Abstract
Cape Town Not Alone in Preparing for Day Zero
Cape Town, South Africa, has received a temporary reprieve from Day Zero. The infamous date that the city officially runs out of water has been pushed out from April 12 to July 9, according to a report by CNN. Conservation efforts by the city's 3.8 million residents will keep the taps flowing a bit longer, but emergency water restrictions remain in effect: Residents must limit daily use of municipal water to just 50 liters (13 gallons) a day. That's enough for a little less than three laundry loads or three 90‐second showers, according to Democratic Alliance party leader Mmusi Maimane. Day Zero rationing will cut the allocation in half. (For reference, the typical U.S. resident uses about 66 gallons per day.) The region's three‐year drought and rising population are primarily to blame, though some experts attribute the drought to global warming. Public officials also fear health problems will result from poor sanitation, and crime may become an issue due to the dwindling resource. Klaus Reichardt, CEO of waterless urinal maker Waterless Co. Inc., says other cities should take note. Six metropolises—Sao Paulo, Beijing, Moscow, Cairo, Mexico City, and London—are on the verge of water availability problems similar to that of Cape Town. And don't think the United States is immune: Reichardt notes that Day Zero almost took place in California in the late 1970s, and in Atlanta in the 2000s. Miami, with its increasingly polluted Biscayne Aquifer, could appear on the water‐endangered list a few years from now. “We all have to think two steps ahead,” Reichardt warns. “Watch what happens with Cape Town, then prepare. There's a lot we can learn.”
Climate Change Worse Than Terrorism for U.S. Armed Forces
The effects of climate change are among the biggest threats to U.S. military bases around the world, topping those posed by terrorism, according to a Pentagon‐sanctioned report by security research institute Center for Climate & Security (CCS). The survey of 1,684 military installations worldwide shows that nearly half face some type of risk to their infrastructure due to flooding, extreme heat and cold, wind, drought, and wildfire. CCS Senior Policy Adviser John Conger says the vulnerability assessment reveals that no region is immune from climate impacts. “As rapid climate change is projected to intensify most of these risks during this century, it is reasonable to expect that military sites will become more vulnerable unless significant resources are devoted to adaptation, or the rate and scale of climate change are reduced,” he explains. Already, some bases are having difficulty performing their primary job of defending the nation, according to the report. CCS expects that the military will do what it must to protect its bases, with or without President Trump's support. “Clearly, the U.S. military recognizes climate change is one of the risks it must consider going forward,” Conger asserts.
Cape Town, South Africa, reports only a few months of water capacity remaining, after which the city will reach “Day Zero.”
Unlike this controlled burn near Fort Ord in California, U.S. military bases may soon have authentic, on-site disasters to contend with.
Environmental Awareness Gets Unexpected Boost from Trump
President Donald Trump's stance against global warming is turning into a good thing—for environmentalists. According to research firm Media Matters for America (MMA), the more the president downplayed or disputed climate change, the more network news stations increased their coverage of the subject in 2017. As a result, Americans are more worried than ever about carbon emissions and pollution, according to a report by environmental advisor group ecoAmerica. But all of that additional attention is not perfect: 85 percent of news coverage came in response to Trump's actions or statements—the decision to pull out of the Paris agreement topped the list—while only about 13 percent went toward more urgent topics such as extreme weather, public health, the economy, and national security. For example, the networks “paid disproportionate attention to the political spectacle Trump made of rejecting the Paris Climate Agreement,” says MMA Director of Climate and Energy Programs Lisa Hymas. “Yet, they largely overlooked crucial stories like the ongoing rollback of the Clean Power Plan and the role of climate change in a year of record‐setting weather disasters.” Not surprisingly, PBS offered the most complete, balanced TV news coverage, providing twice as much airtime as that of major news networks ABC, CBS, NBC, and Fox combined. Climate change denial was routinely featured on news segments, with the media often not challenging the statements, MMA notes. Still, uneven news can be good news in the long run. “Any segment devoted to climate change, as well as any substantial mention about climate change, impacts our actions,” Hymas asserts. “One way or another, it makes people think about it.”
