The solubility of vanadium oxide in the SiO2–CaO–VOX system was investigated as a function of basicity (CaO/SiO2) at a fixed temperature of 1600°C and oxygen partial pressure of 10−10 atm. Formed phases and microstructures of saturated samples were identified with SEM–EDS analysis and XRD. Maximum solubility of vanadium oxide was between 15 and 20% independent of basicity. Pure karelianite (V2O3) was formed in all samples at saturation of vanadium oxide. The morphology of karelianite changed with the change in basicity in the slag, where needles or threads were formed for slags with basicity B2 = 0.54 and B2 = 0.67 and stars or dendritic patterns were formed with basicity B2 = 1.0 and B2 = 1.22. Wollastonite (CaSiO3) was also formed in the slags with star or dendritic patterns.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
YeG.LindvallM.MagnussonM.KärsrudK.: ‘Recovery of vanadium and fully use of slag components in BOF-slag’, 85–101, 2013, D853, The Steel Eco-Cycle, Jernkontoret research scientific report D853. 2013.
2.
WermeA.: ‘Distribution of vanadium between SiO2 rich slags and carbon saturated liquid iron’, Steel Res., 1988, 59, (1), 6–15.
3.
InoueR.SuitoH.: ‘Distribution of vanadium between liquid iron and MgO saturated slags of the system CaO–MgO–FeOX–SiO2’, Trans. ISIJ, 1982, 22, 705–714. doi: 10.2355/isijinternational1966.22.705
4.
SelinR.: ‘Studies on MgO solubility in complex steelmaking slags in equilibrium with liquid iron and distribution of phosphorus and vanadium between slag and metal at MgO saturation. Part I. Reference system CaO–FeO–MgOsat–SiO2’, Scand. J. Metall., 1991, 20, 279–299.
5.
SelinR.: ‘Studies on the MgO solubility in complex steelmaking slags in equilibrium with liquid iron and distribution of phosphorus and vanadium between slag and metal at MgO saturation. Part II. The total system including Al2O3, SiO2, and TiO2’, Scand. J. Metall., 1991, 20, 318–328.
6.
HowardR. L.RichardsS. R.WelchB. J.MooreJ. J.: ‘Vanadium distribution in melts intermediate to ferroalloy production from vanadiferous slag’, Metall. Mater. Trans. B, 1994, 25, 27–32. doi: 10.1007/BF02663175
7.
JungW.-G.KimH.-S.JungS.-Y.ChoiH.-Y.SuzukiK.-I.: ‘Distribution of vanadium between molten iron and CaO–SiO2–MgO–FeO slag’, 59th Electric Furnace Conference and 19th Process Technology Conference, November 11–14, 2001, Phoenix, Arizona, 2001, 811–822.
8.
KimH.-S.JungW.-G.ChoN.-D.ChoiH.-S.: ‘Equilibrium distribution ratio of vanadium between molten iron and CaO–SiO2–MgOsat–FetO slag’, J. Korean Inst. Met. Mater., 2002, 40, (4), 466–472.
9.
MittelstadtR.SchwerdtfegerK.: ‘The dependence of the oxidation state of vanadium on the oxygen pressure in melts of VOx, Na2O–VOx, and CaO–SiO2–VOx’, Metall. Mater. Trans. B, 1990, 21, 111–120. doi: 10.1007/BF02658122
10.
FarahH.BrungsM.: ‘Oxidation–reduction equilibria of vanadium in CaO–SiO2, CaO–Al2O3–SiO2 and CaO–MgO–SiO2 melts’, J. Mater. Sci., 2003, 38, 1885–1894. doi: 10.1023/A:1023588010572
11.
VermaakM. K. G.PistoriusP. C.: ‘Equilibrium slag losses in ferrovanadium production’, Metall. Mater. Trans. B, 2000, 31, 1091–1097. doi: 10.1007/s11663-000-0084-1
12.
TianY.ZhaI. Y.ZhangX.: ‘Activity of VO in molten ternary CaO–SiO2–VO slag’, J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2000, 16, (1), 82–84.
13.
DongP.WangX.SeetharamanS.: ‘Activity of VO1.5 in CaO–SiO2–MgO–Al2O3 slags at low vanadium contents and low oxygen pressures’, Steel Res. Int., 2009, 80, (4), 251–255.
Anon: ‘ACerS-NIST Phase Equilibria Diagrams Database, Standard Reference Data Program’, 100 Bureau Dr., Stop 2300, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-2310: National Institute of Standards and Technology.
16.
SigworthG. K.ElliottJ. F.: ‘The thermodynamics of dilute liquid copper alloys’, Can. Metall. Quart., 1974, 13, 455–461. doi: 10.1179/cmq.1974.13.3.455
M. Allibert, H. Gaye, J. Geiseler, D. Janke, B. Keene, D. Kirner, M. Kowalski, J. Lehman, K. Mills and D. Neuschutz: Verein Deutscher Eisenhüttenleute: ‘Slag atlas’; 1995, Düsseldorf, Verlag Stahleisen.
HryhaE.RutqvistE.BjörkvallJ.NyborgL.: ‘Development of methodology for surface characterization of vanadium containing slag’, Surf. Interface Anal., 2014, 46, (10–11), 984–988. doi: 10.1002/sia.5363
21.
HudonP.BakerD. R.: ‘The nature of phase separation in binary oxide melts and glasses. I. Silicate systems’, J. Non-Cryst. Solids, 2002, 303, (3), 299–345. doi: 10.1016/S0022-3093(02)01043-8
22.
DiaoJ.XieB.JiC.GuoX.WangY.LiX.: ‘Growth of spinel crystals in vanadium slag and their characterization’, Cryst. Res. Technol., 2009, 44, (7), 707–712. doi: 10.1002/crat.200900131
23.
LindvallM.SichenD.: ‘Determination of vanadium solubility in the Al2O3–CaO(30 Mass Pct)–SiO2 and Al2O3–CaO (35 Mass Pct)–SiO2 system’, Metall. Mater. Trans. B, 2014, 46, (2), 733–740. doi: 10.1007/s11663-014-0237-2
24.
FangH.-X.LiH.-Y.ZhangT.LiuB.-S.XieB.: ‘Influence of CaO on existence form of vanadium-containing phase in vanadium slag’, ISIJ Int., 2015, 55, (1), 200–206. doi: 10.2355/isijinternational.55.200
25.
NakanoJ.KwongK.-S.BennettJ.LamT.FernandezL.KomolwitP.SridharS.: ‘Phase equilibria in synthetic coal–petcoke slags (Al2O3–CaO–FeO–SiO2–V2O3) under simulated gasification conditions’, Energ. Fuel., 2011, 25, 3298–3306. doi: 10.1021/ef200633q
26.
FerrariA. M.LeonelliC.PellacaniG. C.SiligardiC.: ‘Effect of V2O5 addition on the crystallisation of glasses belonging to the CaO–ZrO2–SiO2 system’, J. Non-Cryst. Solids, 2003, 315, (1–2), 77–88. doi: 10.1016/S0022-3093(02)01421-7
