Connection between Parent–Child Religiosity: Moderated Mediation by Perceived Maternal and Paternal Warmth and Overprotection and Emerging Adult Gender
Restricted accessResearch articleFirst published online March, 2020
Connection between Parent–Child Religiosity: Moderated Mediation by Perceived Maternal and Paternal Warmth and Overprotection and Emerging Adult Gender
Previous research has shown a strong connection between parental religiosity and parenting behaviors in the transmission of religion from parent to child. Our study expanded upon previous research by examining how perceived maternal and paternal warmth and overprotection mediated the relation between parental and personal religiosity in males and females. A sample of 486 emerging adults reported maternal, paternal, and personal religiosity as well as their parents’ parenting behaviors. Results indicated that perceived paternal warmth served as a mediator for males only but neither perceived maternal nor paternal overprotection mediated the relationship between parental religiosity and emerging adult religiosity. Gender moderated the paths from perceived paternal religiosity to paternal overprotection, such that the relationship was stronger for females, and perceived paternal warmth to emerging adult religiosity, such that the relationship was stronger for males. Overall, results demonstrated that mediation effects occurred for males only, suggesting moderated mediation.
ArnettJEmerging adulthood: A theory of development from the late teens through the twentiesAmerican Psychologist200055469–480
2.
BanduraASocial cognitive theory: An agentic perspectiveAnnual Review of Psychology2001521–26
3.
BarnettMScaramellaLMothers’ parenting and child sex differences in behavior problems among African American preschoolersJournal of Family Psychology201327773–783
4.
BarryBStewartGLComposition, process, and performance in self-managed groups: The role of personalityJournal of Applied Psychology19978262–78
5.
BarryCNelsonLDavaryaSUrrySReligiosity and spirituality during the transition to adulthoodInternational Journal of Behavioral Development201034311–324
6.
BiermanAThe effects on childhood maltreatment on adult religiosity and spirituality: Rejecting God the father because of abusive fathers?Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion200544349–359
7.
BoyatzisCDollahiteDMarksLRoehlkepartainECKingPEBensonPLWagenerLThe family as a context for religious and spiritual development in children and youthThe handbook of spiritual development in childhood and adolescence2006Sage, CAThousand Oaks297–309
8.
Brewer-SmythKKoenigHCould spirituality and religion promote stress resilience in survivors of childhood trauma?Issues in Mental Health Nursing201435251–256
9.
BumpusMCrouterAMcHaleSParental autonomy granting during adolescence: Exploring gender differences in contextDevelopmental Psychology200137163–173
10.
ByrneBStructural equation modeling with AMOS: Concepts, applications, and programming20132New York, NYRoutledge
ClarkCWorthingtonEDanserDThe transmission of religious beliefs and practices from parents to firstborn early adolescent sonsJournal of Marriage and the Family198850463–472
13.
DansoHHunsbergerBPrattMThe role of parental religious fundamentalism and right-wing authoritarianism in child rearing goals and practicesJournal for the Scientific Study of Religion199736496–511
14.
DesrosiersAKelleyBMillerLParent and peer relationships and relational spirituality in adolescents and young adultsPsychology of Religion and Spirituality201021–16
15.
DickieJAjegaLKobylakJNixonKMother, father, and self: Sources of young adults’ God conceptsJournal for the Scientific Study of Religion20064557–71
16.
EliassenATaylorJHammenCBrennanPSubjective religiosity and depression in the transition to adulthoodJournal for the Scientific Study of Religion200544187–199
17.
FinleyGMiraSSchwartzSPerceived paternal and maternal involvement: Factor structure, mean differences, and parental rolesFathering2008662–82
18.
FowlerJWFaith development theory and the postmodern challengesInternational Journal for the Psychology of Religion200111159–172
19.
FrenchDEisenbergNSalloquistJPurwonoULuTChristSParent–adolescent relationships, religiosity, and the social adjustment of Indonesian Muslim adolescentsJournal of Family Psychology201327421–430
20.
GallopGLindsayDSurveying the religious landscape: Trends in U.S. beliefs1999Harrisburg, PAMorehouse
21.
GorsuchRLMcPhersonSEIntrinsic/extrinsic measurement: I/E revised and single-items scalesJournal for the Scientific Study of Religion198928348–354
22.
GunnoeMHetheringtonEReissDParental religiosity, parenting style, and adolescent social responsibilityJournal of Early Adolescence199919199–225
23.
HalgunsethLJensenASakumaKMcHaleSThe role of mothers’ and fathers’ religiosity in African American adolescents’ religious beliefs and practicesCultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology201622386–394
24.