Wet Weather Sends Green Energy Demand Soaring in 2017
Renewable energy output in the power sector hit a record high in 2017 and is closing in on nuclear and the other leading power options in America, according to a new report by the Business Council for Sustainable Energy. The sixth annual Sustainable Energy in America Factbook notes that 18 percent of all electricity produced in the United States is renewable, a 3 percent increase from 2016 and a nearly 100 percent rise from 2007. Clean energy is also a mere 2 percent behind nuclear, the third‐most prominent form at 20 percent, and is gaining on natural gas (32 percent) and coal (30 percent). Bloomberg News Energy Finance Senior Market Analyst and report lead author Rachel Luo notes that the increase may not seem like much, but it is an increase, for the 10th straight year, something that none of the other power sources can claim. The report attributes the gain to increased generation of hydropower in the West, which boomed thanks to a very wet year in 2017, and various wind and solar projects coming online nationwide. “The massive and historic transformation of the U.S. energy sector clicked into a higher gear in 2017, despite new policy uncertainties,” the report notes. “Renewable deployment grew at a near‐record pace, energy productivity and GDP growth both accelerated, and the United States became a serious player in the global liquefied natural gas market. All of this combined to squeeze U.S. greenhouse gas emissions to a 25‐year low, while keeping costs in check for consumers.” The factbook is available at www.bcse.org/sustainableenergyfactbook.
Duke U, Delta Partner on Carbon Credit Plan
Duke University and Delta Airlines have partnered on a plan to buy 5,000 carbon credits to help offset Duke's 7 million miles of business and air travel with Delta in 2017. According to Tim Mapes, Delta's chief marketing officer, the effort will also result in the planting of 1,000 new trees in the Durham, North Carolina, area. “A single carbon offset is equal to one metric ton of CO2 being removed from the air, while the 1,000 trees being planted locally will generate the removal of an additional 5,000 metric tons of CO2 from the air during their lifespan,” Mapes explains. “Together, that's like neutralizing the carbon footprint of around 9,000 round-trip flights between Atlanta and Los Angeles.” The trees, planted by volunteers, will also lead to higher property values, provide shade to reduce energy bills during hot summer months, and improve air quality for nearby residents. Half of the trees planted will benefit historically disadvantaged Raleigh‐Durham neighborhoods, which were ignored when trees were planted in the 1930s, Mapes notes. According to Duke University Executive Vice President Tallman Trask, the program fits with the university's goals of being carbon neutral by 2024 and strengthening its bonds with the Durham community. “This is a great example of the type of carbon offset project we're interested in,” Trask says. “Rather than seeking out the cheapest available carbon credits, we're continuing to invest in projects with multiple benefits for our community in North Carolina.”
Mother Nature helped push the use of renewable energy, such as hydroelectric, upward in popularity for a 10th straight year.
A joint effort between Duke University and Delta Airlines will lead to the planting of 1,000 carbon-removing trees by volunteers in Durham, NC, over the next year.
Teens Sue Washington for Dangers Posed by Climate Change
Thirteen teens and pre‐teens have filed a lawsuit against the State of Washington for failure to act on climate change. The suit, filed in King County Superior Court, alleges that government officials have “propped up” fossil fuel‐based energy and transportation systems, “thereby fueling greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and the climate crisis.” This has resulted in “unconstitutional conditions” that “deprive the young people of their rights to a healthful and pleasant environment, and their rights to life, liberty, and property.” The suit also alleges that the state has “acted with shocking, deliberate indifference and abdication of duty” when reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Experts have determined that technology is available that makes it possible for the State of Washington to have a 100 percent carbon‐free energy and transportation system in place by 2050, according to plaintiff Aji Piper. “This is my state government's chance to rise up and take responsibility for its actions,” Piper stated in a press release. “This is also a chance for my government to use real science in the policy they create. This lawsuit gives the Washington state government a chance to take the lead and commit to the citizens it serves and the lives it must protect.” The lawsuit, set for trial this spring, is based upon the landmark Juliana v. United States, in which Piper is also a plaintiff. That federal case, filed in 2015 by 21 teens and pre‐teens, alleges that the federal government's delays on preventing climate change are threatening the lives of current and future generations. The suit was recently amended to replace former President Barrack Obama with President Donald Trump as one of the defendants. It is expected to go to trial this fall.
