A Randomized,Double-Blind,Placebo-Controlled Trial of Vilazodone in Children and Adolescents with Major Depressive Disorder with Twenty-Six-Week Open-Label Follow-Up

Abstract

Objective:

To evaluate the efficacy and long-term safety of vilazodone in children and adolescent outpatients with major depressive disorder (MDD).

Methods:

Children and adolescents aged 7–17 years of age with MDD were randomized 2:2:1 to 8 weeks of double-blind placebo, vilazodone 15 or 30 mg/day or fluoxetine 20 mg/day, respectively. The primary and secondary efficacy outcomes, respectively, were change from baseline to week 8 in Children's Depression Rating Scale-Revised (CDRS-R) score total score and Clinical Global Impressions-Severity (CGI-S) score analyzed using a mixed model for repeated measurement approach. Patients who completed the 8-week randomized controlled trial (RCT), as well as new (de novo) patients, could participate in a 26-week, vilazodone-only, open-label extension (OLE) study.

Results:

The RCT enrolled 473 patients (60% female) with an average age of 13 years. Change in CDRS-R and CGI-S scores from baseline to week 8 did not differ between patients who received vilazodone and those randomized to placebo. The least-squares mean change from baseline in CDRS-R scores was similar for vilazodone and placebo (−20.7 vs. −20.3, p = 0.77; least-squares mean difference [LSMD] = −0.40). For fluoxetine, the LSMD versus placebo was −2.3 (p = 0.14). The OLE enrolled 330 patients (60% female) with an average age of 13–14 years. Overall, no new safety concerns were identified compared to what is known in adults.

Conclusions:

Similar improvements in depressive symptoms were observed in all arms. This study does not support the efficacy of vilazodone 15 or 30 mg/day for pediatric patients with MDD. No new or unexpected safety concerns were detected during the RCT or OLE studies.

Introduction

Depressive disorders are common in children and adolescents with major depressive disorder (MDD) affecting more than 1 in 10 adolescents between the ages of 13 and 17 years (Merikangas et al. 2007; Kessler et al. 2012). When present during childhood or adolescence, MDD impairs academic performance and peer relationships and increases the risk of recurrent depression in adulthood (Davies et al. 2018). In addition, MDD represents a significant risk factor for suicidal ideation, suicide attempts, and completed suicides—the third leading cause of death in adolescents worldwide (Foley et al. 2006; Thapar et al. 2012; World Health Organization 2019). Despite the high prevalence and associated morbidity and mortality, pharmacological treatment options are limited for youth with MDD.

The current approach to treating children and adolescents with MDD includes psychotherapy (Mufson et al. 1999, 2004; The Treatment for Adolescents with Depression Study [TADS] 2009) in addition to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) (Emslie et al. 2002, 2008, 2009; Wagner et al. 2003; The Treatment for Adolescents with Depression Study [TADS] 2009; Strawn et al. 2017). To date, only two medications have received approval from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for children and adolescents with MDD: fluoxetine (indicated for ages 8–17) and escitalopram (indicated for ages 12–17) (Emslie et al. 2002, 2009). However, as many as 40% of patients fail to adequately respond to SSRIs (The Treatment for Adolescents with Depression Study [TADS] 2009; Emslie et al. 2010). Given the significant burden associated with pediatric MDD and the limited effect of available medications, there is an urgent need to evaluate additional pharmacologic treatments with alternative mechanisms of action.

Vilazodone, an SSRI and 5-HT_1A partial agonist, reduces depressive symptoms in adults and is approved for the treatment of MDD in adults (Croft et al. 2014; Viibryd^® 2017). To date, only one randomized controlled trial (RCT) has examined the efficacy and safety of fixed-dose vilazodone 15 or 30 mg/day in adolescents with MDD (Durgam et al. 2018). Although the safety profile of vilazodone in that trial was similar to that observed in adults, this trial failed to identify significant differences in improvement in depressive symptoms between patients receiving placebo and those receiving vilazodone. Furthermore, this vilazodone study had a very high placebo response rate. Specifically, more than half of patients receiving placebo were rated as “very much” or “much improved” on the categorical response measure. A second RCT was conducted to evaluate the safety and efficacy of flexibly-dosed vilazodone in children and adolescents (aged 7–17 years) with MDD, as well as its long-term safety in a follow-up open-label extension (OLE) study.

Methods

Study design and patient selection

The 8-week, multisite randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial compared flexibly-dosed vilazodone (15–30 mg/day) to placebo in children and adolescents with MDD. The study was conducted from October 2014 to September 2018 at 55 centers in the United States and Canada (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02372799). The 26-week OLE was an open-label flexible-dose study conducted at the same 55 centers from May 2015 to November 2018 (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02436239), which enrolled those patients completing the 8-week RCT, as well as new (de novo) patients. Both studies were approved by institutional review boards or independent ethics committees at each study center, and all patients (or a parent or legal guardian) provided written informed assent and consent. Both studies were conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and International Conference on Harmonization Guidelines for Good Clinical Practice.

For both studies, eligible patients included children and adolescents aged 7–17 years with a diagnosis of MDD for ≥6 weeks duration at Screening based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR; American Psychiatric Association 2000) criteria and were confirmed by the Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia-Present and Lifetime interview (Kaufman et al. 1997). Inclusion criteria were a Children's Depression Rating Scale-Revised (CDRS-R) (Poznanski and Mokros 1996) total score ≥40 and Clinical Global Impressions-Severity (CGI-S) (Guy 1976) score ≥4 at baseline. Patients were required to have a caregiver responsible for safety monitoring, providing information about the patient's condition, overseeing the study drug administration, and accompanying the patient to study visits. Patients who turned 18 years old during the study were re-consented.

Exclusion criteria included a current (past 3 months) principal DSM-IV-TR Axis I diagnosis other than MDD within 6 months before screening. However, patients with comorbid learning disorders, attention deficit disorder (with or without hyperactivity), communication disorders, oppositional defiant disorder, and anxiety disorders were allowed to participate in the study as long as these were not the primary focus of treatment and complied with concomitant medications. A history of a suicide attempt within the past year or a current significant suicide risk as judged by the investigator based on interview or information collected in the Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS) was exclusionary (Posner et al. 2011). A more detailed listing of inclusion/exclusion criteria and permitted psychotropic medications are listed in Supplementary Table S1.

