Water vapour sorption characteristics and surface chemical composition of thermally modified spruce ( Picea abies karst).

Abstract

The objective of this work was to study the hygroscopicity and surface chemical composition of thermally modified (TM) spruce. An effort was also made to study if those features were influenced by a previous exposure to a significant increase in relative humidity (RH). TM and unmodified Norway spruce (Picea abies Karst) samples, both in solid and ground form, were prepared. Water vapour sorption characteristics of the ground samples were obtained by measuring sorption isotherms using a dynamic vapour sorption (DVS). The surface chemical composition of the solid samples, both acetone extracted and non-extracted, were analysed using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The DVS analysis indicated that the TM wood exposed to the 75% RH revealed a decrease in isotherm hysteresis. The XPS analysis indicated a decrease of acetone extractable or volatile organic components and a relative increase of non-extractable components for the samples exposed to the increased RH condition.

Keywords

Dynamic vapour sorption (DVS)Extractives Norway spruce Surface chemical composition Thermally modified wood X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS)

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

Anonymous . 2003. ThermoWood handbook. International ThermoWood Association. www.thermowood.fi [accessed 23 March 2015].

Beamson

and Briggs

1992. High Resolution XPS of Organic Polymers: The Scienta ESCA 300 Database, 208. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Boonstra

M. J.

and Blomberg

2007. Semi-isostatic densification of heat-treated radiata pine. Wood Science and Technology 41(7): 607–617. doi: 10.1007/s00226-007-0140-y

Boutelje

J. B.

1990. Increase in the content of nitrogenous compounds at lumber surfaces during drying and possible biological effects. Wood Science and Technology. 24: 191–200. doi: 10.1007/BF00229055

Bryne

L. E.

, Lausmaa

, Ernstsson

, Englund

and Wålinder

M. E. P.

2010. Ageing of modified wood. Part 2: determination of surface composition of acetylated, furfurylated, and thermally modified wood by XPS and ToF-SIMS. Holzforschung. 64: 305–313.

Bryne

L. E.

and Wålinder

M. E. P.

2010. Ageing of modified wood. Part I: wetting properties of acetylated, furfurylated, and thermally modified wood. Holzforschung. 64(3): 295–304.

Chirkova

, Andersons

, Andersone

and Militz

2005. Water sorption properties of thermo-modified wood. In: Militz

, and Hill

(eds). Proceedings of the Second European Conference on Wood Modification “Wood modification: Processes, properties and commercialisation”. Göttingen, Germany, 65–69.

Denes

F. S.

, Cruz-Barba

L. E.

and Manolache

2005. Plasma treatment of wood. In: Rowell

R. M.

(ed). Handbook of Wood Chemistry and Wood Composites. Boca Raton, Florida: Taylor & Francis.

Dorris

G. M.

and Gray

D. G.

1978a. The surface analysis of paper and wood fibers by ESCA (Electron Spectroscopy for Chemical Analysis) I. Applications to cellulose and lignin. Cellulose Chemistry and Technology 12: 9–23.

10.

Dorris

G. M.

and Gray

D. G.

1978b. The surface analysis of paper and wood fibres by ESCA (Electron Spectroscopy for Chemical Analysis) II. Surface composition of mechanical pulps. Cellulose Chemistry and Technology. 12: 721–734.

11.

Erlandsson

and Sundquist

J.-O.

2014. Environmental consequences of different recycling alternatives for wood waste. Report No B2182, A Report for a Nordic Cooperation Project on the EC Recovery Target for Construction and Demolition Waste (CDW), Stockholm, Sweden, IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.

12.

Esteves

B. M.

and Pereira

H. M.

2009. Wood modification by heat treatment: a review. Bioresources. 4: 370–404.

13.

Fahlén

and Salmén

2003. Cross-sectional structure of the secondary wall of wood fibers as affected by processing. Journal of Materials Science. 38: 119–126. doi: 10.1023/A:1021174118468

14.

Guo

, Song

, Salmén

and Yin

2015. Changes of wood cell walls in response to hygro-mechanical steam treatment. Carbohydrate Polymers. 115: 207–214. doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.08.040

15.

Hakkou

, Pétrissans

, Zoulalian

and Gérardin

2005. Investigation of wood wettability changes during heat treatment on the basis of chemical analysis. Polymer Degradation and Stability. 89: 1–5. doi: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2004.10.017

16.

Hill

C. A. S.

2006. Wood Modification: Chemical, Thermal and Other Processes. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.

17.

Hill

C. A. S.

, Norton

and Newman

2009. The water vapor sorption behavior of natural fibers. Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 112: 1524–1537. doi: 10.1002/app.29725

18.

Hill

C. A. S.

, Ramsay

, Keating

, Laine

, Rautkari

, Hughes

and Constant

2012. The water vapour sorption properties of thermally modified and densified wood. Journal of Materials Science 47(7): 3191–3197. doi: 10.1007/s10853-011-6154-8

19.

