Sexuality and the Internet: A Study of the Perspectives of Turkish University Students

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to determine Turkish university students' uses of and attitudes toward the Internet concerning sexuality. The study was conducted in two public universities in the Central Anatolia and Eastern Anatolia regions of Turkey. Among the students invited to take part in the study, 1,330 students agreed to do so. The study data were collected using a questionnaire designed by researchers to determine participants' personal characteristics, computer and Internet uses in general, and for sexual matters. The findings suggest that approximately half of the students (51%) reported using the Internet to obtain information about sexuality. Among the students, 30.5% said that they visit erotic and pornographic Web sites, 21.1% said that they chat on the Internet about sexuality, and 9.3% said that they bought sexual products online. Compared to the female students, the male students, statistically, more frequently show behaviors such as obtaining sexual information on the Internet, online sexual shopping, chatting on the Internet about sexuality, and visiting pornographic and erotic Web sites. In addition, female students have more negative attitudes toward using the Internet for sexual purposes. This study discusses its results along with the literature from Turkey and other countries.

Introduction

The Internet, with its expanding areas of use, has become an integral part of our lives. It offers many opportunities to youth who have grown up with this technology. As well as being a powerful communication tool, the Internet is also a tool for obtaining information.^1–3 It is reported that the people aged between 18 and 29 use the Internet more than others and are most interested in health.⁴ In Turkey, the Internet is used by 55.9% of the population. It is used most by people aged between 16 and 24 and by university students. Among the people who use the Internet, 66.3% use it to search for health information.⁵ Sexuality is among the subjects that interest youth most on the Internet.^6,7 They may feel uncomfortable discussing sexuality with their families, healthcare personnel, educators, or other adults. Thus, they may prefer to search for information on the Internet.^6,8

Using the Internet to access sexual materials (such as writing, videos, and images) is called Internet sexuality or online sexual activities.^9–11 Online sexual activities include spending time on the Internet about sexuality, having fun, obtaining information, shopping for sexual items, and searching for sexual or romantic partners.^12–14 Cybersex, defined as a subcategory of online sexual activities, focuses on sexual pleasure and includes erotic sharing, participation in sexual chat rooms, or sharing sexual fantasies.^12,14 Döring⁹ categorized online sexual activities in six main areas: sexual contact, sexual products, sex work, sexual entertainment, sexual minority communities, and sexual information. The online sexual activities of Canadian students in the last 12 months were analyzed. This analysis revealed 45% of the female students accessed sexual information, 24% accessed pornography, and 7% participated in online sexual chat rooms. Among the male students, 68% accessed sexual information, 72% accessed pornography, and 13% participated in online sexual chat rooms.¹²

There are many reasons for youth to use the Internet for sexual matters. Obtaining information on the Internet is easy, cheap, confidential, and fast.^1,14–18 The Internet has the potential to provide more information and resolve many problems.^1,15 Communication on the Internet is virtual and momentary,^15,19 enabling people to discuss sexuality more freely.¹⁴

While using the Internet for sexual matters can lead to positive experiences, it can also be risky. Internet sexuality may have impacts on sexual health promotion, sexual attitudes, sexual identity, and sexual socializing. It may also lead to the spread of sexually transmitted infections, sexual dissatisfaction in spousal relations, and sexual dysfunctions.^3,9,20 On the contrary, safe use of the Internet may provide an important opportunity for promoting sexual health to young people. It may also be able to eliminate the geographical differences in sexual education.²¹ However, very little is known about the quality and reliability of the information on the Internet.^6,22 Along with reliable information, the Internet also contains inaccurate, prejudiced, distorted, outdated, provocative, and fictitious information.²² Young people may also encounter undesired sexual demands on the Internet. For example, 5% of the males and 16% of the females in Denmark²³ and 5.6% of males and 19.1% of females in the Netherlands²⁴ have been determined to be exposed to at least one undesired sexual demand in the last 6 months.

Uncontrolled and unaware access to Web sites that may negatively affect sexual development and health is an important issue that poses a threat to youth and society.²⁵ A better understanding of the frequency and purpose of use of the Internet by young people in sexual matters can take preventive measures to reduce the potential adverse effects and unintended exposures. In this study, we consider new knowledge emerging about Turkish youth's use of the Internet for sexual matters. This study's research questions are as follows:

1. How frequently and for what purposes do Turkish university students use the Internet?

2. Does Turkish youth's use of the Internet for sexual matters differ by gender?

3. What do Turkish youth think about the use of the Internet for sexual matters?

Materials and Methods

This cross-sectional survey was conducted in two public universities in Turkey's Central Anatolia and East Anatolia regions, between September 2012 and January 2013. The students participated in the study on a voluntary basis. After informing the students about the study, 1,330 students (682 from East Anatolia and 648 from Central Anatolia) agreed to participate and were included in the study sample.