HardySWhiteJZhangZRuchtyJParenting and the socialization of religiousness and spiritualityPsychology of Religion and Spirituality20113217–230
25.
HayesABeyond Baron and Kenny: Statistical mediation analysis in the new millenniumCommunication Monographs200976408–420
26.
HayesAIntroduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach2013New York, NYThe Guilford Press
27.
HenryCPlunkettSRobinsonLHueyEMcMichaelBAdolescent religious motivation, family functioning, and empathic concernJournal of Religion and Spirituality in Social Work: Social Thought200928343–361
28.
HertelBDonahueMParental influences on God images among children: Testing Durkheim's metaphoric parallelismJournal for the Scientific Study of Religion199534186–199
29.
HuLBentlerPMCutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternativesStructural Equation Modeling199961–55
30.
KingPRoeserRLernerRMSteinbergLReligion and spirituality in adolescent developmentHandbook of adolescent psychology20093Hoboken, NJWiley435–478
31.
KuczynskiLKuczynskiLBeyond bidirectionality: Bilateral conceptual frameworks for understanding dynamics in parent–child relationsHandbook of dynamics in parent–child relations2003Thousand Oaks, CASage1–24
32.
LeonardKCookKBoyatzisCKimballCFlanaganKParent–child dynamics and emerging adult religiosity: Attachment, parental beliefs, and faith supportPsychology of Religion and Spirituality201255–14
33.
LublinDBrewerSEThe continuing dominance of traditional gender roles in southern electionsSocial Science Quarterly200384379–396
34.
MacKinnonDIntroduction to statistical mediation analysis2008New YorkErlbaum
35.
McKinneyCPowerLChildhood playtime, parenting, and psychopathology in emerging adults: Implications for research and play therapistsInternational Journal of Play Therapy201321215–231
36.
MillerAStarkRGender and religiousness: Can socialization explanations be saved?American Journal of Sociology20021071399–1423
37.
MyersSAn interactive model of religiosity inheritance: The importance of family contextAmerican Sociological Review199661858–866
NorrisPIngelhartRSacred and secular: Religion and politics worldwide20112New YorkCambridge University Press
40.
OkagakiLBevisCTransmission of religious values: Relations between parents’ and daughters’ beliefsJournal of Genetic Psychology1999160303–318
41.
PaloutzianRFEllisonCWPeplauLAPerlmanDLoneliness, spiritual well-being and the quality of lifeLoneliness: A sourcebook of current theory, research, and therapy1982New YorkWiley224–237
42.
ParkerGTuplingHBrownLA parental bonding instrumentBritish Journal of Medical Psychology1979521–10
43.
PearceLThorntonAReligious identity and family ideologies in the transition to adulthoodJournal of Marriage and Family2007691227–1243
44.
PlanteTBoccacciniMThe Santa Clara Strength of Religious Faith QuestionnairePastoral Psychology199745375–387
45.
PowerLMcKinneyCEmerging adult perceptions of parental religiosity and parenting practices: Relationships with emerging adult religiosity and psychological adjustmentPsychology of Religion and Spirituality2013599–109
46.
PreacherKRuckerDHayesAAddressing moderated mediation hypotheses: Theory, methods, and prescriptionsMultivariate Behavioral Research200742185–227
47.
RuckerDPreacherKTormalaZPettyRMediation analysis in social psychology: Current practices and new recommendationsSocial and Personality Psychology Compass201156359–371
48.
SchnabelLHow religious are American women and men? Gender differences and similaritiesJournal for the Scientific Study of Religion201554616–622
49.
SchwartzKTransformations in parent and friend faith support predicting adolescents’ religious beliefs and commitmentThe International Journal for the Psychology of Religion200616311–326
50.
SmithCSnellPSouls in transition: The religious and spiritual lives of emerging adults2009New York, NYOxford University Press
51.
StearnsMMcKinneyCPerceived parental religiosity and emerging adult psychological adjustment: Moderated mediation by gender and personal religiosityPsychology of Religion and Spirituality20179S60–S69
52.
StearnsMMcKinneyCConflict associated with stronger parent–child religiosity in emerging adults, especially for sonsPsychology of Religion and Spirituality201810.1037/rel0000220
53.
StearnsMMcKinneyCPerceived parent–child religiosity: Moderation by perceived maternal and paternal warmth and autonomy granting and emerging adult genderPsychology of Religion and Spirituality201911177–187
54.
SullinsPDGender and religion: Deconstructive universality, constructive complexityAmerican Journal of Sociology2006112838–880
