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photographs; and Ross and Arnheim's procedure of placing a frame around objects
such as Arnheim's two black disks. Compared with control images, the CoM of art
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the case for photographic croppings. However, stronger, within-image, paired
comparison studies, comparing art photographs with the CoM moved on or off an
axis (the “gamma-ramp study”), or comparing adjacent croppings on or off an axis
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Finally, studies moving a frame around two disks, of different size, greyness,
or background, did not support Arnheim's Gestalt theory. Although the detailed
results did not support the Arnheim-Ross theory, several significant results
were found which clearly require explanation by any adequate theory of the
aesthetics of visual composition.
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