As of 2021, It's Lights Out for Coal‐Fired Power in France
France intends to shut down all of its coal‐fired power plants by 2021, about two years earlier than planned. President Emmanuel Macron says he wants to “make France a model in the fight against climate change.” In 2017, Macron unveiled the Make Our Planet Great Again program, which makes environmental protection a centerpiece in boosting the nation's economy. The move to eliminate coal as a power source is a sign that there is no element considered too small when it comes to sustainability. Although France is the world's fifth‐largest economy, only 1 percent of its energy comes from coal. France has also banned the exploration and production of all oil and natural gas by 2040 within mainland France and all overseas territories. And, efforts to ban the sale of diesel and petrol engine cars by 2040 are underway. While some might argue that this will impact the country's economic stability, Macron sees it differently. “This is a huge advantage in terms of attractiveness and competitiveness,” he asserts. “Talent will come where it is good to live. We can create a lot of jobs with such a strategy.”
French President Emmanuel Macron plans to close all of the country’s coal-fired power plants by 2021 as part of the “Make Our Planet Great Again” program.
A federal judge wants the Trump administration to justify its revival of the controversial Keystone XL Pipeline project. The reinstatement order was signed by President Trump in January 2017.
Federal Judge Asks for Approval Records on Keystone XL Revival
A U.S. District Court judge has ordered the Trump administration to release documents that help clarify how the U.S. Department of State decided to reinstate the Keystone XL Pipeline project. Keystone, a nearly 1,200‐mile pipeline from Alberta, Canada, to Steele City, Nebraska, was blocked by President Obama in 2015, then quickly revived by President Trump in January 2017. Environmentalists filed suit shortly thereafter to halt the project. As part of pre‐trial preparation, administrative documents that reveal the deliberative process used by the State Department in its decision making are routinely made public. The plaintiffs, the Indigenous Environmental Network and the North Coast River Alliance, allege that not all of the records have been released, and many of those that have been are incomplete. “The public has a right to know what evidence and what materials were considered in making the decision to approve the pipeline,” says Natural Resources Defense Council attorney Jackie Prange, “especially when that decision has changed.” U.S. Justice Department attorneys say officials would have to spend more than six years and $6.3 million to review an estimated five million pages of documents before they can be released. U.S District Court Judge Brian Morris says the department must release the documents this spring, or produce a “privilege log” with a cursory description of the documents and an explanation of why they can't be released.
For Green Marketing, Fear Often Hits Farther from Home
When trying to get the word out about a green event or product, which works better, a positive or a negative spin? It depends on geography, according to a report by researchers at National Sun Yat Sen University in Taiwan: When a message has local emphasis, a hope‐focused appeal is more effective. But if the subject matter has a worldwide feel, it's better to play upon the public's fear. For the study What Sells Better in Green Communications—Fear or Hope? researchers used a hypothetical, Greenpeace‐like advertisement that showed a polar bear crouching on a melting ice cap, surrounded by debris. One version of the ad had the headline, “Doing the Right Thing Reduces the Danger to Polar Bears.” The other version included the statement, “The increasing amount of trash destroys the ecological environment, and sadly, polar bears will disappear from this Earth!” A follow‐up survey revealed that the negative‐toned ad would have received a greater number of donations from readers. Researchers then used a drawing of the Formosan black bear—Taiwan's largest mammal—crouching on a dirt mound and surrounded by polluted water, with the headline, “Doing the Right Things Reduces the Danger to the Formosan Black Bear” and compared it to a negative‐toned ad stating, “Doing the Wrong Things Puts the Formosan Black Bear in Danger.” The positive approach was more effective, according to the study's authors. “Green communications aren't always an easy sell to the public because climate change and other ecological issues aren't immediately tangible or easily explained,” the study notes.“It is essential to understand when to use a message of fear vs. hope in ads dealing with environmental issues, as they both influence people differently on a global and local level.” The study appears in a recent issue of The Journal of Advertising Research.
