Provision of public toilets is not only a matter of land use, but also an essential design and planning concern. This study examines the following questions through an explanatory study. (i) What problems do public toilets pose? (ii) What toilet facilities do people require most and/or most emphasize would affect the way they use land and participate in social life? (iii) How do demands, needs, and expectations around public toilets change depending on gender, age, and ability? We conduct a survey of 300 people in fourteen public restrooms in the city centre of Ankara, Turkey. According to factor analysis results, public toilets should be seen as potential urban spaces and initial opportunities for sustainable urban developments and liveable cities.
AfacanY, 2012, “Achieving inclusion in public spaces: A shopping mall case study”, in Designing Inclusive Systems Eds LangdonPClarksonP JRobinsonPLazarJHeylighenA, (Springer, London) pp 85–93
2.
AfacanYAfacanS O, 2011, “Rethinking social inclusivity: Design strategies for universally designed sustainable cities”Proceedings of the Institute of Civil Engineering—Urban Design and Planning16493–107
3.
AkerATasdemirM, 2010Public Toilets in Terms of the Public Health (Sage, Istanbul)
4.
AndersonJ, 2009, “Bodily privacy, toilets, and sex discrimination: The problem of ‘manhood’ in a women's prison”Ladies and Gents: Public Toilets and Gender Eds GershensonOPennerB, (Temple University Press, Philadelphia, PA) pp 35–48
5.
AndrewsM, 1990, “Sanitary conveniences and the retreat of the frontier: Vancouver, 1886–1926”BC Studies873–22
6.
AnthonyK HDufresneM, 2007, “Potty parity in perspective: Gender and family issues in planning and designing public restrooms”Journal of Planning Literature21267–294
ArgyrousG, 2005Statistics for Research (Sage, London)
9.
ArmstrongLScottA, 1992Whitewash: Exposing the Health and Environmental Dangers of Women's Sanitary Products and Disposable Diapers (HarperCollins, Toronto)
10.
AspinallPWard-ThompsonCAlvesSSugiyamaT, 2010, “Preference and relative importance for environmental attributes of neighborhood open space”Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design371022–1039
11.
AtasoyN, 2000Otag-I Hümayun: The Ottoman Imperial Tent Complex (MEPA, Istanbul)
12.
BarkerJ CMittenessL S, 1988, “Nocturia in the elderly”The Gerontologist2899–104
13.
BarkleyMGreedC, 2006, “British standards revisions: More toilets for women and better toilets for all”Bathroom Today242–43
BentlerP MChouC P, 1987, “Practical issues in SEM”Sociological Methods and Research1678–117
16.
BichardJHansonJGreedC, 2004Inclusive Design of Away from Home (Public) Toilets in City Centres: Pilot Study, Clerkenwell, London VivaCity 2020 EPSRC Research Report, University College, London
17.
BombeckE, 1994, “It's a fact: Women designed to spend time in restrooms”San Diego (CA) Union Tribune 11 March, page 2
18.
BoothM LOwenNBaumanAClavisiOLeslieE, 2000, “Social-cognitive and perceived environment influences associated with physical activity in older Australians”Preventive Medicine3115–22
19.
British Standard BS8300 2010 Design of Buildings and their Approaches to Meet the Needs of Disabled People—Code of Practice (BSI Standards Publication, London)
20.
Brown-MayAFraserP, 2009, “Gender, respectability, and public convenience in Melbourne, Australia 1859–1902”, in Ladies and Gents: Public Toilets and Gender Eds GershensonOPennerB, (Temple University Press, Philadelphia, PA) pp 75–90
21.
BurtonEMitchellL, 2006Inclusive Urban Design: Streets for Life (Elsevier, Oxford)
22.
ErsoyM, 1989, “The relationships between central and local governments in Turkey”METU Journal of Architectural Faculty945–66
23.
ErsoyM, 1999, “Local government finance in Turkey”METU Studies in Development2675–97
24.
GershensonOPennerB, (Eds) 2009Ladies and Gents: Public Toilets and Gender (Temple University Press, Philadelphia, PA)
25.
GoldsmithS, 1997Designing for the Disabled: The New Paradigm (Architectural Press, London)
26.
