Oppel – Kundt Illusion in Three-Dimensional Space

A three-dimensional form of the Oppel – Kundt illusion was examined. Subjects viewed arrays consisting of two parallel rows of lights. For one group the rows consisted of equal numbers of lights (2, 3, or 4), while for a second group the row nearest the subject always had the greater number of lights. Subjects viewed these arrays from two vantage points, one directly in front of the array and the other displaced laterally. For each array subjects adjusted the extent of the far array until they felt the two rows were the same length. Both the nature of the array and the viewpoint had a significant influence on the perceived length of the far row. The size of the near row was overestimated significantly more when the array was viewed from the central position and also when the number of lights in the near row exceeded that of the far row. These results confirm that a lateral viewing position decreases the perspective effect and indicate that the Oppel – Kundt illusion can occur with three-dimensional stimuli.