Hoffmeyer

, Jensen

S. K.

, Jones

, Klinke

H. B.

and Felby

2003. Sorption properties of steam treated wood and plant fibres. In: Van Acker J., and Hill C. A. S. (eds). Proceedings of the First European Conference on Wood Modification, ISBN: 9080656526. 2003, April 3–4, Ghent University, Ghent, 177–189.

20.

Inari

G. N.

, Pétrissans

, Lambert

J. J.

, Ehrhardt

J. J.

and Gérardin

2006. XPS characterization of wood chemical composition after heat-treatment. Surface and Interface Analysis. 38: 1336–1342. doi: 10.1002/sia.2455

21.

Jalaludin

, Hill

C. A. S.

, Xie

, Samsi

H. W.

, Husain

, Awang

and Curling

S. F.

2010a. Analysis of the water vapour sorption isotherms of thermally modified acacia and sesendok. Wood Material Science and Engineering 5(3–4): 194–203. doi: 10.1080/17480272.2010.503940

22.

Jalaludin

, Hill

C. A. S.

, Samsi

H. W.

, Husein

and Xie

2010b. Analysis of water vapour sorption of oleo-thermal modified wood of Acacia mangium and Endospermum malaccense by a parallel exponential kinetics model and according to the Hailwood-Horrobin model. Holzforschung. 64(6): 763–770. doi: 10.1515/hf.2010.100

23.

Johansson

L.-S.

and Campbell

J. M.

2004. Reproducible XPS on biopolymers: cellulose studies. Surface and Interface Analysis. 36: 1018–1022. doi: 10.1002/sia.1827

24.

Johansson

L.-S.

, Campbell

J. M.

, Hänninen

, Ganne-Chèdeville

, Vuorinen

, Hughes

and Laine

2012. XPS and the medium-dependent surface adaption of cellulose in wood. Surface and Interface Analysis. 44: 899–903. doi: 10.1002/sia.4839

25.

Johansson

L.-S.

, Tammelin

, Campbell

J. M.

, Setälä

and Östberg

2011. Experimental evidence on medium driven cellulose surface adaption demonstrated using nanofibrillated cellulose. Soft Matter. 7: 10917–10924. doi: 10.1039/c1sm06073b

26.

Kamdem

D. P.

, Pizzi

and Jermannaus

2002. Durability of heat-treated wood. Holz als Roh- und Werkstoff. 58: 253–257. doi: 10.1007/s001070050420

27.

Kohler

, Dueck

, Ausperger

and Alex

2003. A numeric model for the kinetics of water vapor sorption on cellulosic reinforcement fibers. Composite Interfaces. 10(2–3): 255–276. doi: 10.1163/156855403765826900

28.

Koljonen

, Österberg

, Johansson

L.-S.

and Stenius

2003. Surface chemistry and morphology of different mechanical pulps determined by ESCA and AFM. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects. 228: 143–158. doi: 10.1016/S0927-7757(03)00305-4

29.

Kollmann

and Schnieder

1963. On the sorption behavior of heat stabilized wood. Holz als Roh- und Werkstoff. 21: 77–85. doi: 10.1007/BF02609705

30.

Källbom

, Wålinder

M. E. P.

, Segerholm

B. K.

and Jones

2015. Surface energy characterization of thermally modified spruce using inverse gas chromatography under cyclic humidity conditions. Wood. Fiber. Sci. 47(4): 210–220.

31.

Laine

, Stenius

, Carlsson

and Ström

1994. Surface characterization of unbleached kraft pulp by means of ESCA. Cellulose. 1: 145–160. doi: 10.1007/BF00819664

32.

and Pignatello

J. J.

2002. Demonstration of the “conditioning effect” in soil organic matter in support of a pore deformation mechanism for sorption hysteresis. Environmental Science & Technology. 36: 4553–4561. doi: 10.1021/es020554x

33.

and Pignatello

J. J.

2004. Sorption of apolar aromatic compounds to soil humic acid particles affected by aluminum(III) ion cross-linking. Journal of Environment Quality. 33(4): 1314–1321. doi: 10.2134/jeq2004.1314

34.

Matthews

J. F.

, Skopec

C. E.

, Mason

P. E.

, Zuccato

, Torget

R. W.

, Sugiyama

, Himmel

M. E.

and Brady

J. W.

2006. Computer simulation studies of microcrystalline cellulose Iβ. Carbohydrate Research. 341(1): 138–152. doi: 10.1016/j.carres.2005.09.028

35.

Muguet

M. C. S.

, Ruuttunen

, Jääskelainen

A.-S.

, Colodette

J. L.

and Vuorinen

2013. Thermomechanical pulping of novel Brazilian Eucalyptus hybrids. Holzforschung. 67: 489–495.

36.

