Input — Output Multipliers When Data are Incomplete or Unreliable

A general class of estimation procedures for input — output multipliers is introduced which is flexible enough to cope with all possible sets of information within the input — output framework. The class of procedures is general in the sense that multipliers derived from updated input — output tables, as well as some of the existing shortcut multiplier formulae, are included as borderline cases. Furthermore, the procedures are general in the sense that different types of multipliers (output multipliers, employment multipliers, final demand multipliers, etc) are dealt with simultaneously. It is also demonstrated how these estimation procedures could be supplemented by calculating deterministic intervals for the true but unknown results.