Patterns of Change in the Use of Energy in the New Zealand Economy

Abstract

The relationships between economic activity and energy use have been a matter of interest, in particular since the disruptions to energy markets in the 1970s. Input — Output models provide a convenient methodology by which to identify energy-use intensities of economic sectors at a disaggregate level. Moreover, if there exist at least two compatible tables displaced temporally, it is possible to identify changes in the energy intensity of economic activity through time. The use of energy in the New Zealand economy is estimated for each of the years 1971/72 and 1981/82 by means of Input — Output tables. Subsequent analysis is directed at identifying the relative contributions of changes in the technological coefficients and changes in the pattern of final demand to overall change in energy intensity over the ten-year period. Results suggest that the energy intensity of economic activity in New Zealand, unlike many other industrialised nations, has increased appreciably during the decade under consideration.

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

Ang

, 1987, “Structural changes and energy demand forecasting in industry with applications to two newly industrialised countries” Energy 12 101–111

Banerjee

, 1981, “Analysis of structural change in the Canadian economy: An Input — Output approach”, paper presented to the North American Congress of the Regional Science Association, Montreal, 13 – 15 November, copy available from the authors

Blair

, 1979 Multiobjective Regional Energy Planning (Martinus Nijhoff, Boston, MA)

Bullard

Herendeen

, 1975, “The energy costs of goods and services” Energy Policy 1 268–277

Cameron

, 1987 Estimates of Direct Electricity Intensities for 20 Sectors Within the New Zealand Economy (Electricorp, Private Bag, Wellington, New Zealand)

Carter

, 1970 Structural Change in the American Economy (Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA)

Chateau

Lapillonne

, 1982 Energy Demand: Facts and Trends (Springer, New York)

Cleveland

Costanza

Hall

Kaufman

, 1984, “Energy and the US economy” Science 225 890–897

Costanza

, 1980, “Embodied energy and economic valuation” Science 210 1219–1224

10.

Darmstadter

Dunkerly

Alterman

, 1977 How Industrial Societies Use Their Energy (Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, MD)

11.

Department of Statistics, 1980, “Inter-industry study of the New Zealand economy 1971 – 72”, Department of Statistics, Private Bag, Wellington, New Zealand

12.

Eden

Posner

Bending

Crouch

Stanislaw

, 1981 Energy Economics: Growth, Resources and Policy (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge)

13.

Energy, Mines and Resources, Canada, 1987, “Energy in Canada: A background paper”, Ministry of Supply and Services, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A OB4

14.

Gould

, 1986, “The impacts of structural change within an economy on resource use: An input-analysis” Applied Economics 18 457–477

15.

Gowdy

Miller

, 1987, “Energy use in the US service sector: An Input — Output analysis” Energy 12 555–562

16.

Heuttner

, 1982, “Economic values and embodied energy” Science 216 1141–1145

17.

Hogan

, 1979, “Energy and economic growth”, in Energy Conservation and Public Policy Ed. Sawhill

(Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ) pp 9–21

18.

Just

, 1974, “Impacts of new energy technology using generalized Input — Output anlaysis”, in Energy Ed. Macrakis

(MIT Press, Cambridge, MA) pp 113–127

19.

Leontief

, 1953 Studies in the Structure of the American Economy (Oxford University Press, New York)

20.

Lonergan

, 1985, “Regional development as an entropic process”, in Geographical Dimensions of Energy Eds Calzonetti

Solomon

(D Reidel, Dordrecht) pp 393–409

21.

Lonergan

Cocklin

, 1985, “The use of Input — Output analysis in environmental planning” Journal of Environmental Management 20 129–147

22.

Miller

Blair

, 1985 Input — Output Analysis: Foundations and Extensions (Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ)

23.

Ramage

, 1983 Energy (Oxford University Press, Oxford)

24.

Zuchetto

, 1985, “Energy-economic measures for selected economies of the world, 1960 – 81”, in Geographical Dimensions of Energy Eds Calzonetti

Solomon

(D Reidel, Dordrecht) pp 375–391