The nanocomposites of nitrile-butadiene rubber (NBR) with high acrylonitrile content and Cloisite 30B were prepared in the presence of the resorcinol and hexamethylenetetramine (RH) complex as a compatibiliser. The structure of the NBR nanocomposites was characterised by cure characteristics, XRD, TEM and mechanical properties. The mechanical properties of the nanocomposites containing RH were far superior to those of NBR nanocomposites alone. Some hyperelastic models were approved on comparative study of tensile properties and the effect of RH compatibiliser on the material parameters of the models was investigated. The Mori–Tanaka and Halpin–Tsai models were used to estimate the modulus of prepared nanocomposites and compared with experimental results. The effect of RH on the intercalation/exfoliation of silicate layers was investigated from combination of effective particle method and Mori–Tanaka theory. This technique showed that the average number of silicate layers in each effective particle can decrease with RH compatibiliser.
KangoS., KaliaS., CelliA., NjugunaJ., HabibiY. and KumarR.: ‘Surface modification of inorganic nanoparticles for development of organic-inorganic nanocomposites – a review’, Prog. Polym. Sci., 2013, 38, 1232–1261. doi: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2013.02.003
2.
KumarM., KumarV., UpadhyayaP. and PugazhenthiG.: ‘Fabrication of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) nanocomposites with modified nanoclay by melt intercalation’, Compos. Interfaces, 2014, 21, 819–832. doi: 10.1080/15685543.2014.961780
3.
Bhoje GowdE. and RameshC.: ‘Handbook of polymer nanocomposites. Processing, performance and application’, 2014, New York, Springer Heidelberg.
4.
BurnsideS. D. and GiannelisE. P.: ‘Synthesis and properties of new poly(dimethylsiloxane) nanocomposites’, Chem. Mater., 1995, 7, 1597–1600. doi: 10.1021/cm00057a001
AlexanderM. and DuboisP.: ‘Polymer-layered silicate nanocomposites: Preparation, properties and uses of a new class of materials’, Mater. Sci. Eng. Rep., 2000, 28, 1–63. doi: 10.1016/S0927-796X(00)00012-7
7.
KimJ.-T., OhT.-S. and LeeD.-H.: ‘Curing and barrier properties of NBR/organo-clay nanocomposite’, Polym. Int., 2004, 53, 406–411. doi: 10.1002/pi.1366
8.
KrishnamoortiR., VaiaR. A. and GiannelisE. P.: ‘Structure and dynamics of polymer-layered silicate nanocomposites’, Chem. Mater, 1996, 8, 1728–1734. doi: 10.1021/cm960127g
9.
VaiaR. A. and GiannelisE. P.: ‘Polymer nanocomposites: Status and opportunities’, MRS Bull., 2001, 26, (05), 394–401. doi: 10.1557/mrs2001.93
10.
HungC.-Y., WangC.-C. and ChenC.-Y.: ‘New approach for preparation of exfoliated clay hybrid via wet kneading masterbatch process’, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013, 128, 2736–2745. doi: 10.1002/app.38436
11.
TarteN. H., CuiL. and WooS.I.: ‘Polyolefin/layered silicate nanocomposites prepared by in situ polymerization’, Adv. Polym. Sci., 2013, 258, 311–339. doi: 10.1007/12_2013_228
12.
AzizliM. J., NaderiG., BakhshandehG. R., SoltaniS., AskariF. and EsmizadehE.: ‘Improvement in physical and mechanical properties of IIR/CR rubber blend organoclay nanocomposites’, Rubber Chem. Technol., 2014, 87, 10–20. doi: 10.5254/rct.13.87951
13.
ArroyoM., Lopez ManchadoM. A. and HerreroB.: ‘Organo-montmorillonite as substitute of carbon black in natural rubber compounds’, Polymer, 2003, 44, 2447–2453. doi: 10.1016/S0032-3861(03)00090-9
14.