GreedC H, 1996, “Planning for women and other disenabled groups, with reference to the provision of public toilets in Britain”Environment and Planning A28573–588
GreedC H, 2004, “Public toilets: The need for compulsory provision”Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Municipal Engineers15777–85
29.
GreedC H, 2005, “Overcoming the factors inhibiting the mainstreaming of gender into spatial planning policy in the United Kingdom”Urban Studies421–31
30.
GreedC H, 2009, “The role of the public toilet in civic life”, in Ladies and Gents: Public Toilets and Gender Eds GershensonOPennerB, (Temple University Press, Philadelphia, PA) pp 35–48
31.
GulluceI, 2004Problems of the Local Governments and Solutions for Those Problems (Alfa Press, Istanbul)
32.
GurelM O, 2008, “Bathroom as a modern space”The Journal of Architecture13215–233
33.
HallPImrieR, 1999, “Architectural practices and disabling design in the built environment”Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design26409–425
ImrieR, 2000, “Disability and discourses of mobility and movement”Environment and Planning A321641–1656
37.
InglisD, 2001A Sociological History of Excretory Experience: Defecatory Manners and Toiletry Technologies (Edwin Mellen, Lewiston, NY)
38.
KiraA, 1966The Bathroom (Bantam, New York)
39.
KiraA, 1976The Bathroom new and expanded edition (Bantam, New York)
40.
KitchinRLawR, 2001, “The socio-spatial construction of (in)accessible public toilets”Urban Studies38287–298
41.
KnightGBichardJ, 2011Publicly Accessible Toilets: An Inclusive Design Guide (Helen Hamlyn Centre for Design, London)
42.
KuranA, 1968The Mosque in Early Ottoman Architecture (University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL)
43.
LaceyA, 2004Good Loo Design Guide (RIBA Publishing, London)
44.
MichaelY LGreenM KFarquharS A, 2006, “Neighborhood design and active aging”Health and Place12734–740
45.
MieczakowskiALangdonP MClarksonJ, 2010, “Investigating designers' cognitive representations for inclusive interaction between products and users”, in Designing Inclusive Interactions Eds LangdonPClarksonJRobinsonP, (Springer, London) pp 133–145
46.
Ministry of Administration for Disabled, 20052nd Disability Council Commission Report (Nurol Press, Ankara)
47.
MolotchHNorenL, (Eds), 2010Toilet: Public Restrooms and the Politics of Sharing (New York University Press, New York)
48.
MooreS A, 2002, “Facility hostility? Sex discrimination and women's restrooms in the workplace”Georgia Law Review36599
49.
NemethJ, 2009, “Defining a public: The management of privately owned public space”Urban Studies462463–2490
50.
PennerB, 2005, “Researching female public toilets: Gendered spaces, disciplinary limits”Journal of International Women's Studies681–98
51.
PennerB, 2009, “(Re)designing the ‘unmentionable’: Female toilets in the twentieth century”, in Ladies and Gents: Public Toilets and Gender Eds GershensonOPennerB, (Temple University Press, Philadelphia, PA) pp 141–151
52.
PreiserW F ESmithK S, 2010, “Universal design at the urban scale”Universal Design Handbook Eds PreiserW F ESmithK S, (McGraw-Hill, New York) pp 20.1–20.11
53.
RawlsS K, 1988Restroom Usage in Selected Public Buildings and Facilities: A Comparison of Females and Males PhD thesis, Department of Housing, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, http://trove.nla.gov.au/version/45470757
54.
SerlinD, 2010, “Pissing without pity: Disability, gender, and the public toilet”, in Toilet: Public Restrooms and the Politics of Sharing Eds MolotchHNorénL, (New York University Press, New York) pp 167–185
UnsalF, 2009, “International academic association on planning, law and property rights”, in Proceedings of the Third ConferenceDepartment of Development and Planning, Aalborg University, 11–13 February
57.
WangH LHuangS M, 2005, “Equal opportunity restroom code: A knowledge management model”Journal of Architectural and Planning Research221–15
58.
WeismanL K, 1992Discrimination by Design: A Feminist Critique of the Man-Made Environment (University of Illinois Press, Urbana, IL)
59.
WrightL, 1967Clean and Decent: The Fascinating History of the Bathroom and the Water Closet and of Sundry Habits, Fashions and Accessories of the Toilet Principally in Great Britain, France, and America (University of Toronto Press, Toronto)
