The aim of this study is to determine whether immigrants and their children use a compensation strategy that involves achieving higher than expected education, given their parents’ level of education and income. The study uses data for all individuals in Sweden who finished elementary school from 1990 to 1992. Parents’ level of education and income is in general positively associated with higher odds of having university education. However, some immigrant groups show the reverse pattern of the impact of parents’ income. The results support a compensation strategy developed in groups and families with low level of integration in the labor market.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
AraiM., SchröderL., and VilhelmssonR.2000En Svartvit Arbetsmarknad? – En ESO-Rapport om Vägen Från Skola Till Arbete.Stockholm: Fritzes offentliga publikationer.
2.
BehtouiA.2006Unequal Opportunities. The impact of social capital and recruitment methods on immigrants and their children in the Swedish labour market.Linköping: Linköpings universitet.
3.
BlauP., and DuncanO. D.1967The American Occupational Structure.New York: John Wiley & Sons.
4.
BorjasG. J.1992“Ethnic Capital and Intergenerational Mobility.”The Quarterly Journal of Economics107: 123–150.
5.
BoudonR.1974Education, Opportunity & Social Inequality.New York: John Wiley & Sons.
6.
BroadyD.2000Välfärd och Skola.Stockholm: Socialdepartementet.
7.
CastellsM.1996The Rise of the Network Society.Oxford: Blackwell.
8.
ChiswickB. R., and MillerP. W.2008“Why is the Payoff to Schooling Smaller for Immigrants?”Labour Economics15: 1317–1340.
9.
DrylerH.2001“Etnisk segregation i skolan: effekter på ungdomars betyg och övergång till gymnasieskolan.” In Välfärdens finansiering och fördelning: antologin från kommitténs välfärdsbokslut. Ed. FritzellJ., and PalmeJ.Stockholm: Fritzes. Pp. 319–355.
10.
DuncanJ. G. J., and HoffmanS. D.1981“The Incidence and Wage Effects of Overeducation.”Economics of Education Review1: 75–86.
11.
DustmannC.2008“Return Migration, Investment in Children, and Intergenerational Mobility: Comparing Sons of Foreign- and Native-Born Fathers.”Journal of Human Resources43: 299–324.
12.
EriksonR., and JonssonJ. O.1994Sorteringen i Skolan.Studier av snedrekrytering och utbildningens konsekvenser. Stockholm: Carlssons.
13.
ErikssonR., and JonssonJ. O. ed. 1996Can Education be Equalized?Boulder: Westview Press.
14.
FejginN.1995“Factors Contributing to the Academic Excellence of American Jewish and Asian Students.”Sociology of Education68: 18–30.
15.
HeathA. F., RothonC., and KilpiE.2008“The Second Generation in Western Europe: Education, Unemployment, and Occupational Attainment.”Annual Review of Sociology34: 211–235.
16.
JonssonJ. O., and RudolphiF.2011“Weak Performance–Strong Determination: School Achievement and Educational Choice Among Children of Immigrants in Sweden.”European Sociological Review27: 487–508.
17.
KnockeW., and HertzbergF.2000Mångfaldens Barn Söker sin Plats.En studie om arbetsmarknadschanser för ungdomar med invandrarbakgrund. Stockholm: Svartvitts förlag.
18.
LindbladS.1994“Skolkarriär och levnadsbana. Om elevers erfarenheter av ungdomsskola och rekrytering till högre studier.” In Sorteringen i Skolan. Ed. EriksonR., and JonssonJ. O.Stockholm: Carlssons. Pp. 172–225.
19.
LjungM.2000“Utbildning i broschyrspråkets värld.” In Mångfald i Högskolan. Utredningen om Social och Etnisk Mångfald i Högskolan. Ed. Utredningen om social och etnisk mångfald i högskolan. Stockholm: Fritzes offentliga publikationer. Pp. 211–230.
NekbyL., VilhelmssonR., and ÖzcanG.2008“Do Host Country Educations Even Out the Playing Field? Immigrant-Native Labor Market Gaps in Sweden.”Journal of Immigrant and Refugee Studies6: 168–196.
22.
NordenstamK., and WallinI.2002Osynliga Flickor – Synliga Pojkar.Om ungdomar med svenska som andra språk. Lund: Studentlitteratur.
23.
Nordström SkansO., and ÅslundO.2009Segregationen i Storstäderna.Stockholm: Studieförbundet Näringsliv och Samhålle.
24.
OgbyJ. U.1987“Variability in Minority School Performance.”Anthtropology and Education Quarterly25: 312–334.
25.
OgbyJ. U.1991“Immigrant and Involuntary Minorities in Comparative perspective.” In Minority Status and Schooling: A Comparatative Perspective. Ed. GibsonM. A., and OgbyJ. U.New York: New York Press. Pp. 3–33.
26.
ÖsterbergT.2000Economic Perspectives on Immigrants and Intergenerational Transmissions.Göteborg: Handelshögskolan.
27.
PortesP.1999“Social and Psychological Factors in the Academic Achievements of Children of Immigrants: A Cultural Puzzle.”American Research Educational Journal36: 489–507.
28.
PortesA., and MacLeodD.1996“Educational Progress of Children of Immigrants: The Roles of Class, Ethnicity, and School Context.”Sociology of Education69: 255–275.
29.
PortesA., MacLeodD., and RumbautR.1996Immigrant America.Berkely: University of California Press.
30.
PortesA., MacLeodD., RumbautR., and ZhouM.1993“The New Second Generation: Segmented Assimilation and its Variants Among Post-1965 Immigrant Youth.”Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science530: 74–96.
31.
RauhutD.2007Vågen Till Sverige: Om Integrationsarbete i Stockholm.Stockholm: Forsknings- och utvecklingsenheten.
32.
RubbS.2003“Overeducation in the Labour Market: A Comment and re-Analyses of a Meta-Analysis.”Economics of Education Review22: 621–629.
33.
SchmidC. L.2001“Educational Achievement, Language-Minority Students, and the New Second Generation.”Sociology of Education74: 71–87.
34.
ShierupC., HansenP., and CastlesS.2006Migration, Citizenship and the European Welfare State.An European Dilemma. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
35.
SimiläM.1994“Andra generationens invandrare i den svenska skolan.” In Sorteringen i Skolan. Studier av Snedrekrytering och Utbildningens Konsekvenser. Ed. ErikssonR., and JonssonJ. O.Stockholm: Carlssons. Pp. 226–263.
36.
Socialstyrelsen.2010Social Rapport 2010.Stockholm: Socialstyrelsen.
37.
UrbanS.2008a “Stockholms etniska delning. Polariseringen på arbets- och bostadsmarknaden.” In Den Kalla och Varma Staden. Migration och Stadsförändring i Stockholm Efter 1970. Ed. ForsellH.Stockholm: Stockholmia förlag. Pp. 28–56.
38.
UrbanS.2008b “Polarisering i Stockholm – på gränsen till postfordism.” In Sveriges Sociologförbunds Årsmöteskonferens 2008.Östersund.
39.
WatersM. C.1999Black Identities: West Indian Immigrant Dreams and American Realities.MA New York: Harvard University Press Russel Sage Foundation.
40.
WhiteK. R.1982“The Relationship Between Socioeconomic Status and Academic Success.”Psychological Bulletin91: 461–481.
41.
ZhouM.1997“Segmented Assimilation: Issues, Controversies, And Recent Research on the new Second Generation.”International Migration Review31: 975–1008.
42.
ZhouM., and BankstonC. L.1998Growing up American: How Vietnamese Children Adapt to Life in the United States.New York: Russel Sage Foundation.