Data collection tools

Data were collected using a questionnaire prepared by the researchers based on a review of the literature.^{9,11,12,26,27} The questionnaire had four sections.

The first section included questions about the students' age, gender, relationship status (married/single/in a relationship), and residence.

The second section included questions about students' Internet use (computer ownership, Internet connection, average weekly hours of Internet use, chat room use, and relationships with people met in chat rooms).

The third section included questions on students' use of the Internet for sexual matters. The sexual matters were analyzed in four categories: obtaining information from the Internet, chatting about sexual matters in chat rooms, shopping for sexual items, and accessing erotic and pornographic files.

The fourth section included 11 items intended to determine the thoughts of the students' opinions about using the Internet for sexual matters. The students were asked to mark one of three choices: I agree, no idea, or I disagree.

Data collection

The data were collected by the researchers in the spring semester of 2013, on weekdays and outside the students' course hours. The study was announced after the courses, and the volunteer students were included in the study. The questionnaire was distributed in classrooms after providing the necessary explanations, and the students were asked to fill out the questionnaires. The students left the questionnaires on a platform in the corner of the classroom and put them into a closed box after filling them out in 15 or 20 minutes. Then the researchers collected the forms.

Ethical considerations

The written consents of the two universities' managements were obtained to conduct the study, along with the consent of the Clinical Studies of the Cumhuriyet University, Faculty of Medicine. The verbal permissions of all students were obtained before conducting the study. The students were asked not to write their names on the questionnaire forms. They were explained that the data would be used for scientific purposes without using names.

Data analysis

The data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences for Windows 16.0, together with percentage, and the χ² test was used to compare the data of male and female students. The threshold for significance level was <0.05.

Results

Personal characteristics

Among the participating students, 52.6% were female and 47.4% were male. Their average age was 22.21 (SD = 2.11), and 96.7% of them were not married. Among them, 33.6% were in a relationship. A majority of the students (41.0%) were residing in state dormitories.

Using computer and the Internet

Among the students, 70.1% had their own computer and 80% had computer access in their place of residence. Of them, 73.1% used the Internet in their place of residence and 54.6% used mobile Internet. The students used the Internet for 9.85 (SD = 11.10) hours a week in average, and, of them, 42% entered chat rooms and 18.9% had a relationship with someone they met in a virtual chat room. The rate of virtual relationships was significantly higher for males than for females (p < 0.05).

Using the Internet for sexual matters

Among the students, 51% reported using the Internet to obtain information about sexual matters and 52% of these students used the Internet to obtain information about male–female relationships. Of the students, 21.1% chatted about sexual matters in virtual chat rooms and 25.6% of these students chatted with the aim of getting involved in a relationship, while 9.3% bought sexual items on the Internet. Of the students who shop for sexual items on the Internet, 36.3% bought underwear and 31.5% bought pornographic films. Among the students, 30.5% accessed erotic and pornographic files on the Internet and a majority of them (69.9%) watched pornographic videos or films (Table 1). The rate of obtaining sexual information on the Internet, chatting about sexual matters, shopping for sexual items, and accessing pornographic and erotic files was significantly higher in the males than the females (Table 2; p < 0.05).

Table 1.

Distribution of the Students That Use the Internet for Sexual Matters

		n (%)
Obtaining sexual information on the Internet		678 (51.0)
Sexual information topics^a (n = 678)	%
Male–female relationships	52.0
Menstruation	28.5
Flirt	24.8
Sexual intercourse	24.0
Sexually transmitted diseases	15.8
Pregnancy	15.4
Virginity	13.1
Sexual problems	12.8
Chatting about sexual matters in chat rooms		281 (21.1)
Chat topics^a (n = 281)	%
Flirt	25.6
Sexual knowledge sharing	8.2
Sexual intercourse	5.6
Sexual problems	5.4
Shopping for sexual items		124 (9.3)
Shop items^a (n = 124)	%
Underwear	36.3
Pornographic films	31.5
Sexual enhancers	21.0
Pornographic books/magazines	14.5
Condom	12.9
Sexual desire enhancers	12.1
Accessing erotic and pornographic files		405 (30.5)
Access files^a (n = 405)	%
Videos/films	69.9
Photos	17.8
Cartoons	13.1
Journals/magazines	9.4
Books	5.2

It marked more than one answer.