Eight-week RCT

Treatment groups and blinding

The sponsor generated a list of patient randomized allocation codes corresponding to assigned investigational products (IPs) that was implemented by the interactive web response system vendor to maintain blinding. This list identified each patient by randomization number and included the patient's corresponding treatment assignment. Patients, investigators, and study staff were blinded to treatment assignments and study medication consisting of tablets or capsules (identical to placebo in size, shape, color, taste, and packaging). Blinding was maintained for the 8-week treatment and 1-week down-taper periods. Patients were randomized 2:2:1 to placebo, flexibly-dosed vilazodone (15–30 mg/day), or fluoxetine (20 mg/day). Of note, fluoxetine was included as an active comparator/reference treatment because it is approved for treating MDD in pediatric (children and adolescents) patients. The dosage selected in this study was based on the FDA approved dosage in this patient population, which was assessed in two pivotal trials, of 10–20 mg/day (PROZAC^® 2014).

IPs in the form of tablets and capsules were provided by the sponsor packaged in blister cards labeled with blinded allocation codes. Patients were supplied with IP and were instructed to take three tablets and one capsule orally, once-daily as a single dose (morning dosing was recommended). Fluoxetine was encapsulated to protect the blind. Throughout the study, it was recommended that patients take the IP at the same time each day with food. Vilazodone was titrated to 15 mg/day in two steps by the end of week 2 and could be increased to 30 mg/day no later than the start of week 3 based on improvement and tolerability (Supplementary Fig. S1). Fluoxetine was titrated to 20 mg/day by the end of week 2. A single reduction to 15 mg/day was allowed for tolerability in patients taking vilazodone 30 mg/day. After the treatment period, during the 1-week down-taper period, vilazodone 15 and 30 mg/day was reduced to 5 mg/day in one step and two steps, respectively. Fluoxetine was reduced to 10 mg/day.

Prespecified efficacy and safety assessments

The primary efficacy endpoint was change from baseline to week 8 in CDRS-R total score (Poznanski and Mokros 1996). The secondary efficacy endpoint was change from baseline to week 8 in CGI-S score (Guy 1976). The primary and secondary efficacy endpoints were the same as those used in the previously published vilazodone for adolescent patients for MDD study (Durgam et al. 2018). CDRS-R total score and CGI-S score assessments were conducted at screening, baseline, and all subsequent study visits. Additional efficacy assessments included Clinical Global Impressions-Improvement (CGI-I) score and the CDRS-R response [≥40% reduction from baseline in CDRS-R total score (Emslie et al. 2002)] and CDRS-R remission (total score ≤28) rates. Safety measures included adverse events (AEs), laboratory parameters, vital signs, electrocardiogram (EKG) parameters, and suicidality.

Statistical analyses

Based on a mixed-effects model for repeated measures (MMRM) model using simulation data, a sample size of 400 patients (160 per group for placebo and vilazodone) was planned to provide 85% power to detect an effect size of 0.36 for the primary efficacy measure (treatment group difference of 4 U relative to pooled standard deviation [SD] of 11.1) (Lu 2012). The simulation assumed a correlation of 0.7 between repeated measures and a dropout rate of 17% based on historical studies in children and adolescents with MDD (Emslie et al. 2009). A planned blinded interim analysis was conducted after obtaining 75% of planned sample and resulted in an increase in the planned sample size to 455 patients (based on a pooled SD of 12.3). A second interim analysis was conducted after 400 patients were enrolled, and it was determined that a sample size of 470 patients (188 per group for placebo and vilazodone and 94 for fluoxetine) was required to maintain the 85% statistical power to detect a treatment difference of 4 U for the CDRS-R.

Change in CDRS-R scores was examined using MMRM with treatment group, pooled study center, visit, and treatment group-by-visit interaction as fixed effects and the baseline score and baseline score-by-visit interaction as the covariates. The covariance of within-patient scores was modeled with an unstructured covariance matrix, and denominator degrees of freedom were estimated using the Kenward-Roger approximation (Kenward and Roger 1997). Analysis was based on all postbaseline scores using only the observed cases (OC) and without imputation of missing values for the intent-to-treat (ITT) population, defined as patients who had at least one postbaseline CDRS-R score.

CGI-S scores were also examined using MMRM with baseline CGI-S score and baseline CGI-S score-by-visit interaction used as covariates. The overall family-wise type I error rate for testing CDRS-R and CGI-S scores was controlled at the 0.05 significance level using the fixed sequence testing procedure. The statistical analysis of CGI-S was tested only if the primary analysis met statistical significance. CGI-I was analyzed using MMRM (similar to the analysis of CDRS-R scores) with CGI-I score used as a covariate.

Response (≥40% reduction in CDRS-R raw total score from baseline) and remission (CDRS-R score ≤28) rates were examined using generalized linear mixed models, based on logit link function, with random intercept and fixed terms of treatment group, visit, treatment-by-visit interaction, and baseline score. Safety analyses were performed for the double-blind treatment period and the double-blind down-taper period separately in the safety population defined as all randomized patients who took at least one dose of double-blind study medication (or placebo).

Twenty-six week OLE

While all participants in the OLE received vilazodone, treatment groups were designated based on the participant's RCT treatment group (placebo, vilazodone, or fluoxetine). Patients rolling over from the down-taper period of the RCT comprised the “lead-in” treatment group and were not required to undergo a washout period; however, de novo patients completed a 1-week (minimum) screening/prohibited medication washout period. Similar to the RCT study design, vilazodone was titrated up to 15 mg/day by the end of week 2 of the OLE with the option to increase to 30 mg/day at the beginning of week 3, culminating with a 1-week down-taper period at the end of the 26 weeks (Supplementary Fig. S1). Vilazodone was supplied as tablets and instructed to be taken once daily as a single dose at the same time each day with food.

