Adolescents in Germany and the United States completed questionnaires describing
reciprocity, authority, and closeness in relationships with mothers, fathers, and
friends. Reciprocity was linked to authority within and across friendships and
parent-child relationships; reciprocity and authority were linked to closeness
within and across parent-child relationships, but neither within friendships nor
across friendships and parent-child relationships. Median splits divided adolescents
into high and low closeness groups for each relationship to determine differences in
reciprocity and authority. Patterns of reciprocity varied as a function of
relationship closeness and nationality, as well as by age and gender. Patterns of
authority differed by nationality only.
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