San Diego Padres en Route to Baseball's Largest Solar Array
Petro Park, the home field of the San Diego Padres, will soon have the largest solar power system in Major League Baseball. A 336,520‐watt project consisting of 716 high‐efficiency, 470‐watt solar modules is expected to be completed before the start of the 2018 season. According to Padres Chief Operating Officer Erik Greupner, the system is a bargain: Costing a mere $1 million, it will produce more than 12 million kilowatt‐hours over the next 25 years, and will completely pay for itself in about seven years. It will also give the city some bragging rights: Only seven other MLB teams have installed solar facilities, and the Padres' solar array will be larger than all seven combined. “This project really checked all the boxes for us,” Greupner says.“It's something that will generate energy savings for us over time and it's consistent with the priorities to our fan base and to the city of San Diego.” Mayor Kevin Faulconer says the stadium array will become a key part of the city's Climate Action Plan, which requires 100 percent of the city's energy to come from renewable sources and a 50 percent reduction in the city's greenhouse gas emissions by 2035. The city has already surpassed its goal of a 15 percent drop in emissions by 2020. “This is not a partisan issue in San Diego, it's the right thing to do for our environment,” Faulconer asserts. “The project will send an extremely positive message to businesses large and small, not just in San Diego but across the entire region.”
The San Diego Padres’ home park will have Major League Baseball’s largest solar power system when the 2018 season kicks off in April.
North American Universities Move toward Faster Green Conversions
The University of California (UC) is spearheading a coalition of 13 North American research institutions with a goal of helping local communities accelerate the transition to a low‐carbon future. According to UC President Janet Napolitano, the University Climate Change Coalition (UC3) will offer expertise in areas such as advanced climate modeling, energy storage systems, next generation solar cells and devices, energy‐efficiency technologies, biofuels, smart grids, and environmental regulatory policies. All UC3 members have already pledged to reduce their institutional carbon footprints, with commitments ranging from making more climate‐friendly investments to becoming operationally carbon neutral, according to Napolitano. Participating schools are: Arizona State University; California Institute of Technology; Tecnológico de Monterrey; La Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Ohio State University; State University of New York; University of British Columbia; University of California; University of Colorado, Boulder; University of Maryland, College Park; University of New Mexico; University of Toronto; and University of Washington. UC3 will operate in partnership with Second Nature's Climate Leadership Network, a group of hundreds of colleges and universities that have committed to taking action on climate. “Research universities play an important role in creating new knowledge, convening thought leadership, and serving as long‐term community members,” Second Nature President Timothy Carter notes. “By applying these strengths to locally relevant climate challenges, we see transformative potential for accelerating climate solutions in these locations in a way that couldn't happen if the institutions and sectors continued to act on their own.” More information on UC3 may be found at http://secondnature.org/uc3-coalition.
Nation's Power Lines May Soon Overload by Supplying Clean Energy
Renewable energy is more plentiful and easier to buy than ever, but that may not hold true for long. Soon, aging, less‐effective transmission lines may not be able to keep up with corporate America's demand for green power, according to Transmission Needed to Meet Corporate America's Growing Demand for Renewable Power by the Wind Energy Foundation (WEF). The report notes that a coalition of more than 100 corporate entities has set a goal of purchasing 60 gigawatts (GWs) of renewable energy by the year 2025, equivalent to the amount of energy produced by 110 conventional power plants and enough electricity to power nearly 50 million homes.That's a huge gain from the past four years, when U.S. companies purchased 9 GW of solar and wind power. But based on current capacity, planned transmission build‐outs would meet only 42 to 78 percent of future energy demand, according to WEF. Companies can minimize this problem by working with state utility regulators and regional grid operators to help move new transmission projects forward. In many cases, grid operators are not aware of corporate America's future demands and have not planned accordingly. The report is available at www.windenergyfoundation.org.
Aging power lines may soon be unable to handle increased demand for the green energy U.S. businesses want to buy.
Plastic Pollution Has New Enemy in Queen Elizabeth II
Queen Elizabeth II wants plastic waste gone from all royal residences. According to The Telegraph, the queen is requiring gradual reduction of plastic straws in cafes and complete removal from the dining rooms. Caterers must now use glass, china, or recyclable materials, and takeaway food must be packaged in biodegradable containers. “The Royal Household is committed to reducing its environmental impact,” declares an unidentified spokesperson for Buckingham Palace. “As part of that, we have taken a number of practical steps to cut back on the use of plastics. At all levels, there's a strong desire to tackle this issue.” Queen Elizabeth has always been pro‐environment, but her interest really increased once David Attenborough's ocean‐based documentary Blue Planet II began broadcasting on British TV. The same can be said of the Prince of Wales, who also regularly speaks about the damage to the oceans caused by dumped plastic. He recently warned that the world was facing an “escalating ecological and human disaster” from refuse in the seas. The Telegraph report notes that Britons use 7.7 billion single‐use plastic water bottles each year, and fewer than half are recycled. It's no better worldwide: Each year, more than 300 million tons of plastic are produced, with 10 percent ending up in the ocean. “It is estimated that there is now a 1:2 ratio of plastic to plankton,” The Telegraph reports. “Left unchecked, plastic will outweigh fish by 2050.”