Efficacy and safety assessments

The efficacy assessment analyses were based on the ITT Population and included the change from baseline in CDRS-R total score, CGI-S score, and CGI-I score. Safety assessments included AEs, laboratory parameters, vital sign measurements, electrocardiogram (ECG) parameters, and suicidality using C-SSRS assessments.

Raters

Each site had a qualified rater perform CDRS-R and CGI-I assessments. Each rater had a minimum of 2 years experience and scale use (more than 10 times and 5 times in the previous 12 months for CGI-I and CDRS-S, respectively); all raters were requalified annually.

Statistical analyses

Descriptive statistics for efficacy parameters was summarized for each visit, by treatment group for continuous variables using the OC approach. For de novo patients, the latest nonmissing evaluation of efficacy variables before the first dose of OLE vilazodone was used as baseline. Baseline efficacy parameters from the RCT study were used for lead-in treatment groups. Safety analyses were performed on the Safety Population, defined as above. For lead-in treatment groups, an AE was considered a treatment-emergent adverse event (TEAE) if it was not present before the first dose of study medication (or placebo) in the RCT or if present before the first dose of RCT study medication (or placebo) with increased severity during the OLE. For de novo patients, the latest nonmissing evaluation of safety variables before the first dose of OLE vilazodone was used as baseline. Baseline safety assessment of laboratories, vitals, body weight, growth, and ECGs from the RCT study was used for lead-in treatment groups.

Results

A total of 473 patients were randomized, and 470 were included in the double-blind safety population (n = 186 placebo, n = 187 vilazodone 15–30 mg/day, and n = 97 fluoxetine 20 mg/day in the 8-week RCT) (Fig. 1). Demographic and clinical characteristics were similar across treatment groups (Table 1). Psychiatric history characteristics were generally similar among treatment groups with a mean number of MDD episodes ∼1.3 and mean duration of MDD of ∼2 years (Table 2). Baseline CDRS-R total scores were comparable among treatment groups (57.3–58.3). Baseline CGI-S scores were also comparable across groups (4.6–4.7) and indicative of a population with moderate-to-marked illness severity on average. Overall, 389 (82.8%) patients completed the double-blind treatment period (81.7% placebo, 82.9% vilazodone, and 84.5% fluoxetine) (Fig. 1). The most frequent reasons for premature discontinuation were: withdrawal of consent (4.7%), AEs (4.0%), and lost to follow-up (4.0%). Discontinuation due to AEs was higher in patients treated with fluoxetine (6.2%) and vilazodone (4.8%) compared to placebo (1.6%) patients.

FIG. 1.

Study flow and patient disposition. N, number of screened patients; n, number of patients within a specific category; PBO, placebo; VLZ, vilazodone; FLX, fluoxetine; WOC, withdrawal of consent; ITT, intent-to-treat; AE, adverse event; ITR, insufficient therapeutic response; LTFU, lost to follow-up; PV, protocol violation; NC, noncompliance; LOE, lack of efficacy.

Table 1.

Baseline Demographics, by Study and Treatment Group (Safety Population)

	Randomized controlled trial			Open-label extension
Statistic or characteristic	PBO N = 186	VLZ N = 187	FLX N = 97	Lead-in treatment group			Total Lead-in N = 318	Total De novo N = 12
Statistic or characteristic	PBO N = 186	VLZ N = 187	FLX N = 97	PBO/VLZ N = 122	VLZ/VLZ N = 131	FLX/VLZ N = 65	Total Lead-in N = 318	Total De novo N = 12
Age, years
Mean (SD)	13.0 (2.9)	13.0 (2.9)	13.2 (2.8)	13.0 (2.9)	13.3 (2.8)	13.2 (2.8)	13.3 (2.8)	13.0 (3.6)
Median (min, max)	13.5 (7, 17)	13.0 (7, 17)	14.0 (7, 17)	14.0 (7, 17)	14.0 (7, 18)	14.0 (7, 17)	14.0 (7, 18)	13.5 (7, 17)
Sex, n (%)
Male	80 (43.0)	61 (32.6)	46 (47.4)	54 (44.3)	42 (32.1)	32 (49.2)	128 (40.3)	5 (41.7)
Female	106 (57.0)	126 (67.4)	51 (52.6)	68 (55.7)	89 (67.9)	33 (50.8)	190 (59.7)	7 (58.3)
Mean weight, kg (SD)
	59.1 (24.3)	61.3 (24.8)	59.4 (21.1)	57.9 (23.5)	62.7 (25.3)	59.4 (18.9)	60.2 (23.5)	60.3 (17.9)
Mean BMI, kg/m² (SD)
	23.3 (6.8)	24.2 (7.6)	23.5 (6.7)	22.7 (6.6)	24.7 (8.0)	23.3 (5.4)	23.7 (7.0)	23.9 (6.2)
Race, n (%)
White	118 (63.4)	121 (64.7)	60 (61.9)	82 (67.2)	84 (64.1)	42 (64.6)	208 (65.4)	11 (91.7)
All other races	68 (36.6)	66 (35.3)	36 (37.1)	40 (32.8)	47 (35.9)	23 (35.4)	110 (34.6)	1 (8.3)
Black/African American	57 (30.6)	58 (31.0)	30 (30.9)	32 (26.2)	40 (30.5)	20 (30.8)	92 (28.9)	1 (8.3)
Asian	5 (2.7)	1 (0.5)	1 (1.0)	5 (4.1)	1 (0.8)	1 (1.5)	7 (2.2)	0
Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander	1 (0.5)	2 (1.1)	0	0	2 (1.5)	0	2 (0.6)	0
Other/multiple	5 (2.7)	5 (2.7)	5 (5.2)	3 (2.5)	4 (3.1)	2 (3.1)	9 (2.8)	0
Ethnicity, n (%)
Hispanic/Latino	27 (14.5)	25 (13.4)	12 (12.4)	16 (13.1)	16 (12.2)	8 (12.3)	40 (12.6)	2 (16.7)
Not Hispanic/Latino	159 (85.5)	162 (86.6)	85 (87.6)	106 (86.9)	115 (87.8)	57 (87.7)	278 (87.4)	10 (83.3)
Missing value	0	0	1 (1.0)	0	0	0	0	0

PBO, placebo; VLZ, vilazodone; FLX, fluoxetine; N, number of patients in the ITT population; n, number of patients within a specific category; SD, standard deviation; BMI, body mass index; ITT, intent-to-treat.

