Parental styles,gender and the development of hope and self‐esteem

Abstract

We examined the developmental trajectory of trait hope and self‐esteem over 4 years and the impact of gender and perceived parental styles on these trajectories. Participants were 884 high school students. There was a general decline in hope and self‐esteem over time, with females declining more rapidly than males. Girls had higher hope than boys in Grade 7, but lower hope by Grade 10. Perceived parental authoritativeness at Time 1 was related to high hope across the 4 years, whilst perceived parental authoritarianism was related to low self‐esteem. We discuss the importance of perceived parental styles for adolescent well being, as well as possible explanations for changes in hope and self‐esteem. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Keywords

development of personality sex differences self‐concept and self‐esteem hope longitudinal

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

Aiken

West

(1991). Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions. Newbury Park, London: Sage Publications.

Bailey

T. C.

Eng

Frisch

M. B.

Snyder

C. R.

(2007).Hope and optimism as related to life satisfaction. Journal of Positive Psychology, 2,168–175.

Basic Behavioral Science Task Force. (1996).Basic behavioural science research for mental health: vulnerability and resilience. American Psychologist, 51,22–28.

Baumeister

R. F.

Campbell

J. D.

Krueger

J. I.

Vohs

K. D.

(2003).Does high self‐esteem cause better performance, interpersonal success, happiness, or healthier lifestyles? Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 4,1–44.

Baumrind

(1971).Current patterns of parental authority. Developmental Psychology Monograph, 4,1–103.

Baumrind

(1978).Parental disciplinary patterns and social competence in children. Youth & Society, 9,239–276.

Baumrind

(1991a). Effective parenting during the early adolescent transition. In P. E. Cowan , & E. M. Hetherington (Eds.), Advances in family research(Vol. 2, pp.111–163). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Baumrind

(1991b).The influence of parenting style on adolescent competence and substance use. Journal of Early Adolescence, 11,56–95.

Baumrind

(1993).The average expectable environment is not good enough: a response to Scarr. Child Development, 64,1299–1317.

10.

Bell

R. Q.

(1968).A reinterpretation of the direction of effects in studies of socialization. Psychological Review, 75,81–95.

11.

Bentler

P. M.

(2006). EQS 6 structural equations program manual. Encino, CA: Multivariate Software, Inc.

12.

Branje

S. J. T.

Van Lieshout

C. F. M.

Gerris

J. R. M.

(2007).Big Five personality development in adolescence and adulthood. European Journal of Personality, 21,45–62.

13.

Bryant

F. B.

Cvengros

J. A.

(2004).Distinguishing hope and optimism: two sides of a coin, or two separate coins? Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 23,273–302.

14.

Bub

K. L.

McCartney

Willet

(2007).Behaviour problem trajectories and first‐grade cognitive ability and achievement skills: a latent growth curve analysis. Journal of Educational Psychology, 99,653–670.

15.

Buri

(1991).Parental authority questionnaire. Journal of Personality Assessment, 57,110–119.

16.

Buri

J. R.

Louiselle

P. A.

Misukanis

T. M.

Mueller

R. A.

(1988).Effects of parental authoritarianism and authoritativeness on self‐esteem. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 14,271–282.

17.

Caspi

Roberts

B. W.

Shiner

R. L.

(2005).Personality development: stability and change. Annual Review of Psychology, 56,453–484.

18.

Cheavens

(2000). Hope and depression: Light through the shadows. In C. R. Snyder (Ed.), Handbook of hope: Theory, measures, and applications(pp.321–340). San Diego: Academic Press.

19.

Chen

Dong

Zhou

(1997).Authoritative and authoritarian parenting practices and social and school performance in Chinese children. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 21,855–873.

20.

Ciarrochi

Heaven

P. C. L.

Davies

(2007).The impact of hope, self‐esteem, and attributional style on adolescents' school grades and emotional well‐being: a longitudinal study. Journal of Research in Personality, 41,1161–1178.

21.

Ciarrochi

Heaven

P. C. L.

Supavadeeprasit

(2008).The link between emotion identification skills and socio‐emotional functioning in early adolescence: a one‐year longitudinal study. Journal of Adolescence, 31,564–581.

22.

Clay

Vignoles

V. L.

Dittmar

(2005).Body image and self‐esteem among adolescent girls: testing the influence of sociocultural factors. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 15,451–477.

23.

Costa

P. T.

McCrae

R. R.

(1997). Longitudinal stability of adult personality. In R. Hogan , J. Johnson , & S. Briggs (Eds.), Handbook of personality psychology(pp.269–290). San Diego: Academic Press.

24.

Deater‐Deckard

Ivy

Smith

(2006). Resilience in gene‐environment transactions. In S. Goldstein , & R. B. Brooks (Eds.), Handbook of resilience in children(pp.49–63). New York: Springer.

