. Cowie, C. Pelachaud, & P. Petta(Eds.), Emotion–oriented systems(pp. 31–46). Berlin, Germany: Springer.

49.

Martin

S. E.

(1999). Police force or police service? Gender and emotional labor. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 561(1), 111–126.

50.

Mayer

J. D.

, Salovey

, & Caruso

D. R.

(2004). Emotional intelligence: Theory finding, and implications.Psychological Inquiry, 15, 197–215.

51.

Millet

(2007). An examination of trait emotional intelligence factors: Their relationship to job satisfaction among police officers (Publication No. 3283704) [Doctoral dissertation, Capella University]. Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database.

52.

Naderi Anari

(2012). Teachers: emotional intelligence, job satisfaction, and organizational commitment.Journal of Workplace Learning, 24(4), 256–269.

53.

Newman

D. A.

, Joseph

D. L.

, & MacCann

(2010). Emotional intelligence and job performance: The importance of emotion regulation and emotional labor context. Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 3(2), 159–164.

54.

Prati

L. M.

(2004). Emotional intelligence as a facilitator of the emotional labor process [Doctoral dissertation, Florida State University]. Florida State University Digital Archive.

55.

Psilopanagioti

, Anagnostopoulos

, Mourtou

, & Niakas

(2012). Emotional intelligence, emotional labor, and job satisfaction among physicians in Greece.BMC Health Services Research, 12(1), 1–12.

56.

Rafaeli

, & Stutton

R. I.

(1989). The expression of emotion in organizational life. Research in Organizational Behavior, 11(1), 1–43.

57.

Rafuse

I. C.

(2010). Hiring smiling faces: The moderating role of emotional intelligence when performing emotional labor among a sample of flight attendants (Publication No. 3398313) [Doctoral dissertation, Capella University]. Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database.

58.

Ruestow

J. A.

(2008). The effect of leader's emotional intelligence on follower job satisfaction and organizational commitment: An exploratory mixed methodology study of emotional intelligence in public human services (Publication No. 3330706) [Doctoral dissertation, Capella University]. Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database.

59.

Shamir

, House

, & Arthur

(1993). The motivational effects of charismatic leadership: A self–concept based theory. Organizational Science, 4(4), 577–594.

60.

Singh

, & Manser

P. P.

(2008). Relationship between the perceived emotional intelligence of school headmasters and the job satisfaction of educators in a collegial environment. Africa Education Review, 5(1), 109–130.

61.

, Tram

, & O'Hara

L. A.

(2006). Relation of employee and manager emotional intelligence to job satisfaction and performance. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 68(3), 461–473.

62.

Şimşek

Ö. F.

(2007). Yapısal eşitlik modellemesine giriş: Temel ilkeler ve LISREL uygulamaları.[Introduction to structural equation modelling: Basic principles and LISREL applications]. Ankara, Turkey: Ekinoks.

63.

Thiruchelvi

, & Supriya

M. V.

(2009). Emotional intelligence and job satisfaction.Asia Pacific Business Review, 5(2), 109–115.

64.

Weiss

D.J.

, Dawis

R.W.

, England

G.W.

, & Lofquist

L.H.

(1967). Manual for the Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire. Washington, D.C.: Minnesota Studies.

65.

Wong

C.S.

, & Law

K.S.

(2002). The effect of leaders’ and followers’ emotional intelligence on performance and attitudes: An exploratory study. The Leadership Quarterly, 13(3), 243–274.

66.

Wong

C. S.

, Wong

P. M.

, & Law

K. S.

(2005). The interaction effect of emotional intelligence and emotional labor on job satisfaction: A test of Holland's classification of occupations. In Hartel

C. E. J.

, Wilfred

Z. J.

, & Ashkanasy

M. N.

(Eds.), Emotions in organizational behavior (pp. 235–251). London, England: Lawrence Erlbaum.

67.

Yadisaputra

(2015). The role of emotional intelligence and emotional labor among frontline employees in casino hotel Macao.International Journal of Tourism Sciences, 15(1–2), 44–58.

68.

, & Chen

(2015). A literature review on teachers’ emotional labor.Creative Education, 6(20), 2232–2240.

69.

Yin

, Huang

, & Lee

J. C. K.

(2017). Choose your strategy wisely: Examining the relationships between emotional labor in teaching and teacher efficacy in Hong Kong primary schools.Teaching and Teacher Education, 66, 127–136.

70.

Yin

H. B.

, Lee

J. C. K.

, & Zhang

Z. H.

(2013). Exploring the relationship among teachers’ emotional intelligence, emotional labor strategies and teaching satisfaction.Teaching and Teacher Education, 35, 137–145.