Table 2.

Psychiatric History of Major Depressive Disorder at Baseline, by Study and Treatment Group (Safety Population)

	Randomized controlled trail			Open-label extension
Statistic or characteristic	PBO N = 186	VLZ N = 187	FLX N = 97	PBO/VLZ N = 122	VLZ/VLZ N = 131	FLX/VLZ N = 65	Lead-in N = 318	De novo N = 12
Major depression, n (%)
Recurrent	74 (39.8)	84 (44.9)	37 (38.1)	48 (39.3)	61 (46.6)	25 (38.5)	134 (42.1)	0
Single episodes	112 (60.2)	103 (55.1)	60 (61.9)	74 (60.7)	70 (53.4)	40 (61.5)	184 (57.9)	12 (100.0)
Number of MDD episodes
Mean (SD)	1.7 (1.3)	1.8 (1.2)	1.8 (1.6)	1.7 (1.4)	1.8 (1.3)	1.9 (1.9)	1.8 (1.5)	1.0 (0.0)
Duration of MDD, years
Mean (SD)	2.1 (2.1)	2.3 (2.1)	2.2 (2.3)	2.1 (2.2)	2.3 (2.1)	1.9 (1.7)	2.1 (2.1)	2.2 (1.8)
Duration of current episode, months
Mean (SD)	11.1 (12.8)	11.2 (16.2)	11.9 (14.0)	10.2 (11.1)	11.1 (16.7)	10.5 (12.1)	10.6 (13.8)	27.2 (21.6)
Age at onset, years
Mean (SD)	10.9 (3.3)	10.7 (3.2)	10.9 (3.0)	11.0 (3.3)	10.9 (3.0)	11.2 (2.9)	11.0 (3.1)	10.8 (3.9)
Attempted suicide, n (%)
Yes	8 (4.3)	5 (2.7)	2 (2.1)	1 (0.8)	3 (2.3)	2 (3.1)	6 (1.9)	2 (16.7)
No	178 (95.7)	182 (97.3)	95 (97.9)	121 (99.2)	128 (97.7)	63 (96.9)	312 (98.1)	10 (83.3)
CDRS-R total score
Mean (SD)	57.3 (9.2)	58.3 (9.2)	58.0 (8.8)	57.7 (9.6)	59.3 (9.5)	57.8 (8.7)	58.4 (9.4)	59.7 (9.1)
CGI-S score
Mean (SD)	4.6 (0.6)	4.7 (0.6)	4.6 (0.6)	4.6 (0.6)	4.7 (0.7)	4.6 (0.6)	4.7 (0.6)	4.2 (0.4)

PBO, placebo; VLZ, vilazodone; FLX, fluoxetine; N, number of patients in the safety population; n, number of patients within a specific category; SD, standard deviation; MDD, major depressive disorder; CGI-S, Clinical Global Impressions-Severity; CDRS-R, Children's Depression Rating Scale-Revised.

A total of 318 patients rolling over from the RCT made up the “lead-in” population, and 12 de novo patients were enrolled for a total of 330 patients in the OLE Safety Population (Fig. 1). Patient demographics and baseline characteristics were comparable across groups and reflected those of the RCT population (Table 1); however, mean duration of current depressive episode was much longer in the de novo (27.2 months) compared to the lead-in group (10.6 months) (Table 2). Among the 231 (70.0%) who completed the OLE, 97.0% were lead-in and 3.0% were de novo patients (Fig. 1).

Extent of exposure

In the RCT, the mean (SD) treatment duration among treatment groups was 50.3 (14.3) days for placebo, 50.8 (13.6) days for vilazodone 15–30 mg/day, and 52.1 (12.3) days for fluoxetine 20 mg/day. The mean daily dose of vilazodone was 19.9 mg/day; the mean daily dose of fluoxetine was 17.5 mg/day. In the OLE, the mean (SD) treatment duration among groups was 155.2 (52.3) days for placebo/vilazodone (pbo/vlz), 154.0 (53.6) days for vilazodone/vilazodone (vlz/vlz), 135.5 (64.3) days for fluoxetine/vilazodone (flx/vlz), and 121.5 (76.8) days for de novo. The mean daily dose of vilazodone across groups was 20.2 mg/day in the OLE.

Efficacy

In the 8-week RCT, the MMRM analysis of the CDRS-R total score change from baseline to week 8 (primary endpoint) was not significant, with a least-squares mean difference (LSMD) between vilazodone and placebo of −0.4 (95% confidence interval = −3.1, 2.3; p = 0.77) (Table 3), and significant separation from placebo was not observed at any timepoint before week 8 (Fig. 2). For fluoxetine, the LSMD versus placebo was −2.3 (p = 0.14). In addition, vilazodone did not significantly improve the secondary (CGI-S score) or additional outcomes (CDRS-R response/remission rates) assessed (Table 3), although CDRS-R response rates were numerically higher for the vilazodone group (51.3%) compared to the placebo group (43.2%).

FIG. 2.

Change from baseline in CDRS-R total score in the randomized controlled trial (MMRM, ITT population). CDRS-R, Children's Depression Rating Scale-Revised; MMRM, mixed-effects model for repeated measures; ITT, intent-to-treat; LS mean, least squares mean; SD, standard deviation; PBO, placebo; VLZ, vilazodone; FLX, fluoxetine.

Table 3.