25.

DeNeve

K. M.

Cooper

(1998).The happy personality: a meta‐analysis of 137 personality traits and subjective well‐being. Psychological Bulletin, 124,197–229.

26.

Donnellan

M. B.

Conger

R. D.

Burzette

R. G.

(2007).Personality development from late adolescence to young adulthood: differential stability, normative maturity, and evidence for the maturity‐stability hypothesis. Journal of Personality, 75,237–263.

27.

Donnellan

M. B.

Trzesniewski

K. H.

Robins

R. W.

(2006). Personality and self‐esteem development in adolescence. In D. K. Mroczek , & T. D. Little (Eds.), Handbook of personality development(pp.285–309). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

28.

Dumont

Provost

M. A.

(1999).Resilience in adolescence: protective role of social support, coping strategies, self‐esteem, and social activities on experience of stress and depression. Journal of Youth & Adolescence, 28,343–363.

29.

Eccles

J. S.

Freedman‐Doan

Frome

Jacobs

Yoon

K. S.

(2000). Gender‐role socialization in the family: A longitudinal approach. In T. Eckes , & H. M. Trautner (Eds.), The developmental social psychology of gender(pp.333–360). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.

30.

Elliott

(1996).Impact of work, family, and welfare receipt on women's self‐esteem in young adulthood. Social Psychology Quarterly, 59,80–95.

31.

Enders

C. K.

Bandalos

D. L.

(2001).The relative performance of full information maximum liklihood estimation for missing data in structural equation models. Structural Equation Modeling, 8,430–457.

32.

Feather

N. T.

(1991).Human values, global self‐esteem, and belief in a just world. Journal of Personality, 59,83–107.

33.

Fraley

R. C.

Roberts

B. W.

(2005).Patterns of continuity: a dynamic model for conceptualizing the stability of individual differences in psychological constructs across the life course. Psychological Review, 112,60–74.

34.

Furnham

Cheng

(2000).Perceived behaviour, self‐esteem and happiness. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 35,463–470.

35.

Gray

M. R.

Steinberg

(1999).Unpacking authoritative parenting: reassessing a multidimensional construct. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 61,574–587.

36.

Graziano

W. G.

(2003).Personality development: an introduction toward process approaches to long‐term stability and change in persons. Journal of Personality, 71,893–903.

37.

Heaven

P. C. L.

Ciarrochi

(2006).Perceptions of parental styles and Eysenckian psychoticism in youth: a prospective analysis. Personality and Individual Differences, 41,61–70.

38.

Heaven

P. C. L.

Ciarrochi

(2007).Personality and religious values among adolescents: a three‐wave longitudinal analysis. British Journal of Psychology, 98,681–694.

39.

Heaven

P. C. L.

Ciarrochi

(2008).Parental styles, conscientiousness, and academic performance in high school: a three‐wave longitudinal study. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 34,451–461.

40.

Kling

K. C.

Hyde

J. S.

Showers

C. J.

Buswell

B. N.

(1999).Gender differences in self‐esteem: a meta‐analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 125,470–500.

41.

Lamborn

S. D.

Mounts

Steinberg

Dornbusch

(1991).Patterns of competence and adjustment among adolescents from authoritative, authoritarian, indulgent, and neglectful families. Child Development, 62,1049–1065.

42.

Larson

R. W.

Moneta

Richards

M. H.

Wilson

(2002).Continuity, stability, and change in daily emotional experience across adolescence. Child Development, 73,1151–1165.

43.

Leaper

(2002). Parenting girls and boys. In M. H. Bornstein (Ed.), Handbook of parenting(2nd ed., Vol. 1, pp.189–225). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.

44.

Lytton

Romney

D. M.

(1991).Parents' differential socialization of boys and girls: a meta‐analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 109,267–296.

45.

McAdams

D. P.

Anyidoho

N. A.

Brown

Huang

Y. T.

Kaplan

Machado

M. A.

(2004).Traits and stories: links between dispositional and narrative features of personality. Journal of Personality, 72,761–784.

46.

McAdams

D. P.

Adler

J. M.

(2006). How does personality develop?In D. K. Mroczek , & T. D. Little (Eds.), Handbook of personality development(pp.469–492). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

47.

McCrae

R. R.

Costa

P. T.

Terracciano

Parker

W. D.

Mills

C. J.

De Fruyt

Mervielde

(2002).Personality trait development from age 12 to 18: longitudinal, cross‐sectional and cross‐cultural analyses. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83,1456–1468.

48.

McDermott

Hastings

(2000). Children: Raising future hopes. In C. R. Snyder , & S. J. Lopez (Eds.), Handbook of positive psychology(pp.185–199). New York: Oxford University Press.

