The microstructure and mechanical properties of 17-4 stainless steel produced by Binder Jetting (BJT) and heat treated according to the standard conditions for the 17-4 PH steel (H900 and H1100) were investigated. The sintered relative density is 97.8% with a slightly anisotropic shrinkage. Tensile strength and elongation are above the minimum required for the wrought steel and comparable to those of the same material manufactured by Metal Injection Molding. They are also better than those reported in the literature for the 17-4 PH stainless steel manufactured by BJT. Tensile elongation at fracture is anisotropic, highlighting a significant dependence of the non-uniform plastic deformation on the direction.
YeliG, AugerMA, WilfordK, . Sequential nucleation of phases in a 17-4PH steel: microstructural characterisation and mechanical properties. Acta Mater. 2017;125:38–49.
2.
HsiaoCN, ChiouCS, YangJR.Aging reactions in a 17-4 PH stainless steel. Mater Chem Phys. 2002;74(2):134–142.
3.
KwonY-S, WuY, SuriP, . Simulation of the sintering densification and shrinkage behavior of powder-injection-molded 17-4 PH stainless steel. Metall Mater Trans A. 2004;35:257–263.
4.
2002 Wu _ Effects of residual carbon content on sintering shrinkage microstructure and mechanical properties of injection molded 174PH stainless steel.
5.
2013 Gulsoy _ Microstructural and mechanical properties of injection moulded gas and water atomised 174PH stainless steel powder.
6.
MurrLE, MartinezE, HernandezJ, . Microstructures and properties of 17-4 PH stainless steel fabricated by selective laser melting. J Mater Res Technol. 2012;1(3):167–177.
7.
IrrinkiH, JangamJSD, PasebaniS, . Effects of particle characteristics on the microstructure and mechanical properties of 17-4 PH stainless steel fabricated by laser-powder bed fusion. Powder Technol. 2018;331:192–203.
8.
RafiHK, PalD, PatilN, . Microstructure and mechanical behavior of 17-4 precipitation hardenable steel processed by selective laser melting. J Mater Eng Perform. 2014;23:4421–4428.
9.
FayazfarA.H., SalarianA.M., RogalskyA.A., . A critical review of powder-based additive manufacturing of ferrous alloys: process parameters, microstructure and mechanical properties. Mater Des. 2018;144:98–128.
10.
ZiaeeaM, CraneNB.Binder jetting: a review of process, materials, and methods. Addit Manuf. 2019;28:781–801.
11.
MostafaeiA, ElliottAM, BarnesJE, . Binder jet 3D printing – process parameters, materials, properties, modeling, and challenges. Prog Mater Sci. 2021;119:100707.
12.
DoT, KwonP, ShinCS.Process development toward full-density stainless steel parts with binder jetting printing. Int J Mach Tools Manuf. 2017;121:50–60.
13.
MiyanajiH, MomenzadehN, YangL.Effect of powder characteristics on parts fabricated via binder jetting process. Rapid Prototyp J. 2019;25(2):332–342.
14.
LecisN, MarianiM, BeltramiR, . Effects of process parameters, debinding and sintering on the microstructure of 316L stainless steel produced by binder jetting. Mater Sci Eng: A. 2021;828:142108.
15.
RiosAC, HryhaE, OlevskyE, . Sintering anisotropy of binder jetted 316L stainless steel: part 1 – sintering anisotropy. Powder Metall. 2022;65(4):273–282.
16.
RiosAC, HryhaE, OlevskyE, . Sintering anisotropy of binder jetted 316L stainless steel: part 2 – microstructure evolution during sintering. Powder Metall. 2022;65(4):283–295.
17.
MirzababaeiS, PasebaniS.A review on binder jet additive manufacturing of 316L stainless steel. J Manuf Mater Process. 2019;3(82):1–36.
18.
ZagoM, LecisNFM, VedaniM, . Dimensional and geometrical precision of parts produced by Binder Jetting process as affected by the anisotropic shrinkage on sintering. Addit Manuf. 2021;43:102007.
19.
ZagoM, LecisN, MarianiM, . Analysis of the flatness form error in Binder Jetting process as affected by the inclination angle. Metals (Basel). 2022;12:430.
20.
DahmenT, KlingaaaCG, Baier-StegmaierbS, . Characterization of channels made by laser powder bed fusion and binder jetting using X-ray CT and image analysis. Addit Manuf. 2020;36:101445.
21.
HuberD, VogelL, FisherA.The effects of sintering temperature and hold time on densification, mechanical properties and microstructural characteristics of binder jet 3D printed 17-4 PH stainless steel. Addit Manuf. 2021;46:102114.
22.
HuberD, StichP, FisherA.Heat treatment of 17-4 PH stainless steel produced by Binder Jet Additive Manufacturing (BJAM) from N2 atomized powder. Prog Addit Manuf. 2022;7:187–199.
23.
ShirooyehM, TorabiP, PetrosM. High performance 3D printed stainless steel: a metallurgical perspective on 3DEO's intelligent layering, Advances in Additive Manufacturing with Powder Metallurgy, (2019), ed. MPIF, Princeton (NJ), pp. 657–666.
24.
LoresA, AzurmendiN, AgoteI, . A step towards a robust binder jetting technology: process parameter optimization for 17-4 PH steel to increase powder bed homogeneity, Proceedings EUROPM2020 Congress and Exhibition, virtual Congress, 5-7 October 2020, ed. EPMA, Chantilly (F), Session 13: Metal Binder Jetting.
25.
TillmannW, DiasNFL, StangierD, . Heat treatment of binder jet printed 17-4 PH stainless steel for subsequent deposition of tribo-functional diamond-like carbon coatings. Mater Des. 2022;213:110304.
26.
ZagoM, LecisNFM, VedaniM, . Geometrical issues in design for binder jetting – the effect of anisotropic dimensional change on sintering. Lect Notes Mech Eng. 2022: 410–421.
27.
WuY, . Effects of residual carbon content on sintering shrinkage, microstructure and mechanical properties of injection molded 17-4 PH stainless steel. J Mater Sci. 2002;37:3573–3583.
28.
MuterllePV, ZendronM, PerinaM, . Influence of carbon content on microstructure and mechanical properties of the 17-4 PH stainless steel produced by MIM. Powder Inject Mold Int. 2008;2(4):66.
29.
Metals handbook vol.1 properties and selection: iron, steels and high performance alloys, ed. ASM International, 10th edition, 1990, p. 2072.
30.
GermanRM.MIM 17-4 PH stainless steel processing, properties and best practice. PIM Int. 2018;12(2):49–76.
31.
Reed HillRE.Physical metallurgy principles, 2nd ed. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold; 1973.
32.
ChangC-W, ChenP-H, HwangK-S.Enhanced mechanical properties of injection molded 17-4PH stainless steel through reduction of silica particles by graphite additions. Mater Trans A. 2019;51:2243–2250.
