AlexanderKarl L.1997. “Public Schools and the Public Good.”Social Forces, 76(1): 1–20.
2.
AlexanderKarl L., EntwisleDoris R., and KabbaniNader. 1999. “The Dropout Process in Life Course Perspective: Risk Factors at Home and School.” Paper presented at the annual meetings of the Southern Sociological Association, Nashville, Tennessee.
3.
AlexanderKarl L., PallasAaron M., and HolupkaScott. 1987. “Consistency and Change in Educational Stratification: Recent Trends regarding Social Background and College Access.” Pp. 161–185 in Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, vol. 6, edited by RobertV. Robinson. Greenwich, Conn: JAI.
4.
AlexanderKarl L., RiordanCornelius, FennesseyJames, and PallasAaron M.. 1982. “Social Background, Academic Resources, and College Graduation: Recent Evidence from the National Longitudinal Survey.”American Journal of Education90: 315–333.
5.
AulettaKen1982. The Underclass.New York: Random house.
6.
BakerTherese L., and VèlezWilliam. 1996. “Access to and Opportunity in Postsecondary Education in the United States.”Sociology of Education69: 82–101.
7.
BaumanKurt J.1998. “Schools, Markets, and Family in the History of African-American Education.”American Journal of Education106: 500–531.
8.
BowenWilliam G., and BokDerek. 1998. The Shape of the River: Long-term Consequences of Considering Race in College and University Admissions.Princeton, NJ: Princeton University.
9.
JeanneBrooks-Gunn, DuncanGreg J., KlebanovPamela Kato, and SealandNaomi. 1993. “Do Neighborhoods Influence Child and Adolescent Development?”American Journal of Sociology99(2): 353–95.
10.
CorcoranMary, GordonRoger, LarenDeborah, and SolonGary. 1989. “Effects of Family and Community Background on Men's Economic Status” (Working Paper 2896). National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA.
11.
CraneJonathan1991. “The Epidemic Theory of Ghettos and Neighborhood Effects on Dropping Out and Teenage Childbearing.”American Journal of Sociology96: 1226–59.
12.
DatcherLinda1982. “Effects of Community and Family Background on Achievement.”The Review of Economics and Statistics64: 32–41.
13.
DayJennifer, and CurryAndrea. 1996. Educational Attainment in the U.S.: March 1995.Current Population Reports P-20, no. 489. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.
14.
DevineJoel A., and WrightJames D.. 1993. The Greatest of Evils: Urban Poverty and the American Underclass.New York: Aldine De Gruyter.
15.
DrakeSt. Clair, and CaytonHorace R.. 1962. Black Metropolis: A Study of Negro Life in a Northern City.New York: Harper and Row.
16.
DuBoisW. E. B.1899. The Philadelphia Negro.Philadelphia: Publication for the University.
17.
DworkinAnthony Gary, and DworkinRosalind J.. 1999. The Minority Report: An Introduction to Racial, Ethnic, and Gender Relations.Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt Brace College Publishers.
18.
FainsteinNorman1995. “Black Ghettoization and Social Mobility.” Pp. 123–141 in the Bubbling Cauldron: Race, Ethnicity, and the Urban Crisis, edited by SmithMichael Peter, and JoeR. Feagin. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.
19.
FarleyReynolds1977. “Trends in Racial Inequalities: Have Gains of the 1960s Disappeared in the 1970s?”American Sociological Review42: 189–208.
20.
FarleyReynolds1984. Blacks and Whites: Narrowing the Gap?Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
21.
FarleyReynolds1997. “Racial Trends and Differences in the United States 30 Years after the Civil Rights Debate.”Social Science Research26: 235–262.
22.
FarleyReynolds, and FreyWilliam H.. 1994. “Changes in the Segregation of Whites from Blacks During the 1980s: Small Steps Toward a More Integrated Society.”American Sociological Review59: 23–45.
23.
GibsonJane W.1996. “The Social Construction of Whiteness in Shellcracker Haven, Florida.”Human Organization55(4): 379–89
24.
GlasgowDouglas G.1980. The Black Underclass: Poverty, Unemployment, and Entrapment of Ghetto Youth.San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers.
25.
GregorySteven1998. Black Corona: Race and the Politics of Race in an Urban Community.Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
26.
HardyJanet B., David MellitsSam Shapiro E., SkinnerElizabeth A., AstoneNan Marie, EnsmingerMargaret, LaVeistThomas, BaumgardnerRosemary, and StarfieldBarbara H.. 1997. “Self-suffiiciency at Ages 27 to 33 Years: Factors Present Between Birth and 18 Years That Predict Educational Attainment among Children Born to Inner-city Families.”Pediatrics99(1): 80–87.
27.
HartiganJohnJr.1997. “Green Ghettos and the White Underclass.”Social Research64(2): 339–65.
28.
HauserRobert M.1990. “The Decline in College Entry among African Americnas: Findings in Search of Explanations.” Working Paper No. 90–20. University of Wisconsin, Madison, Center for Demography and Ecology.
29.
HochschildJennifer L.1996. Facing Up to the American Dream: Race, Class, and the Soul of the Nation.Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
30.
JastakJoseph Florian, and JastakS. R.1965. “The wide range achievement test (WRAT).”Wilmington, DE: Guidance Associates.
