La investigación en Psicología Diferencial cognoscitiva: Estrategias de Primera Generación

Abstract

English

En el presente artículo se tratan de enmarcar las tradiciones de investigación en psicología diferencial, a través de una clasificación de estrategias de investigación. Estas estrategias de investigación cubrirán el espectro empírico de la psicología diferencial cognoscitiva. Se analizan las que hemos dado en denominar Estrategias de Primera Generación: estrategias de correlatos, estrategias heurísticas (estrategia de simulación matemática), y estrategias de comparación de grupos. La característica más sobresaliente de estas estrategias de primera generación es que su rango de aplicadón está limitado a actividades cognoscitivas esperíficas. Este análisis de las estrategias de primera generación conecta con las guías teóricas expuestas por los autores en otro lugar.

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

Anderson

J. R.

(1976). Languaje, memory and thought. Hillsdale, N. J.: LEA.

Baron

Treiman

(1980). Some problems in the study of cognitive processes. Memory and cognition, 8(4), 313–321.

Bertalanffy

(1974). Teoría general de sistemas. México: Fondo de Cultura Economica.

Boddy

(1978). Brain systems and psychological concepts. Chicester: John Willey and Sons.

Bowers

K. E.

(1973). Situationism psychology: an analysis and critic. Psychological Review, 80, 307–337.

Brown

A. L.

(1975). The development of memory: knowing about knowing, and knowing how to know. En Reese

H. W.

(Comp.): Advances in child development and behavior. Vol. 10. Nueva York: Academic Press.

Brown

(1977). La nueva filosofía de la ciencia. Madrid: Tecnos [1983].

Calfee

R. C.

(1976). Sources of dependency on cognitive processes. En Klahr

(Comp.): Cognition and Instruction. Hisllaale, N. J.: LEA.

Campione

Brown

(1979). Towards a theory of intelligence: contributions from the study with retarded children. En Sternberg

R. J.

Detterman

D. K.

(Comps.): Human intelligence. Norwood, N.J.: Ablex Publishing Corporation.

10.

Campione

Brown

Ferrara

(1982). Mental retardation and intelligence. En Sternberg

R.J.

(Comp.): Handbook of human intelligence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

11.

Caparros

(1982). Psicología diferencial: ¿ciencia o tecnología? Estudios de Psicología, 9, 15–23.

12.

Carroll

J. B.

(1976). Psychometric tests as cognitive tasks: a new structure of intellect. En Resnick

L. B.

(Comp.): The nature of intelligence. Hillsdale, N.J.: LEA.

13.

Carroll

J. B.

(1979). How shall we study individual differences in cognitive abilities? En Sternberg

R.J.

Detterman

D. K.

(Comps.): Human intelligence. Norwood, N.J.: Ablex Publishing Corporation.

14.

Carroll

J. B.

(1981). Ability and task difficulty in cognitive psychology. Educational Researcher, 10, 11–21.

15.

Carroll

J. B.

(1983). Studying individual differences in cognitive abilities: through and beyon factor analysis. En Dillon

R. F.

Schmeck

R. R.

(Comps.): Individual differences in Cognition. Nueva York: Academic Press.

16.

Cattell

R. B.

(1952). The thre basic factor-analytic research designs: their interrelations and derivatives. Psychological Bulletin, 49, 499–520.

17.

Cattell

R. B.

(1957). A universal index for psychological factors. Psychologia, 1, 74–85.

18.

Clark

Chase

(1972). On the process of comparing sentences against pictures. Cognitive Psychology,3, 472–517.

19.

Cohen

R. L.

Sandenberg

(1977). Relation between intelligence and short term memory. Cognitive Psychology, 9, 534–554.

20.

Cole

Means

(1981). Comparative studies of how people think. An introduction. Cambridge, Mass. and Londres, Inglaterra: Harvard University Press. [Traducción española: Cognición y pensamiento. Cómo pensamos. Estudios comparados. Barcelona: Paidós, 1986].

21.

Cronbach

E. L.

(1957). The two disciplines of scientific psychology. American Psychologist, 12, 671–684.

22.