Plastic is out in the Royal Household: Queen Elizabeth II has asked for its gradual removal from cafées and dining rooms.
All UConn Students To Have Basic Environmental Literacy
Environmental literacy is now a part of everyday life at the University of Connecticut. The student body's Undergraduate Student Government (USG) recently approved a proposal to require every student to take Environmental Literacy as part of the general education requirement. According to UConn ecology and evolutionary biology professor David Wagner, final implementation will be in the fall semester. “We're going to be a leader in educating our students about environmental literacy,” he declares. “We're giving them the will and the knowledge to go forward and effect change.” The environmental literacy general education requirement will only affect incoming students, and will not result in a longer course load before graduation, according to the UConn Office of the Registrar. “In America, there's an entire political party that seems to deny climate change, simply because we don't learn about it in schools,” asserts Myles Gibbs, student senator in the UConn USG. “We're not required to.” The proposal was originally circulated in early 2017 and received support from students of all majors, according to ecology and evolutionary biology major Benjamin Breslau. More than 1,200 students signed the proposal last spring; another 700 signed during the past fall 2017 semester. “It's the responsibility of our university to go ahead with this [requirement] and embrace environmental literacy,” Breslau says. “It's the best way to educate students for the future.”
When It Comes to Hottest Weather, World Is 3‐for‐3 since 2015
The years 2015, 2016, and 2017 have been confirmed as the three warmest years in industrial‐era history, and 2017 was the hottest without an El Niño, according to an analysis by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO). The planet's global average surface temperature that year was approximately 1.1°C above the preindustrial era, just below 2016, and its overall record high of 1.2°C, and 2015 was virtually identical to 2017. It was, unfortunately, more of the same, according to WMO Secretary‐General Petteri Taalas. “Seventeen of the 18 hottest years on record have been during this century,” Taalas says. “The degree of warming during the past three years has been exceptional.” But temperatures tell only a small part of the story, Taalas notes. The warmth in 2017 was accompanied by extreme weather in many parts of the world. The United States had its most expensive year in terms of weather and climate disasters—almost $300 billion—while other countries saw their development slowed or reversed by tropical cyclones, floods, and drought. And, natural weather phenomena El Niño, which has a warming influence, and La Niña, which has a cooling influence, have been stronger and weaker than usual, respectively. WMO's report may be found at https://public.wmo.int/en.
Learning the basics of the environment will be a requirement for incoming freshman at the University of Connecticut as of fall 2018.
Earth’s temperatures continue to rise, with the past three years ranking as the three warmest of the past two centuries.
“Red Line” Enviroprotection Zones To Take Shape in China by 2020
China plans to complete construction of a platform for supervising the “red lines” for the protection of important natural areas by 2020, according to the Ministry of Environmental Protection (MEP). In 2017 the MEP released a document with exact boundaries of locations on land and in the ocean that should be carefully monitored for environmental damage. The areas include those important to water and soil conservation, biodiversity, windbreak and sand fixation, as well as ecologically fragile zones prone to soil erosion, desertification, and salinization, according to MEP. The platform will rely on remote‐sensing satellites and on‐site monitoring stations to obtain the data. The project, when complete, will cost about (U.S.) $45 million and could be the first of several location‐based environment protection projects, the agency notes.
King of Beers To Bid Adieu to Fossil Fuels by 2025
Budweiser has begun using all‐renewable electricity at all of its U.S. beer brewing facilities and is launching a new label dedicated to that effort. According to a company press release, going to all renewables will be the equivalent of taking 48,000 cars off the road each year. The switch follows parent company AB InBev's decision last year to begin acquiring all of the purchased electricity needed for its brewing from renewable sources by 2025. AB InBev, the world's largest beer maker, owns 35 brands including Budweiser, Bud Light, Stella Artois, Natural Light, Busch, Michelob Ultra, Shock Top, and Goose Island. The company is focusing first on the United States for all‐green energy, according to AB InBev CEO Carlos Brito. Electricity will come primarily from wind power. “Climate change has profound implications for our company and for the communities where we live and work,” he explains. “Cutting back on fossil fuels is good for the environment and good for business, and we are committed to helping drive positive change. We have the opportunity to play a leading role in the battle against climate change by purchasing energy in a more sustainable way.”
