Coexpression and Accumulation of Ubiquitin +1 and ZZ Proteins in Livers of Children with α 1 -Antitrypsin Deficiency

The ZZ variant of α₁-antitrypsin deficiency (AATD) is well known to cause liver damage and cirrhosis in some affected children. Ubiquitin abnormality was recently shown to be significant in AATD in childhood cirrhosis. Molecular misreading (MM), defined as faulty transcription of genomic information from DNA into mRNA, as well as its translation into mutant proteins, has been documented in many pathologic processes where aggregation of abnormal proteins occurs. The misread protein, ubiquitin-B⁺¹ (UBB⁺¹), was recently identified in the hallmarks of various neurological disorders. The objective of this study was to determine whether MM of ubiquitin occurs in AATD. Twelve explanted liver specimens from AATD-affected children with cirrhosis were retrieved from archival sources, along with 10 control liver specimens obtained from autopsies of age-matched children with no clinical, gross anatomic, or histologic evidence of liver disease. Double immunofluorescence studies using rabbit polyclonal antibodies against UBB⁺¹ and AAT were performed on consecutively sectioned tissue. UBB⁺¹ immunoreactivity was colocalized with AAT in all cirrhotic AATD livers. The control livers were consistently negative. Ubiquitin MM is prominent in AATD-affected cirrhotic livers. This indicates that for children with AATD and cirrhosis, ubiquitin MM is a necessary cofactor to the aggregation of mutant ZZ isoform of AATD.