Twenty first-born infants from low SES families and 20 first-born infants from middle
SES families in Costa Rica were observed for 12 hours when they were 14 weeks old.
The goals of this study were to: (1) study the impact of length of observation and
context on our measures of interactional engagement; and (2) compare the
interactional experiences of the infants in the two groups in various functional
(e.g. feeding, object play) and social (e.g. with mother, with mother and others)
contexts. Attuned and disharmonious interactions, as well as the frequency of
positive affect, soothing, and vocalisation, varied considerably across the
functional contexts. In addition, disharmonious interactions increased and
interactional engagement decreased when mothers and infants were joined by others.
Highly unstable measures of individual differences were obtained when observations
were limited to 45-minute blocks, but stability increased considerably as the
duration of the observations expanded. The groups did not differ with respect to
amounts of time spent in various functional and social contexts, in attuned or
disharmonious states, or in high levels of interactional engagement. Within some of
the functional contexts, however, significant group differences in levels of attuned
interactions, infant vocalisation, and maternal response vocalisation were found.
Overall, functional and social contexts clearly moderated interactional experiences.
SES effects on verbal and other interactional measures were limited to some contexts
and may thus represent the infants’ overall experiences quite poorly.
Consequently, comparisons based on a single context may be inadequate for studies of
subjects from differing socioeconomic backgrounds.
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