The corrosion resistance in medium carbon high-strength spring steel was investigated in neutral salt spray of 5% NaCl solution and potentiodynamic polarisation measurements. The results showed that the corrosion process in the salt spray environment could be divided into two stages. In the initial corrosion stage, the corrosion rates of tested steels were high and rapidly decreased with increasing corrosion time. At later stages where rust layers formed and the corrosion rates of the tested steels all tended to be stable, corrosion resistance was reinforced with the increase of alloying elements, which is just new finding about formation and evolution of corrosion products of spring steel to improve corrosion resistance further in this research. The observation of corrosion products of the tested steels by energy dispersive spectroscopy and electron probe micro-analysis indicated that both Cr and V which had an obvious synergy concentrated mainly in the inner region of the rust layers, and the corrosion medium Cl– was mainly distributed in the outer region of the rust layers.
OliveiraMJanstoSMohrbacherHPatelJStuartM.‘30 Years of Niobium Steel Development in China’, Metal.citic.com
2.
PodgornikBLeskovšekVGodecMMicrostructure refinement and its effect on properties of spring steel. Mater Sci Eng A. 2014; 599 (2): 81–86. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2014.01.054
3.
YangJTaoWLiuMAn efficient direction field-based method for the detection of fasteners on high-speed railways. Sensors. 2011; 11 (8): 7364–7381. doi: 10.3390/s110807364
4.
HsiehHYChenNLiaoCL.‘Visual Recognition System of Elastic Rail Clips for Mass Rapid Transit Systems’, ASME/IEEE 2007 Joint Rail Conference and Internal Combustion Engine Division Spring Technical Conference, Pueblo, Co, USA, 2007:319-325.
5.
KumarSKeshariKKChatterjeeADevelopment of Si-Mn alloyed spring steels suitable for elastic rail clip (ERC) application. Int J Metall Eng. 2015; 4 (1): 1–5.
6.
StratmannMBohnenkampKRamchandranT.The influence of copper upon the atmospheric corrosion of iron. Corros Sci. 1987; 27 (9): 905–926. doi: 10.1016/0010-938X(87)90058-8
7.
StratmannMStreckelH.On the atmospheric corrosion of metals which are covered with thin electrolyte layers—I. verification of the experimental technique. Corros Sci. 1990; 30 (6): 681–696. doi: 10.1016/0010-938X(90)90032-Z
8.
IshikawaTMotokiTKatohRStructures of β-FeOOH particles formed in the presence of Ti (IV), Cr (III), and Cu (II) ions. J Colloid Interface Sci. 2002; 250 (1): 74–81. doi: 10.1006/jcis.2002.8257
9.
KamimuraTStratmannM.The influence of chromium on the atmospheric corrosion of steel. Corros Sci. 2001; 43 (3): 429–447. doi: 10.1016/S0010-938X(00)00098-6
10.
YamashitaMShimizuTKonishiHStructure and protective performance of atmospheric corrosion product of Fe–Cr alloy film analyzed by mössbauer spectroscopy and with synchrotron radiation X-rays. Corros Sci. 2003; 45 (2): 381–394. doi: 10.1016/S0010-938X(02)00093-8
11.
XuQGaoKLvWEffects of alloyed Cr and Cu on the corrosion behavior of low-alloy steel in a simulated groundwater solution. Corros Sci. 2015; 102 (2): 114–124.
12.
de la FuenteDAlcántaraJChicoBCharacterisation of rust surfaces formed on mild steel exposed to marine atmospheres using XRD and SEM/micro-Raman techniques. Corros Sci. 2016; 110: 253–264. doi: 10.1016/j.corsci.2016.04.034
13.
AlcántaraJChicoBSimancasJAn attempt to classify the morphologies presented by different rust phases formed during the exposure of carbon steel to marine atmospheres. Mater Character. 2016; 118: 65–78. doi: 10.1016/j.matchar.2016.04.027
14.
CastañoJGBoteroCARestrepoAHAtmospheric corrosion of carbon steel in Colombia. Corros Sci. 2010; 52 (1): 216–223. doi: 10.1016/j.corsci.2009.09.006
15.
LiQXWangZYHanWCharacterization of the rust formed on weathering steel exposed to Qinghai salt lake atmosphere. Corros Sci. 2008; 50 (2): 365–371. doi: 10.1016/j.corsci.2007.06.020
16.
TamuraH.The role of rusts in corrosion and corrosion protection of iron and steel. Corros Sci. 2008; 50 (7): 1872–1883. doi: 10.1016/j.corsci.2008.03.008
17.
YamashitaMMiyukiHMatsudaYCheminform abstract: long term growth of the protective rust layer formed on weathering steel by atmospheric corrosion during a quarter of a century. Cheminform. 1994; 36 (2): 283–299.
18.
CanoHNeffDMorcilloMCharacterization of corrosion products formed on Ni 2.4 wt%–Cu 0.5 wt%–Cr 0.5 wt% weathering steel exposed in marine atmospheres. Corros Sci. 2014; 87 (5): 438–451. doi: 10.1016/j.corsci.2014.07.011
19.
