Structural Modification of Serum Vitamin D 3 -Binding Protein and Immunosuppression in AIDS Patients

A serum glycoprotein, vitamin D₃-binding protein (Gc protein), can be converted by β-galactosidase of stimulated B lymphocytes and sialidase of T lymphocytes to a potent macrophage-activating factor (MAF), a protein with N-acetylgalactosamine as the remaining sugar moiety. Thus, Gc protein is a precursor for MAF. Treatment of purified Gc protein with immobilized β-galactosidase and sialidase generates an extremely hightitered MAF (GcMAF). When peripheral blood monocytes/macrophages of 46 HIV-infected patients were treated with GcMAF (100 pg/ml), the monocytes/macrophages of all patients were efficiently activated. However, the MAF precursor activity of plasma Gc protein was low in 16 (35%) of these patients. Loss of the MAF precursor activity appeared to be due to deglycosylation of plasma Gc protein by ±-N-acetylgalactosaminidase found in the patient blood stream. Levels of plasma ±-N-acetylgalactosaminidase activity in individual patients had an inverse correlation with the MAF precursor activity of their plasma Gc protein. Thus, precursor activity of Gc protein and ±-N-acetylgalactosaminidase activity in patient blood can serve as diagnostic and prognostic indices.