This paper explores the determination of female entrepreneurs in the construction industry based on masculine and feminine characteristics in the Malaysian construction industry, using the Bem Sex-Role Inventory (BSRI). The median split method determined that female construction entrepreneurs have masculine traits. The results are not robust because of the limited number of responses; nonetheless, the findings can be used as a platform for future research on female construction entrepreneurs in the construction industry in Malaysia. To enhance the findings' contributions, this paper also discusses the industry characteristics, which are considered to have significantly contributed to the masculinity of female construction entrepreneurs.
AchtenhagenL., & WelterF. (2003). Female entrepreneurship in Germany: Context development and its reflection in German media. In ButlerJ. (Ed.), New perspectives on women entrepreneurship (pp. 77–100). Greenwich, CT: Information Age Publishing.
2.
AhlH. (2006). Why research on women entrepreneurs needs new directions.Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 30(5), 595–621.
3.
AlamS. S., JaniM. F. M., & OmarN.A. (2011). An empirical study of success factors of women entrepreneurs in southern region in Malaysia.International Journal of Economics and Finance, 3(2), 166–175.
4.
AllenS., & TrumanC. (1993). Women in business: Perspectives on women entrepreneurs.London, England: Routledge.
AndersonM. L., & TaylorH.F. (2008). Sociology understanding a diverse society.Belmont, CA: Thompson Learning.
7.
AulinR., & JingmondM. (2011). Issues confronting women participation in the construction industry. Unpublished manuscript, Division of Construction Management, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
8.
BakerT. E., AldrichH., & NinaL. (1997). Invisible entrepreneurs: The neglect of women business owners by mass media and scholarly journals in the USA.Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 9(3), 221–238.
9.
BaughnC. C., ChuaB. L., & NeupertK.E. (2006). The normative context for women's participation in entrepreneurship: A multicountry study.Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 30(5), 687–708.
10.
BaumolW. J., LitanR. E., & SchrammS. (2007). Good capitalism, bad capitalism, and the economics of growth and prosperity.New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
11.
BeacockP. M., & PearsonJ. S. D. (1989). Characteristics of higher education for the construction professions (Development Services Project Report 24, CNAA, pp. 96–97). London, England.
12.
BemS. (1993). The lenses of gender: Transforming the debate on sexual inequality.New Haven: Yale University Press.
13.
BemS.L. (1981). Bem sex-role inventory.Palo Alto, CA: Mind Garden.
14.
BruniA., GherardiS., & PoggioB. (2004). Entrepreneur-mentality, gender and the study of women entrepreneurs.Journal of Organizational Change Management, 17(3), 256–268.
15.
BrushC.G. (1992). Research on women business owners: Past trends, a new perspective and future directions.Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 1(1), 8–24.
16.
ButlerJ. (1990). Gender trouble: Feminism and the subversion of identity.New York, NY: Routledge.
17.
ButlerJ. (1993). Bodies that matter: On the discursive limits of sex.New York, NY: Routledge.
18.
ByrneJ., ClarkeL., & Van Der MeerM. (2005). Gender and ethnic minority exclusion from skilled occupations in construction: A Western European comparison.Construction Management and Economics, 23(10), 1025–1034.
19.
ChellE., & BainesS. (1998). Does gender affect business “performance”? A study of microbusinesses in business services in the UK.Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 10(1), 117–135.
20.
CIDB. (2011). Construction Sector Scenario 2011. Annual Report 2011.Kuala Lumpur: Construction Industry Development Board Malaysia.
21.
ClarkeL., PedersenF., MichielsensE., & SusmanB. (2005). The European construction social partners: Gender equality in theory and practice.European Journal of Relations, 11(2), 151–157.
22.
ConstantinopleA. (1973). Masculinity-femininity: An exception to a famous dictum?Psychological Bulletin, 80(5), 389–407.
23.
DaintyA., QinJ., & CarrilloP.M. (2005). HRM strategies for promoting knowledge sharing within construction project organisations.Hershey, PA: Idea Group Publishing.
