An MRI-Histological Study of White Matter in Stroke-Free SHRSP

Abstract

Hypertension is associated with cerebral small vessel disease (SVD) and with diffuse white matter hyperintensities (WMH) on T₂-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We tested whether stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP), a model of chronic hypertension, exhibit WMH. Male SHRSP (age 10 months) without stroke symptoms were compared with age-matched male WKY rats. Stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats exhibited no WMH on MRI scans (T₂, T₂∗, diffusion tensor imaging) and no neuropathological lesions. While leptomeningeal arteries exhibited fibrohyaline wall thickening, with decreased smooth muscle actin relative to WKY, deep penetrating arterioles within the caudate nuclei had no vasculopathy. We conclude that WMH are not an obligate feature of stroke-free SHRSP aged up to 10 months.

Keywords

experimental hypertension immunohistochemistry magnetic resonance neuropathology white matter disease

INTRODUCTION

Diffuse white matter hyperintensities (WMH) are a frequent finding on T₂-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans, especially in elderly patients.^1,2 White matter hyperintensities are linked to cerebrovascular pathology such as cerebral small vessel disease (SVD), but the pathogenic mechanisms are not fully known.^1,3 Age and hypertension are risk factors for both WMH and SVD.^2,4

Stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP) develop chronic, severe hypertension from 9 to 10 weeks of age^5–7 with subsequent vascular pathology, reduction in cerebral perfusion, and a spectrum of spontaneous stroke lesions.^5,8–11

Here, we tested the hypothesis that chronically hypertensive SHRSP develop WMH, using MRI and subsequent histopathology. We also examined leptomeningeal arteries and deep penetrating arterioles for SVD-like vasculopathy.^8,10 Most prior MRI studies have used young adult SHRSP, often fed a sodium-rich diet to precipitate stroke events.⁸ There are few studies of older, non-salt loaded SHRSP before stroke onset, with conflicting results with regard to white matter pathology.⁸ Here, we studied male SHRSP (to avoid confounding effects of female reproductive hormones) with normal diet, and without stroke symptoms. Rats were studied at age 10 months, as above this age stroke incidence and mortality increase markedly.^6,7,12

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Male SHRSP aged 10 months (range 45 to 48 weeks; n = 9) and male WKY rats (44 to 49 weeks; n = 6) underwent MRI (T₂, T₂*, and DTI (diffusion tensor imaging)) on a Bruker Biospec 7 T/30 cm system (Wikingerstrasse, Karlsruhe, Germany) with gradient coil (121 mm ID, 400 mT/m) and 72 mm birdcage resonator. Diffusion tensor imaging was carried out with a four shot spin echo planar imaging sequence for assessment of white matter. Mean diffusivity (MD) and fractional anisotropy (FA) in corpus callosum and the caudate nuclei were computed, as described in the Supplementary File.

All animals included in this study had no stroke symptoms (defined here as: inactivity and lethargy; hunched appearance; piloerection; uncoordinated movements; loss of weight, and appetite). Rats were anesthetized with isoflurane in a mixture of N₂O/O₂ (70/30). All procedures were approved by the University of Glasgow Ethical Review Panel and complied with the Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986. This report was prepared following consideration of the ARRIVE guidelines (http://www.nc3rs.org.uk/arrive).

While still anesthetized, rats were transcardially perfused with heparinized saline followed by 4% paraformaldehyde. Adjacent coronal sections (10 μm) underwent histological staining (n = 9 SHRSP; n = 6 WKY) with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), or with Luxol fast blue counterstained with cresyl violet (LFB-CV), or elastic Van Gieson (EVG) stain, or immunohistochemical labeling for smooth muscle α-actin (SMA), myelin basic protein (MBP), or the oligodendrocyte marker Olig2. Immunolabeling was visualized using diaminobenzidine chromagen (Envision kit, Dako, Ely, UK), counterstained with hematoxylin.

Further details on all Materials and methods are given in the Supplementary appendix.