31.
JencksChristopher, and MayerSusan E.. 1990. “The Social Consequences of Growing up in a Poor Neighborhood.” Pp. 111–86 in Inner-city Poverty in the United States, edited by LynnLaurence E.Jr., and MichaelG. H. McGeary. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
32.
JencksChristopher S., SmithMarshall, AklandHenry, BaneMary Jo, CohenDavid, GintisHerbert, HeynsBarbara, and MichelsonStephen. 1972. Inequality: A Reassessment of the Effect of Family and Schooling in America.New York: Harper & Row.
33.
KalmijnMatthijs, and Kraaykamp-GerbertGerbert. 1996. “Race, Cultural Capital, and Schooling: An Analysis of Trends in the United States.”Sociology of Education69(1): 22–34.
34.
KantorHarvey, and BrenzelBarbara. 1993. “Urban Education and the ‘Truly Disadvantaged’: The Historical Roots of the Contemporary Crisis, 1945–1990.” Pp. 366–402 in The “Underclass” Debate: Views from History, edited by KatzMichael. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
35.
KasardaJohn D.1992. “Inner-City Concentrated Poverty and Neighborhood Distress: 1970 to 1990.”Housing Policy Debate4: 253–302
36.
KatzMichael B.1995. Improving Poor People: The Welfare State, the “Underclass, “ and Urban Schools as History.Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
37.
Krivo LurenJ., and PetersonRuth D.. 1996. “Extremely Disadvantaged Neighborhoods and Urban Crime.”Social Forces75(2): 619–50.
38.
LeeBarrett A., and WoodPeter B.. 1991. “Is Neighborhood Racial Succession Place-specific?”Demography28: 21–40.
39.
Lewin-EpsteinNoah1986. “Effects of Residential Segregation and Neighborhood Opportunity Structure on the Employment of Black and White Youth.”The Sociological Quarterly27(4): 559–70.
40.
LichterDaniel T.1988. “Racial Differences in Underemployment in American Cities.”American Journal of Sociology93(4): 771–92.
41.
MacLeodJay1995. Ain't No Makin’ It: Aspirations and Attainment in a Low-Income Neighborhood.Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
42.
MareRobert D.1981. “Market and Institutional Source of Educational Growth.”Research in Social Stratification and Mobility1: 205–45.
43.
MargoRobert A.1990. Race and Schooling in the South, 1880–1950: An Economic History.Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
44.
MarksCarole C.1995. “Separate Societies: Negotiating Race and Class in the ‘90s.”Sociological Focus28(1): 49–61.
45.
MasseyDouglas S., GrossAndrew B., and ShibuyaKumiko. 1994. “Migration, Segregation, and the Geographic Concentration of Poverty.”American Sociological Review59: 425–45.
46.
McDonaldKatrina Bell1997. “Black Activist Mothering: A Historical Intersection of Race, Gender, and Class.”Gender & Society11: 773–95.
47.
MulsowMiriam H., and MurryVelma McBride. 1996. “Parenting on the Edge: Economically Stressed, Single, African American Adolescent Mothers.”Journal of Family Issues17(5): 704–21.
48.
MurrayCharles1986. “White Welfare, White Families, ‘White Trash.’”National Review38(March 28).
49.
MuirayCharles1993. “The Coming White Underclass.”Wall Street Journal (October 29).
50.
National Center for Education Statistics (NCES).1995. “Findings from the Condition of Education, 1994: The Educational Progress of Black Students.” NCES 95–765. U.S. Department of Education.
51.
PallasAaron1984. “The Determinants of High School Dropout.” Ph.D. dissertation, The Johns Hopkins University.
52.
PascarellaErnest T.1985. “Racial differences in factors associated with bachelor's degree completion: A nine-year follow-up.”Research in Higher Education23(4): 351–73.
53.
PerlmannJoel1987. “A Piece of the Educational Pie: Reflections and New Evidence on Black and Immigrant Schooling since 1880.”Sociology of Education60: 54–61.
54.
PerlmannJoel1988. Ethnic Differences: Schooling and Social Structure among the Irish, Italian, Jews, and Blacks in the American City, 1880–1935.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
55.
RothmanRobert A.1999. Inequality and Stratification: Race, Class, and Gender.Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
56.
Statistical Abstract of the United States.1990. U.S. Government Printing Office.
57.
TiggsLeann M., BrownIrene, and GreenGary P.. 1998. “Social Isolation of the Urban Poor: Race, Class, and Neighborhood Effects on Social Resources.”The Sociological Quarterly39(1): 53–77.
58.
VenkateshSudhir Alladi1994. “Getting Ahead: Social Mobility among the Urban Poor.”Sociological Perspectives37(2): 157–82.
59.
WashingtonValora, and NewmanJoanna. 1991. “Setting Our Own Agenda: Exploring the Meaning of Gender Disparities among Blacks in Higher Education.”Journal of Negro Education60(1): 19–35.
60.
WhiteMichael J.1987. American Neighborhoods and Residential Differentiation.New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
61.
WilsonWilliam Julius1987. The Truly Disadvantaged: The Inner City, the Underclass, and Public Policy.Chicago: University of Chicago Press.