ChangY., YangY., RyuS. and NahC.: ‘Preparation and properties of EPDM/organomontmorillonite hybrid nanocomposites’, Polym. Int., 2002, 51, 319–324. doi: 10.1002/pi.831
15.
UsukiA., TukigaseA. and KatoM.: ‘Preparation and properties of EPDM-clay hybrids’, Polymer, 2002, 43, 2185–2189. doi: 10.1016/S0032-3861(02)00013-7
16.
DuquesneS., JamaC., Le BrasM., DelobelR., RecourtP. and GloaguenJ. M.: ‘Elaboration of EVA–nanoclay systems—characterization, thermal behaviour and fire performance’, Compos. Sci. Technol., 2003, 63, 1141–1148. doi: 10.1016/S0266-3538(03)00035-6
17.
RajasekarR., PalK., HeinrichG., DasA. and DasC. K.: ‘Development of nitrile butadiene rubber–nanoclay composites with epoxidized natural rubber as compatibilizer’, Mater. Des., 2009, 30, 3839–3845. doi: 10.1016/j.matdes.2009.03.014
18.
ChungJ. W., HanS. J. and KwakS.-Y.: ‘Dynamic viscoelastic behavior and molecular mobility of acrylonitrile–butadiene copolymer nanocomposites with various organoclay loadings’, Compos. Sci. Technol., 2008, 68, 1555–1561. doi: 10.1016/j.compscitech.2007.10.025
19.
AlipourA., NaderiG., BakhshandehG. R., ValiH. and ShokoohiS.: ‘Elastomer nanocomposites based on NR/EPDM/Organoclay: Morphology and properties’, Int. Polym. Proc., 2011, XXVI, 48–55. doi: 10.3139/217.2381
20.
GatosK. G. and Karger-KocsisJ.: ‘Effect of the aspect ratio of silicate platelets on the mechanical and barrier properties of hydrogenated acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (HNBR)/layered silicate nanocomposites’, Eur. Polym. J., 2007, 43, 1097–1104. doi: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2007.01.032
21.
WuY.-P., MaY., WangY.-Q. and ZhangL.-Q.: ‘Effects of characteristics of rubber, mixing and vulcanization on the structure and properties of rubber/ clay nanocomposites by melt blending’, Macromol. Mater. Eng., 2004, 289, 890–894. doi: 10.1002/mame.200400085
22.
FritzscheJ., DasA., JurkR., StöckelhuberK. W., HeinrichG. and KlüppelM.: ‘Relaxation dynamics of carboxylated nitrile rubber filled with organomodified nanoclay’, Express Polym. Lett., 2008, 2, 373–381. doi: 10.3144/expresspolymlett.2008.44
23.
GhassemiehE.: ‘Enhancement of the properties of EPDM/NBR elastomers using nanoclay for seal applications’, Polym. Compos., 2009, 30, 1657–1667. doi: 10.1002/pc.20810
24.
WangL., ZhangL. and TianM.: ‘Effect of expanded graphite (EG) dispersion on the mechanical and tribological properties of nitrile rubber/EG composites’, Wear, 2012, 276, 85–93. doi: 10.1016/j.wear.2011.12.009
25.
OgdenR. W., SaccomandiG. and SguraI.: ‘Fitting hyperelastic models to experimental data’, Comput. Mech., 2004, 34, 484–502. doi: 10.1007/s00466-004-0593-y
26.
OgdenR. W.: ‘Large deformation isotropic elasticity on the correlation of theory and experiment for incompressible rubberlike solids’, Proc. R Soc. London A Math. Phys. Sci., 1972, 326, 565–584. doi: 10.1098/rspa.1972.0026
27.
FriedE.: ‘An elementary molecular-statistical basis for the Mooney and Rivlin–Saunders theories of rubber elasticity’, J. Mech. Phys. Solids, 2002, 50, (3), 571–582. doi: 10.1016/S0022-5096(01)00086-2
28.
MarckmannG. and VerronE.: ‘Comparison of hyperelastic models for rubber-like materials’, Rubber Chem. Technol., 2006, 79, 835–858. doi: 10.5254/1.3547969
29.
