This paper explores the ambivalent feelings towards the Government of India produced in one of the government's own employees. In establishing the Delhi Improvement Trust in the 1930s, Arthur Parke Hume had to battle against governmental cost cutting in an attempt to secure the rehousing of slum evictees. The refusal of the government to accept this welfarist commitment to investment led to the stalling of the improvement projects and great emotional disquiet for Hume. This is traced through his personal correspondence with his parents. In interweaving these insights with the imperial archive, three biographical approaches are adopted. A traditional chronology is used to order the events, an analytical approach is used to outline the discursive regularities of Hume's observations, and a genealogical approach is used to suggest the influences on Hume's writings and the broader governmental rationalities that he had to negotiate.
References
1.
BaumanZ, 1991Modernity and Ambivalence (Polity Press, Cambridge)
2.
BettsR F, 1985Uncertain Dimensions: Western Overseas Empires in the 20th Century (Oxford University Press, Oxford)
3.
BhabhaH, 1994The Location of Culture (Routledge, London)
4.
BluntA, 1994Travel, Gender, and Imperialism: Mary Kingsley and West Africa (Guilford Press, New York)
5.
BluntA, 2005Domicile and Diaspora: Anglo-Indian Women and the Spatial Politics of Home (Blackwell, Oxford)
6.
ButlerL, 1991, “The ambiguities of British colonial development policy, 1938–48”, in Contemporary British History, 1931–61: Politics and the Limits of Policy Eds GorstAJohnmanLLucasW (Pinter, London) pp 119–140
7.
CohnB S, 1983, “Representing authority in Victorian India”, in The Invention of Tradition Eds HobsbawmERangerT (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge) pp 165–210
8.
ConstantineS, 1984The Making of British Colonial Development Policy 1914–1940 (Frank Cass, London)
9.
DanielsSNashC, 2004, “Lifepaths: geography and biography”Journal of Historical Geography30449–458
10.
DeanM, 1994Critical and Effective Histories: Foucault's Methods and Historical Sociology (Routledge, London)
11.
DeanM, 1999Governmentality: Power and Rule in Modern Society (Sage, London)
12.
Delhi Improvement Trust, 1937Delhi Improvement Trust: Application to Delhi of the United Provinces Town Improvement Act, 1919 (Government of India Press, New Delhi)
13.
Delhi Improvement Trust, 1940Administration Report of the Delhi Improvement Trust for the Years 1937–1939 (Delhi Improvement Trust, Delhi)
14.
Delhi Improvement Trust, 1942Administration Report of the Delhi Improvement Trust for the Years 1939–1941 (Delhi Improvement Trust, Delhi)
15.
DuncanJBarnesT, 1992Writing Worlds: Discourse, Text and Metaphor in the Representation of Landscape (Routledge, London)
FoucaultM, 1970The Order of Things: An Archaeology of the Human Sciences (Tavistock Publications, London)
18.
FoucaultM, 1972The Archaeology of Knowledge (Tavistock Publications, London)
19.
FoucaultM, 1977, “Nietzsche, genealogy, history”, in Language, Counter-memory, Practice: Selected Essays and Interviews by Michel Foucault Ed. BouchardD F (Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY) pp 139–164
20.
FoucaultM, 1979The History of Sexuality Volume 1: An Introduction (Allen Lane, London)
21.
FoucaultM, 1986aThe History of Sexuality. Volume 2: The Use of Pleasure (Viking Press, London)
22.
FoucaultM, 1986bThe History of Sexuality Volume 3: Care of the Self (Allen Lane, London)
23.
FoucaultM, 2001a [1978], “Governmentality”, in Essential Works of Foucault, 1954–1984: Powervolume 3, Ed. FaubionJ D (Penguin Books, London) pp 201–222
24.
FoucaultM, 2001b [1982], “The subject and power”, in Essential Works of Foucault, 1954–1984: Powervolume 3, Ed. FaubionJ D (Penguin Books, London) pp 326–349
25.