RESULTS

Magnetic Resonance Imaging Data

Magnetic resonance imaging scans confirmed the absence of stroke lesions in SHRSP (n = 9). On T₂-weighted scans, no WMH were seen in white matter areas (corpus callosum, internal capsule, and external capsule) in SHRSP (Figure 1; Supplementary Figure S1) or WKY (not shown). Analysis of FA and MD on DTI scans revealed no evidence for white matter damage in SHRSP (Table 1). Stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats displayed modest reduction in MD within the corpus callosum (14%) and the caudate nuclei (4%) and increase in FA in the corpus callosum (6%) relative to WKY (Table 1). Strokeprone spontaneously hypertensive rats (Figure 1; Supplementary Figure S1) and WKY (not shown) demonstrated no evidence of hemorrhage on gradient-echo T₂* scans or T₂-weighted images. For the T₂* sequence the in-plane resolution is 0.260 mm, so the area of one voxel is 0.26 × 0.26 = 0.0676 mm², with a slice thickness of 1.5 mm. The smallest detectable hemorrhage would be ~4 voxels, that is, 0.5 × 0.5 × 1.5 mm³.

Table 1

Diffusion tensor imaging and morphometric data for SHRSP and WKY

	WKY a	SHRSP a	P valueb
DTI data
FA, caudate nuclei	0.277 (0.025)	0.263 (0.020)	0.345
MD, caudate nuclei (mm²/s × 10⁻³)	0.760 (0.011)	0.732 (0.011)	0.0019∗∗
FA, corpus callosum	0.610 (0.024)	0.649 (0.032)	0.035∗
MD, corpus callosum (mm²/s × 10⁻³)	0.985 (0.084)	0.846 (0.041)	0.016∗
Histological data
MBP-positive area fraction (%): corpus callosum	47.3 (5.6)	67.7 (6.8)	<0.001∗∗∗
MBP-positive bundle cross section area: caudate nuclei (μm²)	1710 (630)	1020 (270)	0.043∗
MBP-positive bundle density: caudate nuclei (bundles/mm²)	146 (40)	207 (50)	0.019∗
Olig2-positive cells per mm²	1480 (120)	1760 (470)	0.084
Fraction of cells positive for Olig2 (%)	46.8 (9.9)	48.1 (8.0)	0.81
Sclerotic index: large leptomeningeal arteries	0.26 (0.03)	0.31 (0.04)	0.032∗
SMA-positive area fraction (%): large leptomeningeal arteries	63.9 (15.4)	45.9 (12.7)	0.038∗
Sclerotic index: deep penetrating arterioles, caudate nuclei	0.48 (0.09)	0.44 (0.11)	0.44

DTI, diffusion tensor imaging; FA, fractional anisotropy; MBP, myelin basic protein; MD, mean diffusivity; SHRSP, stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats; SMA, smooth muscle actin.

∗

P<0.05,

∗∗

P< 0.01,

∗∗∗

P<0.001.

Data are expressed as mean (s.d.).

Student's unpaired t-test.

Figure 1.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans of stroke-free stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP) brain. MRI scans (coronal section) from a representative male SHRSP aged 48 weeks. T₂-weighted (A), gradient-echo T₂*-weighted (B) and color-coded fractional anisotropy map (C). The color ball in (C) indicates the three directional vectors (red–blue–green). Scans show no white matter hyperintensities (WMH) (A), no significant hemorrhage (B) and no loss of white matter anisotropy (C).

Histopathology and Morphometry

Blinded examination of H-E and LFB-CV-stained histological sections by a registered neuropathologist (LRB) revealed no evidence of the following in SHRSP (n = 9): vacuolation in corpus callosum or caudate white matter bundles; astrocytosis; microinfarcts; fibrinoid necrosis of vessel walls; microhemorrhage; macrophage invasion. Robust, uniform MBP immunolabeling was seen in corpus callosum and in caudate white matter bundles of SHRSP (Figure 2).

Figure 2.