Cronbach

E. L.

(1975). Beyond the two disciplines of scientific psychology. American Psychologist, 30, 116–127.

23.

Chalke

Ertl

(1965). Evoked potentials and intelligence. Life Sciences, 4, 1319–1322.

24.

Chapman

L. J.

Chapman

J. P.

(1973). Problems in the measurement of cognitive deficit. Psychological Bulletin, 79, 380–385.

25.

Chapman

L. J.

Chapman

J. P.

(1985). Methodological problems in the study of differential deficits in regarded groups. En Detterman

D. K.

(Comp.): Current topics in human intelligence. Vol.1: Research Methodology. Norwood, N.J.: Ablex Publishing Corporation.

26.

Dhen

Schanck

(1982). Artificial and human intelligence. En Sternberg

R.J.

(Comp.): Handbook of human intelligence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

27.

Elshout

J. J.

(1978). The characteristics demands of intellectual problems. En Scandura

J. M.

(Comp.): Problem solving. Nueva York: Academic Press.

28.

Eysenck

H. J.

(1985). Revolution in the theory and measurement of intelligence. Evaluación Psicológica, 1 (1–2), 99–158.

29.

Eysenck

H. J.

Turneaux (1982). Some major components in general intelligence. En White

P. O.

(Comp.): A model for intelligence. Nueva York: Springer.

30.

Farrell

B. A.

(1983). The correlation between behavior, body ana mind. En Gale

edwards

J.A.

(comps.): Physiological correlates of human behavior. Vol. I, Londres: Academic Press.

31.

Feigl

(1970). The Orthodox View of Theories. En Radner

Winokur

(Comps.): Minnesota Studies in the Philosophy of Sciences, IV. Mineapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

32.

Fleischman

E. A.

(1967). Individual Differences and Motor Learning. En Gagne

(Comp.): Learning and Individual Differences. Columbus, Ohio: Charles E. Merril Publishing Company.

33.

Fodor

J. A.

(1968). La explicación psicológica. Madrid: Cátedra [1980].

34.

Forteza Prieto (1981). Hacia una estructuración teórica de la psicología diferencial. Estudios de Psicología, 4, 68–75.

35.

Frederiksen

J. R.

(1978). Assessment of perceptual decoding and lexical skills, and their relation to reading proficiency. En Lesgolg

A. M.

Pellegrino

J. W.

Fokkeman

Glaser

(Comps.): Cognitive psychology and instruction. Nueva York: Plenum.

36.

French

J. W.

(1951). The description of aptitude and achievement tests in terms of rotated factors. Psychometric Monographs, 5.

37.

French

J. W.

Ekstrom

R. B.

Price

L. A.

(1963). Manual for kit of reference test for cognitive factors. Princeton, N.L.: Eductation Testing Service.

38.

Gagne

(1967). Learnin and individual differences. Columbus, Ohio: Charles E. Merril Publishing Company.

39.

Gale

Edwards

J. A.

(1983). Introduction. En Gale

edwards

J.A.

(comps.): Physiological correlates of human behavior. Vol. I. Londres: Academic Press.

40.

Gregg

L. W.

(1967). Simulation modelos and human differences. En Gagne

(Comp.): Learning and Individual Differences. Columbus, Ohio: Charles E. Merril Publishing Company.

41.

Guilford

J. P.

(1967). The nature of human intelligence. Londres: McGraw-Hill, International Studen Edition.

42.

Gutowski

W. E.

Checile

R. A.

(1987). Encoding, storage and retrieval components of associative memory deficits of mildly mentally retarded adults. American Journal of Mental Deficienti, 92(1), 85–93.

43.

Hendrickson

D. E.

(1982). The biological basis of intelligence. Part II: Measurement. En Eysenck

H.J.

(Comp.): A model for intelligence. Nueva York: Springer Verlag.

44.

Hunt

(1971). What kind of computer is man? Cognitive Psychology, 2, 57–98.

45.

Hunt

Frost

Lunneborg

(1973). Individual differences in cognition: a new approach to intelligence. En Bower

(Comp.): The psychology of learning and motivation. Vol. VII. Nueva York: Academic Press.