Change from Baseline to Week 8 in Children's Depression Rating Scale-Revised Total Score, Clinical Global Impressions-Severity Score, Clinical Global Impressions-Improvement Score, Children's Depression Rating Scale-Revised Response/Remission Rates in the Randomized Controlled Trial (Mixed-Effects Model for Repeated Measures, Intent-to-Treat Population)

Statistic ^a or characteristic	PBO N = 182	VLZ N = 186	FLX N = 97
Primary efficacy assessment
CDRS-R total score^b
Baseline, mean (SD)	57.7 (9.2)	58.5 (9.4)	58.1 (8.3)
Week 8, mean ± SD	37.8 (13.7)	37.2 (14.2)	34.7 (12.8)
Change at week 8, LS mean (SE)	−20.3 (1.0)	−20.7 (1.0)	−22.71 (1.3)
LSMD vs. placebo (95% CI)^a	—	−0.4 (−3.1 to 2.3)	−2.4 (−5.6 to 0.8)
p-Value^a	—	0.77	0.14
Secondary efficacy assessment
CGI-S total score^c
Baseline, mean (SD)	4.6 (0.6)	4.7 (0.6)	4.6 (0.6)
Week 8, mean (SD)	3.1 (1.3)	3.1 (1.3)	2.8 (1.2)
Change at week 8, LS mean (SE)	−1.5 (0.1)	−1.6 (0.1)	−1.7 (0.1)
LSMD vs. placebo (95% CI)^a	—	−0.04 (−0.3 to 0.2)	−0.2 (−0.5 to 0.1)
p-Value^a	—	0.74	0.22
Additional efficacy assessments
CGI-I score
Week 8, LS mean (SE)	2.5 (0.1)	2.5 (0.1)	2.4 (0.1)
p-Value^b	—	0.7058	0.5185
CDRS-R response rate (total score ≥40% reduction from baseline)
Responder, n/N1(%)	67/155 (43.2)	81/158 (51.3)	46/84 (54.8)
Odds ratio (95% CI)^c	—	1.563 (0.8–3.1)	1.812 (0.8–4.0)
p-Value^c	—	0.19	0.15
CDRS-R remission rate (Total score ≤28)
Remitter, n/N1(%)	53/155 (34.2)	46/158 (29.1)	34/84 (40.5)
Odds ratio (95% CI)^c	—	0.8 (0.4–1.6)	1.529 (0.7–3.4)
p-Value^c	—	0.57	0.30

The estimates and p-values were obtained from an MMRM based on the observed cases with treatment group, pooled study center, visit, and treatment group by visit interaction as fixed effects and baseline and baseline-by-visit as covariates using an unstructured covariance matrix.

For comparisons with placebo, the estimates and p-values were obtained from an MMRM based on the observed cases with treatment group, pooled study center, visit, and treatment group-by-visit interaction as fixed effects and baseline CGI-S and baseline CGI-S-by-visit interaction as the covariates.

Analyses were based on the observed cases using a generalized linear mixed model with logit link function, random intercept, and fixed terms of treatment group, visit, treatment group-by-visit interaction, and baseline score.

PBO, placebo; VLZ, vilazodone; FLX, fluoxetine; CGI-S, Clinical Global Impressions-Severity; CGI-I, Clinical Global Impressions-Improvement; CDRS-R, Children's Depression Rating Scale-Revised; N, number of patients in the ITT population; N1, number of patients in the ITT population with CDRS-R scores at week 8; n, number of patients within a specific category; SD, standard deviation; SE, standard error; LS, least squares; LSMD, least-squares mean difference; CI, confidence interval; MMRM, mixed-effects model for repeated measures; ITT, intent-to-treat.

In the 26-week OLE follow-up, lead-in and de novo patients improved with regard to depressive symptoms (CDRS-R total score) at week 4 and maintained improvement through week 26. (Fig. 3). At week 26, mean (SD) change from baseline in CDRS-R total score was numerically greater in lead-in patients compared with de novo, −29.6 (12.6) versus −24.5 (10.3), respectively (Table 4). This may partly result from using the RCT baseline value (and eight additional weeks of observation) for calculating changes during the OLE in the lead-in group, but the small number of patients in the de novo group limits the value of any comparison between the groups. A similar pattern occurred with CGI-S scores, with mean (SD) change of −2.5 (1.3) for the lead-in group compared to −1.7 (1.2) for the de novo group. Based on the CGI-I, an improvement in MDD was observed for all treatment groups at endpoint, with an overall mean (SD) CGI-I score of 2.1 (1.2) using the OC approach. There were no meaningful differences between any of the treatment groups in mean CGI-I at any visit.

FIG. 3.

Change from baseline in CDRS-R total score-by-visit in the open-label extension study (MMRM, ITT population). CDRS-R, Children's Depression Rating Scale-Revised; MMRM, mixed-effects model for repeated measures; ITT, intent-to-treat; LS mean, least-squares mean; PBO, placebo; VLZ, vilazodone; FLX, fluoxetine.

Table 4.

Change from Baseline in Children's Depression Rating Scale-Revised Total Score and Clinical Global Impressions-Severity Score in the Open-Label Extension (Mixed-Effects Model for repeated Measures, Intent-to-Treat Population)

Statistic	Lead-in treatment group			Total Lead-in N = 314	Total De novo N = 11
Statistic	PBO/VLZ N = 121	VLZ/VLZ N = 130	FLX/VLZ N = 63	Total Lead-in N = 314	Total De novo N = 11
CDRS-R total score at end of treatment period
Mean (SD)	28.5 (11.9)	29.2 (12.2)	28.4 (12.2)	28.8 (12.0)	35.2 (12.5)
Mean change (SD)	−29.2 (12.5)	−30.1 (12.2)	−28.4 (12.2)	−29.6 (12.6)	−24.5 (10.3)
CGI-S score at end of treatment period
Mean (SD)	2.1 (1.2)	2.1 (1.3)	2.0 (1.2)	2.1 (1.3)	2.5 (1.3)
Mean change (SD)	−2.5 (1.3)	−2.6 (1.4)	−2.5 (1.4)	−2.5 (1.3)	−1.7 (1.2)

PBO, placebo; VLZ, vilazodone; FLX, fluoxetine; CGI-S, Clinical Global Impressions-Severity; CDRS-R, Children's Depression Rating Scale-Revised; N, number of patients in the ITT population; SD, standard deviation; MMRM, mixed-effects model for repeated measures; ITT, intent-to-treat.