Histological examination of white matter. Immunohistochemical labeling of myelin basic protein (MBP) in brain sections from a representative stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHRSP), aged 47 weeks. (A) MBP immunolabeling (brown) displays histological white matter areas in low magnification view of a coronal section. The corpus callosum (cc) and caudate (caud) are marked. (B) A neighboring section treated identically but without primary antibody shows no immunoreactivity. (C, D) Higher magnification images confirm integrity of myelin in corpus callosal white matter (C) and in caudate white matter bundles (D). The central azimuthal artery serves as an anatomical landmark in (C). Nuclear chromatin is counterstained with hematoxylin (blue). Scale bars: 1,000 μm (A, B) and 20 μm (C, D).

Morphometric analysis of MBP and Olig2 labeling showed no white matter damage in corpus callosum or in caudate white matter bundles of SHRSP (n = 9, Figure 2; Supplementary Figure S2) or WKY (n = 6; Table 1). Stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats had somewhat greater MBP-positive area density (1.4-fold) in the corpus callosum relative to WKY (Table 1). In the caudate nuclei, SHRSP had greater density of MBP-positive bundles (1.4-fold) and lower bundle density (0.59-fold; Table 1). Within corpus callosum, the area density and cell fraction of Olig2-positive cells did not differ between SHRSP and WKY (Table 1; Supplementary Figure S2).

Leptomeningeal arteries in SHRSP exhibited thickened, hyalinized walls with abnormal SMA labeling in myocytes (Supplementary Figure S3), while WKY rats had uniform medial SMA labeling in equivalent vessels, without hyalinosis (Supplementary Figure S3). Leptomeningeal arteries in SHRSP exhibited elevated sclerotic index (SI) relative to WKY (1.2-fold; Table 1) and reduced SMA-positive area fraction (0.72-fold; Table 1) relative to WKY. The SI of penetrating SMA-labeled vessels (assumed to be deep penetrating arterioles) in the caudate nuclei did not differ between groups (Table 1; Supplementary Figure S3).

DISCUSSION

White matter hyperintensities are commonly seen on clinical T₂-weighted MRI scans and their prevalence and extent increase with advancing age and cardiovascular risk factors, particularly hypertension.^2,4 More confluent WMH, especially those in deep white matter sites, are associated with SVD.² In DTI scans of human subjects, WMH exhibit elevated MD and reduced FA, interpreted as loss of axons and myelin structure.^2,13,14 Neuropathological features of WMH are demyelination, cell and axonal atrophy, and gliosis, accompanied by fibrinohyalinotic changes and vessel wall thickening in deep penetrating arteries.^1–3

Our MRI data suggest that WMH do not accompany chronic hypertension in stroke-free SHRSP at age 10 months. Our histological data supported these findings, with no depletion of MBP or loss of oligodendrocytes. Previous MRI studies of SHRSP have used high salt diet to augment hypertension and stroke likelihood.^8,15,16 In agreement with our findings, other groups found no changes on T₂-weighted scans of stroke-free SHRSP on normal diet at 5–8 months of age.^11,16 Some prior MRI studies included stroke-free SHRSP above this age and, in agreement with our data, these showed no WMH.^9,15 Some previous histological studies reported white matter lesions in non-salt loaded SHRSP¹⁷ while others, including ourselves, found no white matter damage.^16,18

Contrary to our hypothesis, SHRSP exhibited reduced MD in the corpus callosum and caudate nuclei relative to WKY, and the corpus callosum displayed elevated FA (Table 1), indicative of increased white matter structure. This was corroborated by increased MBP in the corpus callosum (Table 1). These paradoxical findings may be a response to chronic hypoperfusion in the white matter of SHRSP.⁹ Changes in myelination occur more rapidly in rodent brain than in humans.^19–21

Leptomeningeal arteries of SHRSP exhibited fibrohyaline thickening and loss of cellularity, confirmed by increased SI and decreased SMA-positive area (Table 1), in accord with the chronic hypertensive phenotype of SHRSP.^6,8 As with our findings, earlier morphometric analyses observed arterial thickening in large leptomeningeal vessels of SHRSP relative to WKY.^22,23 We saw no wall thickening in deep penetrating arterioles, and no erythrocyte accumulation in deep brain vessels.¹¹