GordonC, 1991, “Governmental rationalities”, in The Foucault Effect: Studies in Governmentality Eds GBurchellCGordonMillerP (Harvester Wheatsheaf, Hemel Hempstead, Herts) pp 1–52
26.
GoswamiM, 2004Producing India: From Colonial Economy to National Space (Chicago University Press, Chicago, IL)
27.
HannahM, 2000Governmentality and the Mastery of Territory in Nineteenth-century America (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge)
28.
HazareesinghS, 2000, “The quest for urban citizenship: civic rights, public opinion, and colonial resistance in early twentieth-century Bombay”Modern Asian Studies34797–829
29.
HazareesinghS, 2001, “Colonial modernism and the flawed paradigms of urban renewal: uneven development in Bombay, 1900–25”Urban History2235–255
30.
HosagraharJ, 2005Indigenous Modernities: Negotiating Architecture and Urbanism (Routledge, London)
31.
HumeA P, 1936Report on the Relief of Congestion in Delhi (Government of India Press, Simla)
32.
HyamR, 1990Empire and Sexuality: The British Experience (Manchester University Press, Manchester)
33.
JonesM, 2002, “Infant and maternal health services in Ceylon, 1900–1948: imperialism or welfare”Social History of Medicine15263–289
34.
JoyceP, 2003The Rule of Freedom: Liberalism and the Modern City (Verso, London)
35.
KearnsG, 1987, “Private property and public health reform in England 1830–70”Social Science and Medicine26187–199
36.
KearnsG, 1997, “The imperial subject: geography and travel in the work of Mary Kingsley and Halford Mackinder”Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, New Series22450–472
37.
KidambeP, 2001, “Housing the poor in a colonial city: the Bombay Improvement Trust, 1898–1918”Studies in History1151–19
38.
KothariU, 2005, “From colonial administration to development studies: a post-colonial critique of the history of development studies”, in A Radical History of Development Studies: Individuals, Institutions and Ideologies Ed. KothariU (Zed Books, London) pp 47–66
39.
KothariU, 2006, “Spatial practices and imaginaries: experiences of colonial officers and development professionals”Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography27235–253
40.
LalM, 1994, “The politics of gender and medicine in colonial India: the Countess of Dufferin's Fund 1885–1888”Bulletin of the History of Medicine129–66
41.
LambertDHowellP, 2003, “John Pope Hennessy and the Translation of ‘slavery’ between late nineteenth-century Barbados and Hong Kong”History Workshop Journal551–24
42.
LambertDLesterA, 2006, “Introduction: Imperial spaces, imperial subjects”, in Colonial Lives Across in the British Empire: Imperial Careering in the Long Nineteenth Century Eds LambertDLesterA (Cambrige University Press, Cambridge) pp 1–31
43.
LeggS, 2005, “Foucault's population geographies: classifications, biopolitics and governmental spaces”Population, Space and Place11137–156
44.
LeggS, 2006a, “Governmentality, congestion and calculation in colonial Delhi”Social and Cultural Geography7709–729
45.
LeggS, 2006b, “Postcolonial developmentalities: from the Delhi Improvement Trust to the Delhi Development Authority”, in Colonial and Postcolonial Geographies of India Eds CorbridgeSKumarSRajuS (Sage, London) pp 182–204
46.
LeggS, 2007aSpaces of Colonialism: Delhi's Urban Governmentalities (Blackwell, Oxford)
47.
LeggS, 2007b, “Beyond the European province: Foucault and postcolonialism”, in Space, Knowledge, and Power: Foucault and Geography Eds CramptonJEidenS (Ashgate, Aldershot, Hants) pp 265–289
48.
LeonardS, 2004, “Finding Geddes abroad”, in Think Global, Act Local: The Life and Legacy of Patrick Geddes Ed. StephenW (Luath Press, Edinburgh) pp 41–60
49.