ChagnonG., MarckmannG. and VerronE.: ‘A comparison of the hart-smith model with Arruda-Boyce and gent formulations for rubber elasticity’, Rubber Chem. Technol., 2004, 77, 724–735. doi: 10.5254/1.3547847
30.
Lambert-DianiJ. and ReyC.: ‘New phenomenological behavior laws for rubbers and thermoplastic elastomers’, Eur. J. Mech., 1999, 18 (6), 1027–1043. doi: 10.1016/S0997-7538(99)00147-3
MoriT. and TanakaK.: ‘Average stress in matrix and average elastic energy of materials with misfitting inclusions’, Acta Metall., 1973, 21, 571–574. doi: 10.1016/0001-6160(73)90064-3
33.
MahalingR. N., JanaG. K., DasC. K., JeongH. and HaC. S.: ‘Carboxylated nitrile elastomer/filler nanocomposite: effect of silica nanofiller in thermal, dynamic mechanical behavior, and interfacial adhesion’, Macromol. Res., 2005, 13, 306–313. doi: 10.1007/BF03218458
34.
ZareiM., NaderiG., BakhshandehG. R. and ShokoohiS.: ‘Ternary elastomer nanocomposites based on NR/BR/SBR: effect of nanoclay composition’, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013, 127, 2038–2045. doi: 10.1002/app.37687
35.
RoyK., AlamM. N., MandalS. K. and DebnathS. C.: ‘Sol–gel derived nano zinc oxide for the reduction of zinc oxide level in natural rubber compounds’, J. SolGel Sci. Technol., 2015, 73, (2), 306–313. doi: 10.1007/s10971-014-3530-2
36.
ShinC. H. and KimD. S.: ‘Effects of rubber type on the curing and physical properties of silica filled rubber compounds’, Polym. Adv. Technol., 2008, 19, 1062–1068. doi: 10.1002/pat.1078
37.
BhowmickA. K. and StephensH. L.: ‘Handbook of elastomers’, Basel, NY, Marcel Dekker Inc.
38.
TheP. L., Mohd IshakZ. A., IshiakuU. S. and Karger-KocsisJ.: ‘Cure characteristics and mechanical properties of natural rubber/organoclay nanocomposites’, J. Teknol., 2003, 39, 2513–2521.
39.
VargheseS. and Karger-KocsisJ.: ‘Natural rubber-based nanocomposites by latex compounding with layered silicates’, Polymer, 2003, 44, 4921–4927. doi: 10.1016/S0032-3861(03)00480-4
VargheseS. and Karger-KocsisJ.: ‘Melt-compounded natural rubber nanocomposites with pristine and organophilic layered silicates of natural and synthetic origin’, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2004, 91, 813–819. doi: 10.1002/app.13173
42.
HeS., XueY., LinJ., ZhangL., DuX. and ChenL.: ‘Effect of silane compatibilizer on the structure and mechanical properties of nano-dispersed clay filled styrene butadiene rubber’, Polym. Compos., 2014, 37, 890–896. doi: 10.1002/pc.23247
43.
ZhuL. and WoolR. P.: ‘Nanoclay reinforced bio-based elastomers: Synthesis and characterization’, Polymer, 2006, 47, (24), 8106–8115. doi: 10.1016/j.polymer.2006.07.076
44.
EsmizadehE., NaderiG. and GhoreishyM. H. R.: ‘Modification of theoretical models to predict mechanical behavior of PVC/NBR/Organoclay nanocomposites’, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013, 130, 3229–3239. doi: 10.1002/app.39556
45.
ShengN., BoyceM. C., ParksD. M., RutledgeG. C., AbesJ. I. and CohenR. E.: ‘Multiscale micromechanical modeling of polymer/clay nanocomposites and the effective clay particle’, Polymer, 2004, 45, 487–506. doi: 10.1016/j.polymer.2003.10.100