Adverse events

In the RCT, a greater proportion of patients experienced a TEAE in the double-blind period in the vilazodone group (67.4%) than the placebo (50.0%) and fluoxetine (49.5%) groups (Table 5). No deaths occurred. Seven serious AEs (SAEs) were reported in six patients: one placebo (croup infection), no vilazodone, and six fluoxetine (depressive symptom, auditory hallucination, and overdose in one patient each and suicidal ideation in three patients). Three placebo patients, nine vilazodone patients, and six fluoxetine patients had AEs that led to study discontinuation. AEs that led to discontinuation in more than one patient were diarrhea (two vilazodone patients), vomiting (two vilazodone patients), and suicidal ideation (three fluoxetine patients). TEAEs, which occurred in ≥5% of vilazodone patients and at a rate twice that of placebo, were nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain (upper), somnolence, and insomnia.

Table 5.

Summary of Adverse Events and Common Treatment-Emergent Adverse Events During Treatment Period, by Study and Treatment Group (Safety Population)

	Randomized controlled trial			Open-label extension study
Statistic or characteristic, n, %	PBO N = 186	VLZ N = 187	FLX N = 97	Lead-in treatment group			De novo N = 12	Total N = 330
Statistic or characteristic, n, %	PBO N = 186	VLZ N = 187	FLX N = 97	PBO/VLZ N = 122	VLZ/VLZ N = 131	FLX/VLZ N = 65	De novo N = 12	Total N = 330
AEs reported during treatment period
TEAE	93 (50.0)	126 (67.4)	48 (49.5)	90 (73.8)	89 (67.9)	48 (73.8)	10 (83.3)	237 (71.8)
SAE	1 (0.5)	0	5 (5.2)	6 (4.9)	0	1 (1.5)	0	7 (2.1)
Deaths	0	0	0	0	0	1 (1.5)	0	1 (0.3)
ADO	3 (1.6)	9 (4.8)	6 (6.2)	12 (9.8)	3 (2.3)	3 (4.6)	2 (16.7)	20 (6.1)
TEAEs reported in ≥5% of patients in any treatment group^a Preferred term, n (%)
Nausea	13 (7.0)	40 (21.4)	6 (6.2)	27 (22.1)	15 (11.5)	8 (12.3)	2 (16.7)	52 (15.8)
Headache	31 (16.7)	24 (12.8)	10 (10.3)	20 (16.4)	28 (21.4)	8 (12.3)	2 (16.7)	58 (17.6)
Vomiting	7 (3.8)	24 (12.8)	4 (4.1)	15 (12.3)	8 (6.1)	3 (4.6)	0	26 (7.9)
Diarrhea	6 (3.2)	16 (8.6)	2 (2.1)	6 (4.9)	6 (4.6)	3 (4.6)	0	15 (4.5)
Abdominal pain, upper	6 (3.2)	13 (7.0)	4 (4.1)	11 (9.0)	6 (4.6)	4 (6.2)	0	21 (6.4)
Somnolence	4 (2.2)	12 (6.4)	2 (2.1)	4 (3.3)	4 (3.1)	2 (3.1)	0	10 (3.0)
Dizziness	5 (2.7)	10 (5.3)	2 (2.1)	3 (2.5)	7 (5.3)	4 (6.2)	0	14 (4.2)
Insomnia	3 (1.6)	10 (5.3)	6 (6.2)	12 (9.8)	11 (8.4)	2 (3.1)	0	25 (7.6)
URI	5 (2.7)	6 (3.2)	5 (5.2)	11 (9.0)	10 (7.6)	6 (9.2)	4 (33.3)	31 (9.4)
Gastroenteritis	2 (1.1)	4 (2.1)	1 (1.0)	6 (4.9)	3 (2.3)	3 (4.6)	1 (8.3)	13 (3.9)
Weight increased	0	3 (1.6)	2 (2.1)	7 (5.7)	15 (11.5)	4 (6.2)	1 (8.3)	27 (8.2)
Nasopharyngitis	5 (2.7)	3 (1.6)	4 (4.1)	5 (4.1)	10 (7.6)	2 (3.1)	0	17 (5.2)
Sinusitis	2 (1.1)	2 (1.1)	0	1 (0.8)	5 (3.8)	2 (3.1)	1 (8.3)	9 (2.7)
Ear pain	0	2 (1.1)	0	0	1 (0.8)	0	2 (16.7)	3 (0.9)
Dysmenorrhea	2 (1.1)	1 (0.5)	1 (1.0)	3 (4.4)	4 (4.5)	3 (9.1)	0	10 (5.1)
Suicidal ideation	2 (1.1)	1 (0.5)	5 (5.2)	3 (2.5)	5 (3.8)	1 (1.5)	0	9 (2.7)
Migraine	0	1 (0.5)	0	3 (2.5)	3 (2.3)	1 (1.5)	1 (8.3)	8 (2.4)
Presyncope/syncope^b	0	1 (0.5)	0	0	0	0	2 (16.7)	2 (0.6)

If more than one AE was coded to the same preferred term for a patient, the patient was counted only once for that preferred term. For dysmenorrhea, percentages are relative to the number of female patients.

AEs reported in descending order for RCT vilazodone treatment group.

Presyncope in the RCT and syncope in the OLE.

AE, adverse event; TEAE, treatment-emergent adverse event; SAE, serious adverse event; ADO, adverse event leading to study discontinuation; URI, upper respiratory infection; PBO, placebo; VLZ, vilazodone; FLX, fluoxetine; N, number of patients in the Safety Population; n, number of patients who had the event.

The incidence of common (≥2% and ≥2 patients in any treatment group) TEAEs in the OLE is reported in Table 5. The overall incidence of TEAEs reported was lower in the total lead-in group than in the de novo group (71.8% and 83.3% of patients, respectively). One 13-year-old male patient in the lead-in flx/vlz group died during the OLE study (accidental gunshot wound to the head, while cleaning firearm), which was determined to be unrelated to the study medication by the investigator. Six SAEs were reported in six patients in the pbo/vlz lead-in group, two of which were suicidal ideation and one event each of abnormal behavior, aggression, appendicitis, and suicide attempt. Of those SAEs, one suicidal ideation event was considered related to treatment. The three patients with SAEs related to suicidality were discontinued from the study.