49.

Parke

R. D.

(2004).Development in the family. Annual Review of Psychology, 55,365–399.

50.

Paulhus

D. L.

(1998).Interpersonal and intrapsychic adaptiveness of trait self‐enhancement: a mixed blessing? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74,1197–1208.

51.

Peterson

B. E.

Smirles

K. A.

Wentworth

P. A.

(1997).Generativity and authoritarianism: implications for personality, political involvement, and parenting. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72,1202–1216.

52.

Pilgrim

Luo

Urberg

K. A.

Fang

(1999).Influence of peers, parents, and individual characteristics on adolescent drug use in two cultures. Merrill‐Palmer Quarterly, 45,85–107.

53.

Pullmann

Raudsepp

Allik

(2006).Stability and change in adolescents' personality: a longitudinal study. European Journal of Personality, 20,447–459.

54.

Ramsey

Watson

P. J.

Biderman

M. D.

Reeves

A. L.

(1996).Self‐reported narcissism and perceived parental permissiveness and authoritarianism. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 157,227–238.

55.

Roberts

B. W.

DelVecchio

W. F.

(2000).The rank‐order consistency of personality traits from childhood to old age: a quantitative review of longitudinal studies. Psychological Bulletin, 126,3–25.

56.

Roberts

B. W.

Mroczek

(2008).Personality trait change in adulthood. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 17,31–35.

57.

Roberts

B. W.

Walton

K. E.

Viechtbauer

(2006).Patterns of mean‐level change in personality traits across the life course: a meta‐analysis of longitudinal studies. Psychological Bulletin, 132,1–25.

58.

Roberts

B. W.

Wood

(2006). Personality development in the context of the neo‐socioanalytic model of personality. In D. K. Mroczek , & T. D. Little (Eds.), Handbook of personality development(pp.11–39). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

59.

Robins

R. W.

Trzesniewski

K. H.

(2005).Self‐esteem development across the life span. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 14,158–162.

60.

Robins

R. W.

Trzesniewski

K. H.

Tracy

J. L.

Gosling

S. D.

Potter

(2002).Global self‐esteem across the lifespan. Psychology and Aging, 17,423–434.

61.

Rosenberg

(1979). Conceiving the self. New York: Basic Books.

62.

Scheier

M. F.

Carver

C. S.

(1985).Optimism, coping, and health: assessment and implications of generalized outcome expectancies. Health Psychology, 4,219–247.

63.

Siegal

(1987).Are sons and daughters treated more differently by fathers than by mothers? Developmental Review, 7,183–209.

64.

Smetana

J. G.

Campione‐Barr

Metzger

(2006).Adolescent development in interpersonal and societal contexts. Annual Review of Psychology, 57,255–284.

65.

Snyder

C. R.

(2000a). Hypothesis: There is hope. In C. R. Snyder (Ed.), Handbook of hope: Theory, measures, and applications(pp.3–21). San Diego: Academic Press.

66.

Snyder

C. R.

(2000b). Genesis: The birth and growth of hope. In C. R. Snyder (Ed.), Handbook of hope: Theory, measures, and applications(pp.25–38). San Diego: Academic Press.

67.

Snyder

C. R.

Rand

K. L.

Sigmon

D. R.

(2002). Hope theory: A member of the positive psychology family. In C. R. Snyder , & S. J. Lopez (Eds.), Handbook of positive psychology(pp.257–276). New York: Oxford University Press.

68.

Steinberg

Morris

A. S.

(2001).Adolescent development. Annual Review of Psychology, 52,83–110.

69.

Tenenbaum

H. R.

Leaper

(2002).Are parents' gender schemas related to their children's gender‐related cognitions? A meta‐analysis. Developmental Psychology, 38,615–630.

70.

Tenenbaum

H. R.

Leaper

(2003).Parent‐child conversations about science: the socialization of gender inequities? Developmental Psychology, 39,34–47.

71.

Tennen

Affleck

Armeli

(2005).Personality and daily experience revisited. Journal of Personality, 73,1465–1483.

72.

Trzesniewski

K. H.

Donnellan

M. B.

Robins

R. W.

(2003).Stability of self‐esteem across the life span. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84,205–220.

73.

Umana‐Taylor

Updegraff

K. A.

(2007).Latino adolescents' mental health: exploring the interrelations among discrimination, ethnic identity, cultural orientation, self‐esteem, and depressive symptoms. Journal of Adolescence, 30,549–567.

74.

Uwe

Hempel

Miles

J. N. V.

(2003).Perceived parenting styles, depersonalization, anxiety and coping behavior in adolescents. Personality and Individual Differences, 34,521–532.