Budweiser plans to be the first major U.S. beer maker to draw all power from renewable energy within two decades.
NC State Student Launches Program To Scrap Campus Food Waste
A North Carolina State statistics major turned her irritation over food scraps into a more‐efficient way for students to eliminate food waste. Residents of more than five dozen apartments at the university's Wolf Village now use compost jars for food scraps and empty them as needed into a nearby outdoor composting dumpster. That material is transported to a nearby composting facility for processing into compost. Kelsey Shevlin says she got the idea in 2017 after realizing something more could be done with the by‐products she routinely threw away after meal preparation. The concept solidified when she visited San Francisco last summer and noticed composting bins throughout the city. “It seemed like a great idea,” she says. “I figured it was worth a try.” Shevlin launched the program after being awarded a grant from the NC State Sustainability Fund to pay for the compost jars and educational workshops. One semester later, she surveyed participants and discovered 70 percent planned to continue with the effort after graduation. “Composting is really good for our environment and our future,” Shevlin asserts. “If one participant shows a friend or family member how to compost, and they show another friend, we can really start to make a difference.” University research backs up that statement: The school's Waste Characterization Study found that compostable material accounted for 38 percent of campus waste, making it the No. 1 item in its waste‐to‐landfill dumpsters, according to Lani St. Hill, outreach coordinator for NC State Waste Reduction and Recycling.
Sea Level's Projected Two‐Foot Gain by 2100 Tops Expectations
The world's oceans are rising faster than expected as the planet warms, and the sea level could rise by four inches or more per decade by 2100, according to a joint study by researchers at universities nationwide. The findings, based on a 25‐year review of ocean data, confirm earlier research by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), NASA, and the European Environmental Agency conducted over the past two decades. According to lead author Steve Nerem at the University of Colorado, the four‐inch‐per‐decade projection might be conservative. The rate is based upon current melting of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets, and on the assumption that the acceleration has been consistent since observations began in 1992, he says. One benefit of the new study is its reliance on satellite imagery and NOAA's sea‐level rise viewer app to create a detailed view of how sea levels have changed—something that works well to support computer simulations that project how they will change in the future. “With this, we can show how rising water levels will affect communities, down to the neighborhood level,” Nerem explains. He adds that the imagery can help mute some doubters who question the validity of computer projections. The study appears in the journal Proceedings of the National Academies of Sciences (PNAS).
A study by U.S. researchers, which includes use of NOAA’s sea-level rise viewer app, has confirmed that the world’s oceans are rising faster than expected as the planet warms.
Global warming-caused thinning snow is becoming a safety hazard to skiers at resorts worldwide.
Ski Resorts' Fight against Global Warming Is Almost as Bad as the Problem
As global warming worsens, ski resorts worldwide are increasingly being forced to rely on artificial snow to fill in ever‐growing dry zones on their ski runs. That practice sets up an environmental problem since the machinery used to make that snow actually contributes to the greenhouse effect. According to Auden Schendler, vice president for sustainability at Aspen Skiing Company in Aspen, Colorado, most of the snow that skiers race on is man‐made. Resorts and racing venues blow huge piles of man‐made snow onto runs each year, truck it across the landscape for ski trails, and even store it through summer to ensure there is enough available for early skiing the following season. “It's a Band‐Aid that aggravates the problem,” Schendler says. “You're using a very energy‐intensive fix to deal with a changing climate, and the fix cannibalizes the very climate you care about.” It's also a hazard for skiers who make their living as professional or competitive skiers. The number of injuries caused by downhillers who lose their footing from exposed rocks or icy, thin layers of snow is on the rise, according to the United States of America Snowboard and Freeski Association. The only bright side is that snowmaking technology has become more efficient, according to Elizabeth Burakowski, a professor of climatology at the University of New Hampshire.