There are several limitations of our study. First, the SI parameter does not encompass all aspects of SVD arteriopathy. It is an approximate measure of arterial or arteriolar stenosis at single-vessel level, for neuropathological reporting of SVD.^24,25 Second, the Glasgow SHRSP colony used here may have undergone some genotypic shift from the Japanese founder colony.⁷ However, they exhibited characteristic coat coloration associated with SHRSP, and leptomeningeal arterial thickening indicative of chronic hypertension. Third, our data do not exclude WMH in SHRSP that survive beyond 10 months. Notch3^R169C transgenic mice accumulate arterial collagen from age 5 months, but white matter lesions only at age 18–20 months.²⁶ These Notch3^R169C mice are not hypertensive or stroke-prone.²⁶

It should be emphasized that the SHRSP studied here are a selected population, free from stroke symptoms. Incidence of stroke in the Glasgow SHRSP colony is ~70% at 9 months of age, which accords with incidence in other groups.^6,9,11,12 In detailed studies of lifespan by another group, survival of untreated male SHRSP was 100% at 9 months of age, 50% at 13 months, with mortality complete at 15 months.^6,12 Stroke and mortality were seen considerably earlier in original reports from the Kyoto founder colony, with average lifespan of 276 days (~9 months) and 89% stroke incidence (n = 60/67).^5,7 It seems likely that there are some differences in pathology and stroke incidence between the founder colony and the other colonies that have been established. There may also be an effect of different husbandry regimes and different criteria for selection of breeding pairs.

In conclusion, SHRSP which were stroke-free at age 10 months exhibited fibrohyaline changes in leptomeningeal arteries, but no vasculopathy in deep penetrating arterioles, and no WMH. Our data do not support the hypothesis that stroke-free SHRSP develop WMH, and suggest that WMH do not necessarily accompany chronic hypertension over the timescale studied.

DISCLOSURE/CONFLICT OF INTEREST

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Footnotes

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors thank their colleagues Yvette Bland, Celia Cope, Lindsay Gallagher, Raymond Moss, and James Mullin for their expert assistance.

Notes

Supplementary Information accompanies the paper on the Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism website ()

References

Fazekas

Kleinert

Offenbacher

Schmidt

Kleinert

Payer

. Pathologic correlates of incidental MRI white matter signal hyperintensities. Neurology 1993; 43: 1683–1689.

Schmidt

Haybaeck

Loitfelder

Weis

Cavalieri

. Heterogeneity in age-related white matter changes. Acta Neuropathol 2011; 122: 171–185.

Fernando

Simpson

Matthews

Brayne

Lewis

Barber

. White matter lesions in an unselected cohort of the elderly: molecular pathology suggests origin from chronic hypoperfusion injury. Stroke 2006; 37: 1391–1398.

Dufouil

Chalmers

Coskun

Besancon

Bousser

Guillon

. Effects of blood pressure lowering on cerebral white matter hyperintensities in patients with stroke: the PROGRESS (Perindopril Protection Against Recurrent Stroke Study) Magnetic Resonance Imaging Substudy. Circulation 2005; 112: 1644–1650.

Yamori

Horie

Handa

Sato

Fukase

. Pathogenetic similarity of strokes in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats and humans. Stroke 1976; 7: 46–53.

Linz

Heitsch

Scholkens

Wiemer

. Long-term angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockade with fonsartan doubles lifespan of hypertensive rats. Hypertension 2000; 35: 908–913.

Yamori

Horie

. Developmental course of hypertension and regional cerebral blood flow in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. Stroke 1977; 8: 456–461.

Hainsworth

Markus

. Do in vivo experimental models reflect human cerebral small vessel disease? A systematic review. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2008; 28: 1877–1891.

Henning

Warach

Spatz

. Hypertension-induced vascular remodeling contributes to reduced cerebral perfusion and the development of spontaneous stroke in aged SHRSP rats. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2010; 30: 827–836.