Suicidality

In the RCT, the incidence of suicidal ideation, as assessed by an answer of “yes” to either question one or two of the Suicidal Ideation section of the C-SSRS, was similar in the fluoxetine and placebo groups and was lower in the vilazodone group (13.4% placebo, 8.0% vilazodone, and 14.4% fluoxetine). Suicidal behavior was similar and low across the groups (one [0.5%] patient each in the placebo and vilazodone groups and two [2.1%] patients in the fluoxetine group). In the OLE, the incidences of suicidal ideation assessed by the C-SSRS were 11.6% in the total lead-in group (13.1% pbo/vlz patients, 12.2% vlz/vlz patients, and 7.7% flx/vlz patients) and 33.3% in de novo patients. Suicidal behavior during the OLE was low across all groups (<2% of patients overall).

Laboratory tests, vital signs, and ECGs

In both the RCT and OLE study, the mean changes from baseline and the incidences of postbaseline potentially clinically significant changes in laboratory parameters and vital signs were similar among treatment groups. No patient met Hy's law criteria (Temple 2006); no new safety concerns were identified. No patient had a corrected QT interval by Bazett or corrected QT interval by Fredericia >500 msec or a clinically significant EKG finding during the RCT or OLE.

Mean changes in body weight from baseline to the end of the RCT were similar for placebo (0.80 [SD 1.7] kg) and vilazodone (0.92 [SD 1.8] kg) and higher than fluoxetine (0.08 [SD 2.3] kg) patients. A similar number of patients in each treatment group (6% placebo, 5.9% vilazodone, and 5.2% fluoxetine) had ≥7% increase in weight. Over 28 weeks in the OLE study, this increased to ∼45%, but the analyses does not account for normal growth in children and adolescents. After accounting for growth by age and gender, in a combined analysis of the RCT and OLE, no patient experienced a change of >2 SDs from expected normal growth at the end of OLE, suggesting that, at least in part, the weight increase reflects age- and gender-appropriate development over this period. Less than 3% of patients in each treatment group in either the RCT or OLE had ≥7% decrease in weight.

Discussion

In this study, children and adolescents receiving flexibly-dosed vilazodone (15–30 mg/day), fluoxetine (20 mg/day), and placebo experienced robust improvement in depressive symptoms. Vilazodone was not significantly superior to placebo in primary or secondary efficacy measures in the 8-week RCT. Patients receiving fluoxetine were numerically more improved compared to those receiving vilazodone and placebo, but these improvements failed to reach statistical significance for the primary or secondary endpoint. The magnitude of improvement for fluoxetine was similar to that observed in the positive efficacy study that led to U.S. FDA approval for fluoxetine [changes from baseline of −22.71 (RCT) and −22.0 points (Emslie et al. 2002) on the CDRS-R]; however, in both RCTs of vilazodone the improvements in the placebo group [change from baseline of −20.32 (Durgam et al. 2018) and −22.48, respectively] were much greater than seen in the fluoxetine registration study (change from baseline of −14.9 points for placebo). Thus, the large placebo-related improvements in the CDRS-R score likely degraded our ability to detect treatment differences between vilazodone and placebo. A standard definition of CDRS-R response is not available in the literature. The positive fluoxetine study (Emslie et al. 2002) prospectively defined a 30% or greater improvement in the CDRS-R score, but the difference in the percentage of patients responding to treatment was not statistically significant versus placebo. In the study by Emslie et al. (2002), fluoxetine response was assessed over a range of ≥20% to ≥70% reduction in CDRS-R score, and fluoxetine was significantly superior to placebo at the ≥40% improvement criteria, so this definition was prespecified for analysis in the current study. At this threshold vilazodone numerically improved response rates versus placebo (51.3% vs. 43.2%), but the difference did not reach statistical significance.

Over the past several decades, increasing placebo response rates in clinical trials of SSRI and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors in pediatric patients with depressive and anxiety disorders have affected our ability to detect drug-placebo differences. Moreover, this challenge in child and adolescent psychiatry clinical trials compels us to better understand and predict placebo response in this patient population (Nakonezny et al. 2015; Dobson and Strawn 2016; Locher et al. 2017; Walkup 2017; Strawn et al. 2018). In this regard, meta-analyses have identified both methodological and patient-related factors that potentially increase placebo response in pediatric MDD trials (Cohen et al. 2008, 2010; Bridge et al. 2009; Nakonezny et al. 2015; Mills et al. 2019). These warrant additional discussion and provide context for the results of the current trial and have implications for future trial design.

Among the notable methodological factors, a high number of study sites, inclusion of study sites with low enrollment numbers, and number of participant visits (interactions with clinic staff) have all been associated as potential factors contributing to high placebo effect in depression studies (Bridge et al. 2009; Dobson and Strawn 2016). In one report, studies with many sites tended to recruit participants with less severe illness, suggesting that screening may be less stringent in trials with more sites (Bridge et al. 2009). While most of the features that characterize MDD in adults are similar in pediatric patients, there are key differences that can be overlooked or mistaken for “typical” adolescent behavior (Neavin et al. 2018). In addition, pediatric patients are less likely to have the emotional vocabulary, emotional insight, or expressive language to communicate their emotional states (Thapar et al. 2012). Furthermore, placebo effects in pediatric patients vary as a function of disorder; while response to antidepressants may be similar across diagnostic groups, response to placebo is higher among youths with MDD (50%) compared to those with obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) and non-OCD anxiety disorders (32% and 39%, respectively) (Cohen et al. 2010; Locher et al. 2017). The confluence of these factors in the present trial has important implications, particularly as stakeholder (e.g., industry, FDA, academia) involvement increases during the design of these trials. Thus, this (and prior negative) trials raise the possibility that we should reevaluate some components that are considered “regulatory essentials” and “standard” in RCTs. These factors include multiple doses (which increase placebo response through expectation), fixed randomization ratios, and enrollment-based incentive structures that may actually degrade our ability to detect medication efficacy. This is particularly relevant given that placebo response is the largest determinant of “medication efficacy” in these trials (Locher et al. 2017; Mills et al. 2019).