MasseyD, 2005For Space (Sage, London)
50.
MatlessD, 2000, “Forms of knowledge and forms of belonging: regional survey and geographical citizenship”, in The City After Patrick Geddes Eds WelterV MLawsonJ (Peter Lang, Oxford) pp 91–112
51.
MbembeA, 2001On the Postcolony (University of California Press, Berkeley, CA)
MehtaU S, 1999Liberalism and Empire: A Study in Nineteenth Century British Liberal Thought (University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL)
54.
MellerH, 1982, “Geddes and his Indian reports”, in Patrick Geddes: A Symposium, 1 March 1982Department of Town and Regional Planning, Duncan of Jordanstone College of Art, University of Dundee, pp 4–25
55.
MellerH, 1993Patrick Geddes: Social Evolutionist and City Planner (Routledge, London)
56.
MitchellK, 1997, “Different diasporas and the hype of hybridity”Environment and Planning D: Society and Space15533–553
57.
MitchellT, 2000, “Introduction”, in Questions of Modernity Ed. MitchellT (University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, MN) pp xi–xxvii
MyersG, 2003Verandahs of Power: Colonialism and Space in Urban Africa (Syracuse University Press, Syracuse, NY/London)
60.
OrrJ P, 1918Social Reform and Slum Reform: Bombay Past and Present (The Times Press, Bombay)
61.
RabinowP, 1989French Modern: Norms and Forms of the Social Environment (MIT, Cambridge, MA)
62.
RobinsonJ, 2005Ordinary Cities: Between Modernity and Development (Routledge, London)
63.
RoseN, 1996“Governing ‘advanced’ liberal democracies”, in Foucault and Political Reason: Liberalism, Neo-liberalism and Rationalities of Government Eds BarryAOsbourneTRoseN (UCL Press, London) pp 37–64
64.
RoseN, 1999Powers of Freedom: Reframing Political Thought (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge)
65.
SaidE, 1978Orientalism (Routledge and Kegan Paul, London)
66.
SethnaK S, 1930Report on the Administration of the Delhi Municipality for the Years 1929–30: Volume 2, Annual Report of the Medical Officer of Health for 1929 (Delhi Municipal Press, Delhi)
67.
SethnaK S, 1931Report on the Administration of the Delhi Municipality for the Years 1930–31: Volume 2, Annual Report of the Medical Officer of Health for 1930 (Delhi Municipal Press, Delhi)
68.
SethnaK S, 1938Report on the Administration of the Delhi Municipality for the Years 1937–38: Volume 2, Annual Report of the Medical Officer of Health for 1937 (Delhi Municipal Press, Delhi)
69.
SpurrD, 1993The Rhetoric of Empire: Colonial Discourse in Journalism, Travel Writing, and Imperial Administration (Duke University Press, Durham, NC)
70.
StolerA L, 1995Race and the Education of Desire: Foucault's History of Sexuality and the Colonial Order of Things (Duke University Press, Durham, NC)
71.
StolerA L, 2002Carnal Knowledge and Imperial Power: Race and the Intimate in Colonial Rule (University of California Press, Berkeley, CA)
72.
StolerA LCooperF, 1997Tensions of Empire, Colonial Cultures in a Bourgeois World (University of California Press, Berkeley, CA)
73.
ThomasN, 2004, “Exploring the boundaries of biography: the family and friendship networks of Lady Curzon, Vicereine of India 1898–1905”Journal of Historical Geography30496–519
74.
TyrwhittJ (Ed.), 1947Patrick Geddes in India (Lund Humphries, London)
75.
WelterV M, 2002Biopolis: Patrick Geddes and the City of Life (MIT Press, Cambridge, MA)
76.
WelterV MLawsonJ, 2000The City After Patrick Geddes (Peter Lang, New York)
77.
ZachariahB, 1999, “British and Indian ideas of ‘development’: decoding political conventions in the late colonial state”Itinerario23162–209
