Modification of the Coronary Artery Disease Risk Associated with the Presence of Traditional Risk Factors by Insertion/Deletion Polymorphism of the ACE Gene

Cigarette smoking, hypercholesterolemia, and obesity influence the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) functions including an increased synthesis of the angiotensin I converting enzyme (ACE). Thus in the present work we explore the interactions of the ACE gene insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism and traditional risk factors. The study cohort included 341 subjects composed of 172 patients with angiographically confirmed CAD and 169 blood donors without a history of cardiovascular diseases. The I/D polymorphism was genotyped using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methodology. To determine the interactions between the ACE genotypes and traditional risk factors the epidemiologic approach was used (4 × 2 tables and the synergy measures). The frequency of the DD genotype was significantly higher in patients than in controls (33.7% versus 21.3%, odds ratio [OR] = 1.88, 95% CI; 1.13–3.15, p = 0.010), but greater differences were found in males (35.7% versus 20.5%, OR = 2.15, 95% CI: 1.14–4.04, p = 0.010). We found a synergy of the DD genotype with smoking (SI = 1.88, SIM = 1.22), total cholesterol ≥5 mmol/l (SI = 2.12, SIM = 1.31) and elevated low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol level (≥3 mmol/l) (SI = 1.78, SIM = 1.14). The presence of the D allele (DD + ID subjects) also increased the risk of coronary artery disease (CAD) associated with the presence of elevated total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol (SI = 1.69, SIM = 1.18, in both cases), elevated level (≥1.7 mmol/l) of triacylglycerols (SI = 1.81, SIM = 1.18) and overweight/obesity (SI = 4.25, SIM = 2.36). In each case the estimated CAD risk was greater than that predicted by assuming the additivity of effects (the risk increased from 69% for the D allele – total cholesterol interaction to 325% for the D allele – overweight/obesity). The statistical significance was also confirmed by a multiplicative model of synergy. The DD genotype/D allele of the ACE gene increases the risk of CAD associated with the presence of traditional risk factors.