Table 2.

Distribution of the Students That Use the Internet for Sexual Matters by Sex

	Female (n = 699), %	Male (n = 631), %	Total (n = 1330), %	p
Obtaining sexual information on the Internet	42.1	60.9	51.0	0.001
Chatting about sexual matters in chat rooms	8.2	35.5	21.1	0.001
Shopping for sexual items	4.1	15.1	9.3	0.001
Accessing erotic and pornographic files	14.4	48.2	30.5	0.001

Opinions on using the Internet for sexual matters

Among the students, 52.5% of the females and 38.2% of the males considered the Internet an unreliable source of information about sexual matters (p < 0.05). Of them, 65% agreed with the statement “Obtaining sexual information on the Internet is easier for young people,” while 49.2% of the females and 47.5% of the males thought that the sexual information on the Internet negatively affects young people's sexual health (p < 0.05). Among them, 72.4% of the females and 58.6% of the males agreed that young people may not evaluate the accuracy and reliability of the sexual information on the Internet (p < 0.05). Of them, 40.5% of the females and 50.6% of the males agreed with the statement that mostly shy and unsociable young people use the Internet for sexual matters (p < 0.05). Among the students, 18% of the females and 34.1% of the males agreed that the sexual information on the Internet improves communication with the opposite gender (p < 0.05) while 44.2% of the females and 59.6% of the males agreed that young people can talk about sexual matters more freely on the Internet (p < 0.05). Moreover, 57.4% of the females and 54.4% of the males agreed that using the Internet for sexual matters may negatively affect young people, materially and morally (Table 3; p < 0.05).

Table 3.

Opinions of the Students About Using the Internet for Sexual Matters

	Female (n = 699)			Male (n = 631)
Opinions	I agree (%)	No idea (%)	I disagree (%)	I agree (%)	No idea (%)	I disagree (%)	p
The Internet is a reliable source of information about sexual matters	21.2	26.3	52.5	35.2	26.6	38.2	0.001
Obtaining sexual information on the Internet is easier for young people	62.5	24.3	13.2	68.0	19.7	12.4	0.084
Most of the sexual information on the Internet affects young people's sexual health negatively	49.2	39.1	11.7	47.5	36.0	16.5	0.041
Young people may not be able to evaluate the accuracy and reliability of the sexual information on the Internet	72.4	20.5	7.1	58.6	32.3	9.0	0.001
Young people mostly find their sexual relationships on the Internet	34.5	52.2	13.3	42.2	42.9	14.9	0.003
Young people find Internet relationships more satisfying than the real life relationships	12.0	64.1	23.9	23.8	48.0	28.2	0.001
Mostly shy and unsociable young people use the Internet for sexual matters	40.5	49.4	10.2	50.6	33.6	15.8	0.001
The sexual information on the Internet reduces sexual problems	11.7	46.4	41.9	23.0	42.6	34.4	0.001
The sexual information on the Internet plays a role in increasing communication with the opposite gender	18.0	50.9	31.0	34.1	43.6	22.3	0.001
Young people can talk about sexual matters more freely on the Internet	44.2	42.9	12.9	59.6	30.1	10.3	0.001
Using the Internet for sexual matters affects young people negatively	57.4	33.9	8.7	54.4	32.6	13.0	0.043

Discussion

The Turkish education system does not include comprehensive courses on sexuality. Turkish families do not discuss sexuality freely. Therefore, youth mostly talk about sexual matters with their friends or use unreliable sources. The Internet is one of these sources. Half of the students included in this study used the Internet to obtain information about sexual matters. The rate of the youth using the Internet to obtain information about sexual matters varies between 20% and 56% in other studies conducted in Turkey.^7,28 This rate varies between 44% and 89% in studies abroad.^{1,10,12,26,29,30} The wide range of these findings may be explained by cultural differences (religious beliefs, sexual education, and different values). These findings also show that the majority of the youth occasionally use the Internet to obtain sexual information.^9,31

This study found that half of the students who use the Internet for sexual information searched for male–female relationships. The reason for the youth to search for male–female relationships on the Internet may be that sexuality has not been accepted as a natural, healthy, and inseparable part of human life and cannot be discussed freely in many regions of Turkey.³²

