Recent discoveries have identified endothelial cell-surface F1F0 adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthase as the key target for angiostatin (AST) action. As this enzyme is also present on tumor cells, we investigated whether radiolabeled AST may directly target cancer cell-surface ATP synthase in vitro and in vivo.
Methods: Cell-binding characteristics of 125I-AST was evaluated on human umbilical vein endothelial (HUVE) and SNU-C5 colon carcinoma cells. The molecular target for binding was investigated with anti-ATP synthase antibodies and RGDyV. Biodistribution and imaging experiments were performed in mice xenografted with carcinoma and sarcoma tumors. Tumor localization of ATP synthase and exogenous AST was compared via double immunostaining. Results: Both HUVE and SNU-C5 cells showed specific 125I-AST binding that was dose-dependently inhibited by excess AST, with IC50 values of 3.5 and 0.2 μM, respectively. Both cell types stained positive for ATP synthase and demonstrated an approximately 50% reduction in AST binding by antibodies against the α- and β-subunit of the enzyme. 123I-AST injected in mice allowed for the clear tumor visualization with significant tumor accumulation and uptake ratios. Immunostaining revealed a localization of exogenous AST to closely correlate to that of tumor-cell ATP synthase. Conclusions: AST can directly target tumor-cell ATP synthase, and AST imaging may thus be useful for monitoring tumor ATP synthase expression.