MaYLiYWangF.Corrosion of low carbon steel in atmospheric environments of different chloride content. Corros Sci. 2009; 51 (5): 997–1006. doi: 10.1016/j.corsci.2009.02.009
20.
ChenYYTzengHJWeiLICorrosion resistance and mechanical properties of low-alloy steels under atmospheric conditions. Corros Sci. 2005; 47 (4): 1001–1021. doi: 10.1016/j.corsci.2004.04.009
21.
WangZLiuJWuLStudy of the corrosion behavior of weathering steels in atmospheric environments. Corros Sci. 2013; 67 (2): 1–10. doi: 10.1016/j.corsci.2012.09.020
22.
de la FuenteDDíazISimancasJLong-term atmospheric corrosion of mild steel. Corros Sci. 2011; 53 (2): 604–617. doi: 10.1016/j.corsci.2010.10.007
23.
DillmannPMazaudierFHœrléS.Advances in understanding atmospheric corrosion of iron. I. rust characterisation of ancient ferrous artefacts exposed to indoor atmospheric corrosion. Corros Sci. 2004; 46 (6): 1401–1429. doi: 10.1016/j.corsci.2003.09.027
24.
RenRZhangSPangXA novel observation of the interaction between the macroelastic stress and electrochemical corrosion of low carbon steel in 3.5wt% NaCl solution. Electrochim Acta. 2012; 85 (1): 283–294. doi: 10.1016/j.electacta.2012.08.079
25.
Mohtadi-BonabMASzpunarJABasuRThe mechanism of failure by hydrogen induced cracking in an acidic environment for API 5L X70 pipeline steel. Int J Hydrogen Energy. 2015; 40 (2): 1096–1107. doi: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2014.11.057
26.
ArgadeGRPanigrahiSKMishraRS.Effects of grain size on the corrosion resistance of wrought magnesium alloys containing neodymium. Corros Sci. 2012; 58 (5): 145–151. doi: 10.1016/j.corsci.2012.01.021
27.
GengSSunJGuoL.Effect of sandblasting and subsequent acid pickling and passivation on the microstructure and corrosion behavior of 316L stainless steel. Mater Des. 2015; 88: 1–7. doi: 10.1016/j.matdes.2015.08.113
28.
KamimuraTHaraSMiyukiHComposition and protective ability of rust layer formed on weathering steel exposed to various environments. Corros Sci. 2006; 48 (9): 2799–2812. doi: 10.1016/j.corsci.2005.10.004
29.
LiYChengY.Effect of surface finishing on early-stage corrosion of a carbon steel studied by electrochemical and atomic force microscope characterizations. Appl Surf Sci. 2016; 366: 95–103. doi: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2016.01.081
30.
XuLYChengY.Experimental and numerical studies of effectiveness of cathodic protection at corrosion defects on pipelines. Corros Sci. 2014; 78 (1): 162–171. doi: 10.1016/j.corsci.2013.09.011
31.
NiuLChengY.Corrosion behavior of X-70 pipe steel in near-neutral pH solution. Appl Surf Sci. 2007; 253 (21): 8626–8631. doi: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2007.04.066
32.
QianYNiuDXuJThe influence of chromium content on the electrochemical behavior of weathering steels. Corros Sci. 2013; 71 (6): 72–77. doi: 10.1016/j.corsci.2013.03.002
33.
DongJZhouXLiuYCarbide precipitation in Nb-V-Ti microalloyed ultra-high strength steel during tempering. Mater Sci Eng A. 2017; 683: 215–226. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2016.12.019
34.
OsórioWRFreireCMGarciaA.The role of macrostructural morphology and grain size on the corrosion resistance of Zn and Al castings. Mater Sci Eng A. 2005; 402 (1-2): 22–32. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2005.02.094
35.
Di SchinoABarteriMKennyJM.Grain size dependence of mechanical, corrosion and tribological properties of high nitrogen stainless steels. J Mater Sci. 2003; 38 (15): 3257–3262. doi: 10.1023/A:1025181820252
36.
KalmykovVVRazdobreevVG.Effect of the structure of carbon steel on its corrosion in 3% NaCl solution under alternating immersion. Prot Met. 1999; 35 (6): 598–599.
37.
MengGLiYShaoYEffect of microstructures on corrosion behavior of nickel coatings: (II) competitive effect of grain size and twins density on corrosion behavior. J Mater Sci Technol. 2016; 32 (5): 465–469. doi: 10.1016/j.jmst.2015.11.013
38.
LutterottiLMatthiesSWenkHR.MAUD (material analysis using diffraction): a user friendly Java program for Rietveld texture analysis and more. Proceeding of the twelfth international conference on textures of materials (ICOTOM-12). Ottowa: NRC Research Press; 1999;1:1599.
39.
ZhouYChenJXuYEffects of Cr, Ni and Cu on the corrosion behavior of Low carbon microalloying steel in a Cl−, containing environment. J Mater Sci Technol. 2013; 29 (2): 168–174. doi: 10.1016/j.jmst.2012.12.013