Navi

and Girardet

2000. Effects of thermo-hydro-mechanical treatment on the structure and properties of wood. Holzforschung. 54(3): 287–293. doi: 10.1515/HF.2000.048

37.

Navi

and Sandberg

2012. Thermo-Hydro-Mechanical Processing of Wood Lausanne. Lausanne: EPFL Press.

38.

Nuopponen

, Vuorinen

, Jämsä

and Viitaniemi

2003. The effect of heat treatment on the behaviour of extractives in softwood studied by FTIR spectroscopic methods. Wood Science and Technology. 37: 109–115. doi: 10.1007/s00226-003-0178-4

39.

Nussbaum

R. M.

1999. Natural surface inactivation of Scots pine and Norway spruce evaluated by contact angle measurements. Holz als Roh-und Werkstoff. 57: 419–424. doi: 10.1007/s001070050067

40.

Nussbaum

R. M.

and Sterley

2002. The effect of wood extractive content on glue adhesion and surface wettability of wood. Wood and Fiber Science. 34: 55–71.

41.

Nzokou

and Kamdem

D. P.

2005. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy study of red oak – (Quercus rubra), black cherry – (Prunus serotine) and red pine – (Pinus resinosa) extracted wood surfaces. Surface and Interface Analysis. 37: 689–694. doi: 10.1002/sia.2064

42.

Obataya

and Tomita

2002. Hygroscopicity of heat-treated wood II – reversible reductions in the hygroscopicity of wood due to heating. Mokuzai. Gakkaishi. 48(5): 348–355.

43.

Olek

, Majka

and Czajkowski

Ł.

2013. Sorption isotherms of thermally modified wood. Holzforschung. 67(2): 183–191. doi: 10.1515/hf-2011-0260

44.

Pfriem

, Zauer

and Wagenführ

2010. Alteration of the unsteady sorption behavior of maple (Acer pseudoplatanus L.) and spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) due to thermal modification. Holzforschung. 64: 235–241. doi: 10.1515/hf.2010.029

45.

Popescu

C.-M.

and Hill

C. A. S.

2013. The water vapour adsorption–desorption behavior of naturally aged Tilia cordata Mill. wood. Polymer Degradation and Stability. 98: 1804–1813. doi: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2013.05.021

46.

Rautkari

, Hänninen

, Johansson

L.-S.

and Hughes

2012. A study by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) of the chemistry of the surface of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) modified by friction. Holzforschung. 66: 93–96. doi: 10.1515/HF.2011.122

47.

Seborg

R. M.

, Tarkow

and Stamm

A. J.

1953. Effect of heat upon the dimensional stabilisation of wood. Journal of the Forest Products Research Society. 3(9): 59–67.

48.

Sedighi Moghaddam

, Wålinder

M. E. P.

, Claesson

P. M.

and Swerin

2013. Multicycle wilhelmy plate method for wetting properties, swelling and liquid sorption of wood. Langmuir. 29: 12145–12153. doi: 10.1021/la402605q

49.

Segerholm

B. K.

, Vellekoop

and Wålinder

M. E. P.

2012. Process-related mechanical degradation of the wood component in a high-wood-content wood-plastic composites. Wood Fiber Science 44(2): 145–154.

50.

Shchukarev

, Sundberg

, Mellerowicz

and Persson

2002. XPS study of living tree. Surface and Interface Analysis. 34: 284–288. doi: 10.1002/sia.1301

51.

Stamm

A. J.

1956. Thermal degradation of wood and cellulose. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry. 48(3): 413–417. doi: 10.1021/ie51398a022

52.

Tuong

V. M.

and Li

2011. Changes caused by heat treatment in chemical composition and some physical properties of acacia hybrid sapwood. Holzforschung. 65: 67–72. doi: 10.1515/hf.2010.118

53.

Wang

, Mahlberg

, Jämsä

, Nikkola

, Mannila

, Ritschkoff

A.-C.

and Peltonen

2011. Surface properties and moisture behaviour of pine and heat-treated spruce modified with alkoxysilanes by sol-gel process. Progress in Organic Coatings. 71: 274–282. doi: 10.1016/j.porgcoat.2011.03.011

54.

Wang

, Zhu

, Cao

and Sun

2015. Correlation between dynamic wetting behaviour and chemical components of thermally modified wood. Applied Surface Science. 324: 332–338. doi: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2014.10.139

55.

Yatim

J. M.

, Nur Hafizah

A. K.

and Mahjoub

2011. Biocomposites for the construction materials and structures. Seminar “Embracing Green Technology in Construction-Way Forward”, 26th April 2011, CIDB Negeri Sarawak, Malaysia.

56.

Yin

, Berglund

and Salmén

2011. Effect of steam treatment on the properties of wood cell walls. Biomacromolecules. 12: 194–202. doi: 10.1021/bm101144m