24.
DeLauretisT. (1988). Technologies of gender: Essays on theory film and fiction.Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
25.
Department of Statistics. (2008). Department of Statistics Malaysia: The official website of Malaysia statistics agency statistics of ethnic groups. Retrieved from www.statistics.gov.my
26.
FagensonE. A., & MarcusE.C. (1991). Perceptions of the sex-role stereotypic characteristics of entrepreneurs: Women's evaluations.Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 15(4), 33–47.
27.
FerberM. A., & NelsonJ.A. (2003). Feminist economics today: Beyond economic man.Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
28.
FieldenS. L., DavidsonM. J., GaleA. W., & DaveyC.L. (2000). Women in construction: The untapped resource.Construction Management & Economics, 18(1), 113–121.
29.
GaleA., & CartwrightS. (1995). Women in project management: Entry into a male domain? A discussion on gender and organization culture—Part 1.Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 16(2), 3–8.
30.
GaleA.W. (1991, September). The image of the construction industry: How can it be changed? Paper presented at the Seventh Annual ARCOM Conference, Bath.
31.
GaleA.W. (1992). The construction industry's male culture must feminize if conflict is to be reduced: The role of education as a gatekeeper to a male construction industry. In FennP., & GamesonR. (Eds.), Construction conflict: Management and resolution (pp. 416–427). London, England: E & F. N. Spon.
32.
GaleA.W. (1994). Women in nontraditional occupations: The construction industry.Women in Management Review, 9(2), 3–14.
33.
GinigeK., AmaratungaD., & HaighR. (2007). Gender stereotypes: A barrier for career development of women in construction. Built Environment Education Conference, University of Salford.
34.
GreeneP. G., HartM. M., GatewoodE. J., BrushC. G., & CarterN.M. (2003). Women entrepreneurs: Moving front and center: An overview of research and theory. Retrieved from http://www.usasbe.org
35.
GutekB.A. (2001). Women and paid work.Psychology of Women Quarterly, 25, 379–393.
36.
HällgrenM., & WilsonT.L. (2008). The nature and management of crises in construction projects: Projects-as-practice observations.International Journal of Project Management, 26(8), 830–838.
37.
HauptT., & FesterF. (2012). Women-owned construction enterprises: A South African assessment.Journal of Engineering, Design and Technology, 10(1), 52–71.
38.
HardingS. (1987). Introduction: Is there a feminist method? In HardingS. (Ed.), Feminism and methodology: Social science issues (pp. 1–14). Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
39.
HaslangerS. (1995). Ontology and social construction.Philosophical Topics, 23, 95–125.
40.
HeilmanM. E., & ChenJ.J. (2003). Entrepreneurship as a solution: The allure of self-employment for women and minorities.Human Resource Management Review, 13(2), 347–364.
41.
HisrichR. D., & ÖztürkS.A. (1999). Women entrepreneurs in a developing economy.Journal of Management Development, 18(2), 114–125.
42.
JaafarM., Abdul AzizA., & LinA. (2010). An exploratory study on construction project financing offered by commercial banks in Malaysia.International Journal of Construction Project Management, 2(2), 1–13.
43.
JamaliD. (2009). Constraints and opportunities facing women entrepreneurs in developing countries: A relational perspective.Gender in Management: An International Journal, 24(4), 232–251.
44.
KapoorC., & AuE. (2011). University gender gap.New Straits Times, 8 Sept. 2011 Sect. Main 1(col.1).
45.
Langowitz, NanS., MorganC. (2003). Women entrepreneurs: Breaking through the glass barrier. In John, ButlerE. (Ed.), New perspectives on women entrepreneurs (pp. 101–119). Greenwich, CT: IAP-Information Age Publications.
46.
LewisP. (2006). The quest for invisibility: Female entrepreneurs and the masculine norm of entrepreneurship.Gender, Work & Organization, 13(5), 453–469.
47.
MarlowS., & PattonD. (2005). All credit to men? Entrepreneurship, finance, and gender.Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 29(6), 717–735.
