Objective:In this study, it was aimed to investigate oxidant/antioxidant status in placenta and in blood and cord blood samples from pregnant women supplemented with iron during pregnancy.
Methods:For this purpose, 27 pregnant women at admission for delivery participated in the study. Fifteen of them did not take iron tablets and the others took oral iron supplements during pregnancy. Following delivery, part of the placenta and blood and cord blood samples were taken from the mothers. In these samples, oxidant parameters (malondialdehyde [MDA] levels and xanthine oxidase [XO] activities) and antioxidant parameters (antioxidant potential [AOP] values, superoxide dismutase [SOD], catalase [CAT] and glutathione peroxidase [GSH-Px] activities) were studied.
Results:It was found that MDA level and SOD activities increased significantly in the placentas from the iron-supplemented group as compared with those from the control group. We also obsewrved that activities of SOD and XO enzymes in maternal erythrocytes, XO in cord blood erythrocytes and GSH-Px activities in cord blood plasma decreased significantly. However, activities of CAT and GSH-Px enzymes in cord blood erythrocytes and MDA levels in maternal plasma increased in the iron-supplemented group as compared with those from the control group.
Conclusion:Increased MDA levels in the maternal plasma and the placenta in the iron-supplemented group suggests that iron supplementation may contribute to increased oxidative stress in women taking iron supplements during pregnancy.
1. CAsanueva E, Viteri FE. Iron and oxidative stress in pregnancy. J Nutr2003;133:1700S-1708S.
2.
2. McCord JM. The evolution of free radicals and oxidative stress. Am J Med2000;108:652-659.
3.
3. Scholl TO. Iron status during pregnancy: Setting the stage for mother and infant. Am J Clin Nutr2005;81:1218S-1222S.
4.
4. Schumann K. Safety aspects of iron in food. Ann Nutr Metab2001;45:91-101.
5.
5. Lachili B, Hinninger I, Faure H, et al. Increased lipid peroxidation in pregnant women after iron and vitamin C supplementation. Biol Trace Elem Res2001;83:103-110.
6.
6. Dal-Pizzol F, Klamt F, Frota MLC Jr, et al. Neonatal iron exposure induces oxidative stress in adult Wistar rat. Dev Brain Res2001;130:109-114.
7.
7. Reddy MB, Clark L. Iron, oxidative stress, and disease risk. Nutr Rev2004;62:120-124.
8.
8. Shah AM, Channon KM. Free radicals and redox signalling in cardiovascular disease. Heart2004;90:486-487.
9.
9. Jackson MJ. An overview of methods for assessment of free radical activity in biology. Proc Nutr Soc1999;58:1001-1006.
10.
10. Fang Y-Z, Yang S, Wu G. Free radicals, antioxidant, and nutrition. Nutrition2002;18:872-879.
11.
11. Lowry O, Rosenbrough N, Farr L, Randall R. Protein measurement with folin phenol reagent. J Biol Chem1951;182:265-275.
12.
12. Beutler E.Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase. In: Beutler E. ed. Red Cell Metabolism: A Manual Biochemical Procedure. New York: Grune & Stratton, 1975;66-69.
13.
13. Dahle LK, Hill EG, Holman RT. The thiobarbituric acid reaction and the autoxidations of polyunsaturated fatty acid methyl esters. Arch Biochem Biophys1962;98:253-261.
14.
14. Durak İ Bingöl NK, Avci A, et al. Acute effects of smoking of cigarettes with different tar content on plasma oxidant/antioxidant status. Inhal Toxicol2000;12:641-647.
15.
15. Hashimoto S. A new spectrophotometric assay method of xanthine oxidase in crude tissue homogenate. Anal Biochem1974;62:245-235.
16.
16. Paglia DE, Valentine WN. Studies on the quantitative and qualitative characterization of erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase. J Lab Clin Med1967;70:158-169.
17.
17. Aebi H. Catalase. In: Bergmayer HU, ed. Methods of Enzymatic Analysis. New York: Academic Press, 1974;673-677.
18.
18. Durak İ, Canbolat O, Kavutcu M, Öztürk HS, Yurtarslani Z. Activities of total, cytoplasmic and mitochondrial superoxide dismutase enzymes in sera and pleural fluids from patients with lung cancer. J Clin Lab Anal1996;10:17-20.
19.
19. Hercberg S, Preziosi P, Galan P. Iron deficiency in Europe. Public Health Nutr2001;4:537-545.
20.
20. Rehema A, Zilmer K, Klaar U, Karro H, Kullisaar T, Zilmer M. Ferrous iron administration during pregnanacy and adaptational oxidative stress (Pilot study). Medicina (Kaunas)2004;40:547-552.
21.
21. Quanungo S, Mukherja M. Ontogenic profile of some antioxidants and lipid peroxidation in human placental and fetal tissues. Mol Cell Biochem2000;215:11-19.
22.
22. Uotila J, Tuimala R, Aamio T, Pyykko K, Ahotupa M. Lipid peroxidation products, selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase and vitamin E in normal pregnancy. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol1991;42:95-100.
23.
23. Tamura T, Olin KL, Goldenberg RL, Johnson KE, DuBard MB, Keen CL. Plasma extracellular superoxide dismutase activity in healthy pregnant women is not influenced by zinc supplementation. Biol Trace Elem Res2001;80:107-113.
24.
24. Walter PB, Knutson MD, Paler-Martinez A, et al. Iron deficiency and iron excess damage mitochondria and mitochondrial DNA in rats. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A2002;99:2264-2219.
25.
25. Serdar Z, Gür E, Develioglu O. serum iron and copper status and oxidative stress in severe and mild preeclampsia. Cell Biochem Func2006;24:209-215.
26.
26. Fernandez-Real JMLopez-Bermejo A, Ricart W. Perspectives in diabetes: Cross talk between iron metabolism and diabetes. Diabetes2002;51:2384-2354.
27.
27. Lao TT, Chan PL, Tam KF. Gestational diabetes mellitus in the last trimester—A feature of maternal iron excess?Diabet Med2001;18:218-223.
28.
28. Srai SK, Bomford A, McArdle HJ. Iron transport across cell membranes: Molecular understanding of duodenal and placental iron uptake. Best Pract Res Clin Haematol2002;15:243-259.