46.

Hunt

Lansman

(1975). Cognitive theory applied to individual differences. En Estes

W. K.

(Comp.): Handbook of learning and cognitive processes. Vol. 1. Hillsdale, N.J.: LEA.

47.

Hunt

Macleod

C. M.

(1979). The sentence-verification paradigm: a case study of two conflicting approaches to individual differences. En Sternberg

R.J.

Detterman

D. K.

(Comps.): Human intelligence. Norwood, N.J.: Ablex Publishing Corporation.

48.

Hunt

(1985). The correlates of intelligence. En Detterman

D. K.

(Comp.): Current topics in human intelligence. Vol. 1: Research methodology. Norwood, N.J.: Ablex Publishing Corporation.

49.

Johnson

P. E.

Duran

A. S.

Hassebrock

Moller

Prietula

Feltovich

P. J.

Swanson

D. B.

(1981). Expertise and error in diagnostic reasoning. Cognitive Sciences, 5, 235–284.

50.

Kjeldergaard

P. M.

(1967). Simulation of cognition and learning: the role of individual differences. En Cagne

(Comp.): Learning and individual differences. Columbus, Ohio: Charles E. Merril Publishing Company.

51.

Kosslyn

S. M.

(1980). Image and mind. Cambridge, Mass: Harward University Press.

52.

Kosslyn

S. M.

(1984). A theory based approach to the study of individual differences in mental imagery. En Snow

R. E.

Federico

R. A.

Montague

W. E.

(Comps.): Aptitude, learning and instructions. Hillsdale, N.J.: LEA.

53.

Kosslyn

Brunn

Cave

K. R.

Wallach

R. W.

(1984). Individual differences in mental imagery ability: a computational analysis. Cognition, 18, 195–243.

54.

Kotovsky

Simon

H. A.

(1973). Empirical test of a theory of human acquisition of concepts for sequential patterns. Cognitive Psychology, 4, 399–424.

55.

Laughery

K. R.

Gregg

L. W.

(1962). The simulation of human problem solving behavior. Psychometrika, 27, 265–282.

56.

Loftus

G. R.

(1978). On interpretation of interactions. Memory and Cognition, 6, 312–319.

57.

Lunneborg

(1977). Choice reaction time: what role in ability measurement? Applied Psychological Measurement, 1, 309–330.

58.

Martínez Arias

M. R.

(1982). Inteligencia y procesamiento de la información. En Delclaux

Seoane

(Comps.): Psicología cognitiva y procesamiento de la información. Madrid: Pirámide.

59.

Mumaw

R. J.

Pellegrino

J. W.

Glaser

(1980). Some puzzling aspects of spatial ability. Comunicación presentada en la reunión anual de la Psychonomic Society, St. Louis.

60.

Newell

Simon

H. A.

(1972). Human Problem Solving. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall.

61.

Pellegrino

J. W.

Glaser

(1979). Cognitive correlates and components in the analysis of individual differences. Intelligence, 3, 187–214.

62.

Pellegrino

J. W.

Glaser

(1980). Components of inductive reasoning. En Snow

R. E.

Federico

P. A.

Montague

W. E.

(Comps.): Aptitude, learning and instruction. Vol. 1: Cognitive processes of aptitude. Hillsdale, N.J.: LEA.

63.

Pinillos

J. L.

(1981). Observaciones sobre la psicología científica. En Pelechano

Pinillos

J. L.

Seoane

(Comps.): Psicologema. Valencia: Alfaplus, 27–76.

64.

Peterson

L. R.

Peterson

M. J.

(1959). Short term relation of individual verbal items. Journal of experimental Psychology, 58(3), 515–524.

65.

Posner

M. I.

Boies

S. I.

Eichelman

W. H.

Taylor

R. L.

(1969). Retention of visual and name codes of single letters. Journal of Experimental Psychology Monographs, 79.

66.

Robinson

D. L.

(1982). Properties of diffuse thalamocortical system and human personality: a direct test of Pavlovian/Eysenckian theory. Personality and Individual Differences, 3, 1–16.