One notable attribute of successful adolescent MDD trials, including the fluoxetine study mentioned previously and the escitalopram study that led to approval for adolescent MDD, is the implementation of a “placebo run-in period” consisting of a single-blind, 1-week, placebo lead-in period (between week −1 and week 0) where initial placebo response was defined as ≥30% decrease in CDRS-R or a CGI-I score of 1 or 2 (Emslie et al. 2002, 2009; Wagner et al. 2004). Although a lack of placebo run-in period has not yet been highly correlated with high placebo response (Bridge et al. 2009), in the trials where it was implemented it did presumably provide investigators with the opportunity to surveil and discontinue participants who no longer met the inclusion/exclusion criteria (Emslie et al. 2002, 2009; Wagner et al. 2004). Later trials conducted by some of the same investigators, which did not include the placebo lead-in, were not successful due to high placebo response rates (Atkinson et al. 2014; Emslie et al. 2014). The value of a placebo lead-in approach may also benefit a more accurate screening diagnosis through multiple visits/screening assessments, therefore, representing a key checkpoint in trial implementation.

While this is the largest study of vilazodone in pediatric patients with MDD, several limitations warrant additional discussion. First, this RCT was only 8 weeks long, and the inclusion and exclusion criteria may affect its generalizability. Second, the RCT was not designed nor powered to identify individual predictors of improvement and certain subsets of patients may have been more or less responsive to one or both of the study medications.

Importantly, no new safety signals were observed, and vilazodone was generally well-tolerated. Common TEAEs were similar to those previously reported in adolescents (Durgam et al. 2018) and adult patients (Rickels et al. 2009; Khan et al. 2011; Robinson et al. 2011; Croft et al. 2014; Mathews et al. 2015). Gastrointestinal disorders, nervous system disorders, and insomnia were reported with greater frequency in vilazodone-treated patients in both studies and were mostly mild, with the exception of insomnia, which was moderate. During the RCT, the number of vilazodone-treated patients with suicidal ideation was 15 (8.1%) compared to 25 (13.7%) in patients receiving placebo, based on both C-SSRS and reported AEs. Twelve percent of all patients in the OLE experienced suicidal ideation. These incidences are lower than the 17.2% prevalence of suicidal ideations among U.S. adolescents, as per the 2017 Youth Behavioral Risk Surveillance survey (Kann et al. 2018). Because of the possible association between antidepressant use in children and adolescents (Hammad et al. 2006; Bridge et al. 2007), this finding may be of importance. However, it is also noteworthy that the association between suicidality and antidepressant use in pediatric populations may be disorder and medication specific (Dobson et al. 2019; Mills et al. 2019).

Conclusions

In this phase 3, double-blind placebo-controlled study, vilazodone 15–30 mg/day was not statistically superior to placebo for the treatment of MDD in children and adolescents. Patients receiving placebo and vilazodone did not differ on any efficacy measure, although patients receiving placebo, vilazodone, and fluoxetine had improvement in depressive symptoms over the course of the trial. These results highlight the need to better understand and to mitigate the effects of placebo response. Importantly, vilazodone (15–30 mg/day) was generally safe and well-tolerated in children and adolescents with adverse effects similar to those observed in other trials of adolescent and adult patients.

Clinical Significance

Efficacy of flexibly-dosed vilazodone 15–30 mg/day for the treatment of MDD in children and adolescents was not demonstrated in this 8-week, double-blind placebo-controlled study. No statistically significant difference from placebo on the primary efficacy endpoint (CDRS-R) or any secondary efficacy endpoint was observed for either vilazodone (15–30 mg/day) or fluoxetine (20 mg/day) treatment arms. Treatment with vilazodone (15–30 mg/day) was generally safe and well-tolerated in this study with no new safety signals observed.

Footnotes

Disclaimer

Data reported in this article are available within the article (and/or) its Supplementary Data. Allergan (now AbbVie) will share deidentified patient-level data and/or study-level data, including protocols and clinical study reports, for Phase 2–4 trials completed after 2008 that are registered on ClinicalTrials.gov or EudraCT. The indication studied in the trial must have regulatory approval in the United States and/or the European Union, and the primary article from the trial must be published before data sharing. To request access to the data, the researcher must sign a data use agreement. All shared data are to be used for noncommercial purposes only. More information can be found on http://allerganclinicaltrials.com/

Role of the Sponsors

Allergan plc (now AbbVie) was involved in the study design, collection (through contracted clinical investigator sites), analysis and interpretation of data, and decision to present these results.

Acknowledgments

Writing assistance and editorial support in the preparation of this manuscript was provided by Cherisse Loucks, PhD, and Erika von Grote, PhD, of AbbVie (Madison, New Jersey, USA). The authors acknowledge Jing Xia for her contributions to the analysis of these data. The authors also thank the patients and families who participated in these trials and the investigators and study staff at the individual sites.

Disclosures

Dr. J.R.S. has received research support from the National Institutes of Health (NIMH/NIEHS/NICHD), the Yung Family Foundation, as well as Allergan (now AbbVie), Otsuka, and Neuronetics. He has received material support from and provided consultation to Myriad Genetics. He receives royalties from the publication of two texts (Springer), serves as an author for UpToDate and an Associate Editor for Current Psychiatry, and has received honoraria from CMEology and Neuroscience Educational Institute. Dr. E.M. is a full-time employee of AbbVie. Dr. R.L.F. receives or has received research support, acted as a consultant, and/or has received honoraria from Acadia, Aevi, Akili, Alcobra, Allergan (now AbbVie), Alkermes, Amerex, American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, American Psychiatric Press, Arbor, Axsome, Daiichi-Sankyo, Genentech, KemPharm, Luminopia, Lundbeck, MedAvante-ProPhase, Merck, National Institutes of Health, Neurim, Noven, Nuvelution, Otsuka, PCORI, Pfizer, Physicians Postgraduate Press, Purinix, Q BioMed, Receptor Life Sciences, Roche, Sage, Signant Health, Sunovion, Supernus Pharmaceuticals, Syneurx, Takeda, Teva, TouchPoint, and Validus.

Supplementary Material

Supplementary Figure S1

Supplementary Table S1

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