In this study, 21.1% of the students chatted about sexual matters in virtual chat rooms and 25.6% of these students chatted with the aim of having a relationship. Among the entire Turkish population, 38.1% use the Internet to chat.⁵ A study conducted with Turkish university students found that 24.3% of the students used virtual chat environments and 29.6% of these students actually flirted with people they met in these virtual environments.³³ In another study conducted in Turkey, the young people stated that the main reason for using virtual chat rooms is to have a virtual partner.³⁴ The studies conducted abroad show that fewer young people use chat rooms for sexual matters.^35,36 The rate of using the Internet for social relationships is 13% in Australia, and 21% of these people expressed that they used the Internet to find romantic relationships.³⁷ Among the Canadian students, 9.3% participated in chat rooms for sexual matters.¹² This study's findings suggest that the rate of the youth using virtual chat rooms with sexual content is higher in Turkey than in Western countries. This is not a surprising result considering that the main reason for sexual chat in virtual environments is to share thoughts, opinions, and experiences that cannot easily be expressed in real life⁹ because sexuality cannot be expressed freely in Turkey.³²

The Internet also makes it easy to access sexual materials.^3,9,14,38 In this study, a minority of the students (9.3%) used the Internet to buy sexual items. The students do not commonly use paid services on the Internet. They generally have limited budgets, so they tend to use the Internet's free services. In this study, 30.5% of the students accessed erotic and pornographic files on the Internet without buying them. This finding is consistent with the findings of studies conducted in Morocco³⁹ (33%) and Taiwan²⁷ (38%).

The students in this study mostly (69.9%) watched pornographic videos among erotic and pornographic files. This rate was found to be 77.9% in a study in Italy⁴⁰ and 76.5% in the studies conducted in Canada, Germany, Sweden, and the United States.¹⁰ These findings show that Internet pornography is commonly used by young people. The most important effect of Internet pornography is to increase the desire to have sexual intercourse.^27,41,42 Therefore, frequent use of pornography may increase the likelihood of youth having sexual intercourse outside of marriage.²⁷ Good communication between parents and young people about sexual matters and the filters on the Internet may prevent this negative effect of pornography.⁴³

In this study, the rate of male students obtaining sexual information, chatting about sexual matters, shopping for sexual items, and accessing erotic and pornographic files was higher than the rate of female students. This finding is consistent with the other studies indicating that males use the Internet more for sexual matters.^{10–12,26,27,39} It is known that Turkish young girls and boys behave differently about sexuality due to the Turkish society's sociocultural structure and judgments on sexuality.^28,44 The idea that males should have more information on sexuality or can start sexual life at an earlier age⁴⁴ may cause them to use the Internet for sexual matters since the Internet can both satisfy curiosity about sexuality and provide answers to embarrassing questions in secret.³⁰

This study also showed that male students have more positive opinions about using the Internet for sexual matters than female students. This finding is consistent with the findings other studies comparing Internet use by gender.^11,12 It also explains why male students used the Internet for sexual matters more than female students.

Results and recommendations

In conclusion, the Internet sexuality of Turkish university students has a variety of purposes. University students in Turkey used the Internet most to obtain sexual information as the students in other countries. While the rate of Turkish students participating in chat rooms for sexual matters was higher than that of their peers abroad, the rate of shopping for sexual items and accessing erotic and pornographic files was close to those of other countries. Male students used the Internet more for sexual matters and had more positive opinions about using the Internet for sexual matters than female students. These findings suggest that (a) the innovations that stem from the rapid development and entrance of the Internet in our lives and the effect of these innovations on sexual behaviors and attitudes should be analyzed further and the necessary measures should be taken, (b) the awareness of youth—especially males—using the Internet for sexual purposes should be raised, and (c) they should be educated about this subject if required. We also suggest for future research and practice that (a) studies on older Internet users and their online sexual activities are exceedingly rare. Future research should focus on a more comprehensive understanding of the link between the age and the online sexual activities, (b) there is also a marked deficit of qualitative studies about online sexual activities. Future research should investigate how online sexual activities impact relationships between sexual partners and peers and how such activities fit into an individual's sexual biography, and (c) studies concerning online sexual activities should be conducted cross-culturally.

Limitation

The limitation of this study—the number of students who participated in this study was limited because sharing sexual matters with other people is difficult for Turkish people, and the sampling could not be randomized. Nevertheless, this study can provide information about the use of the Internet by the young people in Turkey for sexual matters in recent years.

Footnotes

Acknowledgment

The authors have accepted that they have not taken any financial institutional source for their research.

Author Disclosure Statement

No competing financial interests exist.

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