67.

Rose

A. M.

(1980). Information-processing abilities. En Snow

R. E.

Federico

P. A.

Montague

W. E.

(Comps.): Aptitude, learning and instruction. Vol. 1: Cognitive processes analysis of aptitude. Hillsdale, N.J.: LEA.

68.

Rohwer

W. D.

(1976). An introduction to research on individual and developmental differences in learning. En Estes

W. K.

(Comp.): Handbook of learning and cognitive processes. Vol. 3. Hillsdale, N. J.: LEA.

69.

Royce

(1973). The conceptual framework for a multifactor theory of individuality. En Royce

J. R.

(Comp.): Multivariate analysis and psychological theory. Londres: Academic Press.

70.

Russell Hanson

(1958). Patterns of discovery. [En castellano: Patrones de descubrimiento. Madrid: Alianza, 1977].

71.

Sahakian

W. S.

(1975). Historia y sistemas de la psicología. Madrid: Tecnos [1982].

72.

Sargent

S. S.

(1942). How shall we study individual differences? Psychological Review, 49, 170–182.

73.

Seoane

(1981). Problemas epistemológicos en la psicología actual. En Pelechano

Pinillos

J. L.

Seoane

(Comps.): Psicologema. Valencia: Alfaplus, 27–76.

74.

Searle

(1985). Cerebros, mentes y máquinas. Madrid: Cátedra [1986].

75.

Schafer

E. W. B.

(1982). Neural adaptability: a biological determinant of behavioral intelligence. International Journal of Neurosciences, 17, 183–191.

76.

Seigler

R. S.

(1976). Three aspects of cognitive development. Cognitive Psychology, 8, 481–520.

77.

Simon

H. A.

Kotovski

(1963). Human acquisiton of concepts for sequential patterns. Psychological Review, 70, 534–546.

78.

Simon

H. A.

(1976). Identifying basic abilietes underlying intelligent performance of conplex task. En Resnick

L. B.

(Comp.): The nature of intelligence. Hillsdale, N.J.: LEA.

79.

Snow

R. E.

(1980). Aptitude processes. En Snow

R. E.

Federico

P. A.

Montague

W. E.

(Comps.): Aptitude, learning and instruction. Vol. 1: Cognitive processes analysis of aptitude. Hillsdale, N.J.: LEA.

80.

Stankov

(1980). Psychometric factors as cognitive task: a note on Carrol's new structure of intelect. Intelligence, 4, 65–71.

81.

Sternberg

(1969). Memory-scanning: mental processes revealed by reaction time experiments. American Scientist 57, 4, 421–457.

82.

Sternberg

R. J.

(1977). Intelligence, information processing and analogical reasoning. The componential analysis of human abilities. Hillsdale, N.J.: LEA.

83.

Sternberg

R. J.

(1981). Testing and cognitive psychology. American Psychologist, 36(10), 1181–1189.

84.

Sternberg

R. J.

(1985). Cognitive approaches to intelligence. En Wolman

B. B.

(Comp.): Handbook of intelligence. Theories, measurements and applications. Nueva York: John Wiley.

85.

Taylor

Ch.

(1979). The explanation of purposive behavior. En Borger Cioffi (Comps.): Explanation in the behavioral sciences. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

86.

Tous

J. M.

(1986). Psicología de la personalidad: diferencias individuales, biológicas y cognitivas en el procesamiento de la información. Barcelona: PPU.

87.

Tzeng

O. J. L.

Hung

D. L.

(1985). From hemispheric to perceptual asymmetry: from where has all the variance come? En Dillon

R. F.

(Comp.): Individual differences in cognition. Vol. 2. Nueva York: Academic Press.

88.

Vega

(1984). Introductión a la psicología cognitiva. Madrid: Editorial Alianza.

89.

Young

R. M.

(1978). Strategies and the structure of a cognitive skill. En Underwood

(Comp.): Strategies of information processing. Londres: Academic Press.

90.

Zaccagnini

J. L.

(1985). Modelos de mundo como marcos de referencia a una psicología del conocimiento. Estudios de Psicología, 22.