48.
McKeenC. A., & BurkeR.J. (1994). The woman-friendly organization: Initiatives valued by managerial women.Employee Counselling Today, 6(6), 18–25.
49.
MillettK. (1971). Prostitution, a quarter for female voices. In GornicV., & MoranB. K. (Eds.), Women in a sexiest society (pp. 225–241). New York, NY: New American Library.
50.
MirchandaniK. (1999). Feminist insight on gendered work: New directions in research on women and entrepreneurship.Gender, Work & Organization, 6(4), 224–235.
51.
MooreD. (1990). An examination of present research on the female entrepreneur. Suggested research strategies for the 1990s.Journal of Business Ethics, 9(4-5), 275–281.
52.
OgborJ.O. (2000). Mythicizing and reification in entrepreneurial discourse: Ideology critique of entrepreneurial studies.Journal of Management Studies, 37(5), 605–635.
53.
PerssonR.S. (1999). Exploring the meaning of gender: Evaluating and revising the Bem Sex-Role Inventory (BSRI) for a Swedish research context (BSRI-SE) (No. INSIKT 1999: 1). Jönköping: Jönköping University, Högskolan for Lärarutbildningoch Kommunikation.
54.
PetzallS., & TeoS.-T. (1993). A profile of leadership styles of Singapore small business owners.Journal of Small Business & Entrepreneurship, 10(3), 47–58.
55.
RahmanR. A., & AliF. H. M. (2006). Board, audit committee, culture and earnings management: Malaysian evidence.Managerial Auditing Journal, 21(7), 783–804.
56.
ReedR. (1996). Entrepreneurialism and paternalism in Australian management: A gender critique of the “self-made” man. In CollinsonD. L., & HearnJ. (Eds.), Men as managers, managers as men: Critical perspectives on men, masculinities and managements (pp. 99–122). London, England: Sage Publications.
57.
ReynoldsP. D., BygraveW. D., AutioE., & HayM. (2002). Global entrepreneurship monitor: 2002 Executive report. Babson College, Ewing Marion Kauffman Foundation, and UK: London Business School.
58.
RussellG., AntillJ., & CunninghamJ. (1978). The measurement of masculinity, femininity and androgyny: A reply to Rowland (1977).Australian Psychologist, 13(1), 41–50.
59.
SekaranU. (2003). Research methods for business.Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
60.
SimonA.I. (2013). Children's perception of women in construction. Paper presented at the 49th ASC Annual International Conference Proceeding, San Luis Obispo, California, USA.
61.
Smith-HunterA.E. (2006). Women entrepreneurs along racial lines: Issues of human capital, financial capital and network structures.Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
62.
StanleyL. L., & WisnerJ.D. (2001). Service quality along the supply chain: Implications for purchasing.Journal of Operations Management, 19(3), 287–306.
63.
SundinE. (1988). Osynliggörandet av kvinnor—exempletföretagare.Kvinnovetenskapligtidsskrift, 9(1), 3–15.
64.
TeohW. M., & ChongS. (2007). Theorising a framework of factors influencing performance of women entrepreneurs in Malaysia.Journal of Asian Entrepreneurship and Sustainability, 3(2), 42–59.
65.
United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO). (2001). World Industrial Development Report (WIDR-2001), Vienna.
66.
Van der MerweM., & NiemanG.H. (2003). Women entrepreneurs and their needs in terms of financial assistance and products and services offered by commercial banks in South Africa. Pretoria, University of Pretoria, South Africa.
67.
VerweyI. (2007). Success factors of women entrepreneurs in construction. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the CIB World Building Congress, Cape Town, South Africa.
68.
WilsonK. (2008). Entrepreneurship education in Europe. In PotterJ. (Ed.). Entrepreneurship and higher education (pp. 119–138). Paris: OECD and LEED.
69.
WoldieA., & AdersuaA. (2004). Female entrepreneurs in a transitional economy: Businesswomen in Nigeria.International Journal of Social Economics, 31(1/2), 78–93.