10.

Bailey

Smith

Sudlow

Wardlaw

. Is the spontaneously hypertensive stroke prone rat a pertinent model of sub cortical ischemic stroke? A systematic review. Int J Stroke 2011; 6: 434–444.

11.

Schreiber

Bueche

Garz

Kropf

Angenstein

Goldschmidt

. The pathologic cascade of cerebrovascular lesions in SHRSP: is erythrocyte accumulation an early phase? J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2012; 32: 278–290.

12.

Linz

Jessen

Becker

Scholkens

Wiemer

. Long-term ACE inhibition doubles lifespan of hypertensive rats. Circulation 1997; 96: 3164–3172.

13.

Lee

Fletcher

Martinez

Ortega

Zozulya

Kim

. Regional pattern of white matter microstructural changes in normal aging, MCI, and AD. Neurology 2009; 73: 1722–1728.

14.

O'Sullivan

Summers

Jones

Jarosz

Williams

Markus

. Normalappearing white matter in ischemic leukoaraiosis: a diffusion tensor MRI study. Neurology 2001; 57: 2307–2310.

15.

Guerrini

Sironi

Tremoli

Cimino

Pollo

Calvio

. New insights into brain damage in stroke-prone rats: a nuclear magnetic imaging study. Stroke 2002; 33: 825–830.

16.

Jalal

Yang

Thompson

Lopez

Rosenberg

. Myelin loss associated with neuroinflammation in hypertensive rats. Stroke 2012; 43: 1115–1122.

17.

Lin

Tomimoto

Akiguchi

Wakita

Shibasaki

Horie

. White matter lesions and alteration of vascular cell composition in the brain of spontaneously hypertensive rats. Neuroreport 2001; 12: 1835–1839.

18.

Dong

Kataoka

Tokutomi

Nako

Nakamura

Toyama

. Beneficial effects of combination of valsartan and amlodipine on salt-induced brain injury in hypertensive rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2011; 339: 358–366.

19.

Bradl

Lassmann

. Oligodendrocytes: biology and pathology. Acta Neuropathol 2010; 119: 37–53.

20.

Miron

Kuhlmann

Antel

. Cells of the oligodendroglial lineage, myelination, and remyelination. Biochim Biophys Acta 2011; 1812: 184–193.

21.

Miyamoto

Tanaka

Shimura

Watanabe

Mori

Onodera

. Phosphodiesterase III inhibition promotes differentiation and survival of oligodendrocyte progenitors and enhances regeneration of ischemic white matter lesions in the adult mammalian brain. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2010; 30: 299–310.

22.

Baumbach

Walmsley

Hart

. Composition and mechanics of cerebral arterioles in hypertensive rats. Am J Pathol 1988; 133: 464–471.

23.

Nordborg

Fredriksson

Johansson

. The morphometry of consecutive segments in cerebral arteries of normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats. Stroke 1985; 16: 313–320.

24.

Hachinski

Iadecola

Petersen

Breteler

Nyenhuis

Black

. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke-Canadian Stroke Network vascular cognitive impairment harmonization standards. Stroke 2006; 37: 2220–2241.

25.

Lammie

Brannan

Slattery

Warlow

. Nonhypertensive cerebral small-vessel disease. An autopsy study. Stroke 1997; 28: 2222–2229.

26.

Joutel

Monet-Lepretre

Gosele

Baron-Menguy

Hammes

Schmidt

. Cerebrovascular dysfunction and microcirculation rarefaction precede white matter lesions in a mouse genetic model of cerebral ischemic small vessel disease. J Clin Invest 2010; 120: 433–445.

Supplementary Material

Please find the following supplemental material available below.

For Open Access articles published under a Creative Commons License, all supplemental material carries the same license as the article it is associated with.

For non-Open Access articles published, all supplemental material carries a non-exclusive license, and permission requests for re-use of supplemental material or any part of supplemental material shall be sent directly to the copyright owner as specified in the copyright notice associated with the article.

0.00 MB

6.00 MB

0.06 MB