Sociology has long shied away from the problem of populism. This may be due to suspicion about the concept or uncertainty about how to fit populist cases into broader comparative matrices. Such caution is warranted: the existing interdisciplinary literature has been plagued by conceptual confusion and disagreement. But given the recent resurgence of populist politics in Latin America and elsewhere, sociology can no longer afford to sidestep such analytical challenges. This article moves toward a political sociology of populism by identifying past theoretical deficiencies and proposing a new, practice-based approach that is not beholden to pejorative common sense understandings. This approach conceptualizes populism as a mode of political practice—as populist mobilization. Its utility is demonstrated through an application to mid-twentieth-century Latin American politics. The article concludes by sketching an agenda for future research on populist mobilization in Latin America and beyond.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
AguilaM.TonatiuhMarcosPereaEnríquez Alberto, eds. 1996. Perspectivas sobre el cardenismo: Ensayos sobre economía, trabajo, política y cultura en los años treinta.Azcapotzalco, México: Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana.
2.
AlexanderRobert J.1973. Aprismo: The Ideas and Doctrines of Victor Raúl Haya De La Torre.Kent, OH: Kent State University Press.
3.
AllaharAnton, ed. 2001. Caribbean Charisma: Reflections on Leadership, Legitimacy and Populist Politics.Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
4.
JuncoAlvarez José, ed. 1987. Populismo, caudillaje y discurso demagógico.Madrid: Siglo XXI de España Editores.
5.
AndersonPerry1974. Lineages of the Absolutist State.London: Verso.
6.
AnsellChristopher K.2001. Schism and Solidarity in Social Movements: The Politics of Labor in the French Third Republic.Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
7.
VegaArízaga Rafael1985. Velasco Ibarra: El rostro del caudillo.Quito: Ediciones Culturales UNP.
8.
AuyeroJavier1999. “‘From the Client's Point(s) of View’: How Poor People Perceive and Evaluate Political Clientelism.”Theory and Society28:297–334.
9.
BasurtoJorge1999. “Populism in Mexico: From Cárdenas to Cuauhtémoc.” Pp. 75–96 in Populism in Latin America, edited by ConniffMichael L.Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press.
10.
BendixReinhard1977. Max Weber: An Intellectual Portrait.Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
11.
BerezinMabel2009. Illiberal Politics in Neoliberal Times: Culture, Security and Populism in the New Europe.Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
12.
BetzHans-Georg. 1994. Radical Right-Wing Populism in Western Europe.New York: St. Martin's Press.
13.
BlankstenGeorge I.1953. Perón's Argentina.Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
14.
BourdieuPierre1977. Outline of a Theory of Practice.Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
15.
BraunHerbert1985. The Assassination of Gaitán: Public Life and Urban Violence in Colombia.Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
16.
BrubakerRogers1996. Nationalism Reframed: Nationhood and the National Question in the New Europe.Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
17.
BrubakerRogers2004. Ethnicity Without Groups.Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
18.
CalhounCraig1997. Nationalism.Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
19.
CameronMaxwell A.HershbergEric, eds. 2010. Latin America's Left Turns: Politics, Policies, and Trajectories of Change.Boulder, CO: Lynn Reinner Publishers.
20.
ReyesCardenasCristinaMaria1991. Velasco Ibarra: Ideología, poder, y democracia.Quito: Corporatión Editora Nacional.
21.
ReaCastro JulianDucatenzeilerGracielaFaucherPhilippe1992. “Back to Populism: Latin America's Alternative to Democracy.” Pp. 125–46 in Latin America to the Year 2000: Reactivating Growth, Improving Equity, Sustaining Democracy, edited by RitterArchibald R. M.CameronMaxwell A.PollockDavid H.New York: Praeger.
22.
CollierRuth BerinsCollierDavid1991. Shaping the Political Arena.Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
23.
ConniffMichael L.1981. Urban Politics in Brazil: The Rise of Populism, 1925–45.Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press.
24.
ConniffMichael L.1982a. “Populism in Brazil, 1925–1945.” Pp. 67–91 in Latin American Populism in Comparative Perspective, edited by ConniffMichael L.Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
25.
ConniffMichael L., ed. 1982b. Latin American Populism in Comparative Perspective.Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
26.
ConniffMichael L.1999a. “Brazil's Populist Republic and Beyond.” Pp. 43–62 in Populism in Latin America, edited by ConniffMichael L.Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press.
27.
ConniffMichael L., ed. 1999b. Populism in Latin America.Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press.
28.
CorneliusWayne1973. “Nation Building, Participation, and Distribution: The Politics of Social Reform Under Cardenas.” Pp. 392–498 in Crisis, Choice and Change: Historical Studies of Political Development, edited by AlmondGabriel A.FlanaganScott L.MundtRobert J.Boston: Little, Brown.
29.
DavilaLuis Ricardo2000. “The Rise and Fall and Rise of Populism in Venezuela.”Bulletin of Latin America Research19:223–38.
30.
de IpolaEmilio. 1979. “Populismo e ideología (A propósito de Ernesto Laclau: ‘Política e ideología en la teoría marxista’).”Revista Mexicana de Sociología41:925–60.
31.
de la TorreCarlos. 1993. Velaquista Seduction: Ecuadorian Politics in the 1940s. Ph.D. Dissertation. Department of Sociology, New School for Social Research.
32.
de la TorreCarlos. 2000. Populist Seduction in Latin America: The Ecuadorian Experience.Athens: Ohio University Center for International Studies.
33.
DeutschKarl1954. Nationalism and Social Communication: An Inquiry into the Foundations of Nationality.Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press.
34.
DeutschKarl1963. “Social Mobilisation and Political Development.” Pp. 582–603 in Comparative Politics: A Reader, edited by EcksteinHarryApterDavid E.London: Free Press of Glencoe.
35.
Di TellaTorcuato S.1965. “Populism and Reform in Latin America.” Pp. 47–74 in Obstacles to Change in Latin America, edited by VelizClaudio. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
36.
Di TellaTorcuato S.1990. Latin American Politics: A Theoretical Approach.Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.
37.
DixRobert H.1978. “The Varieties of Populism: The Case of Colombia.”Western Political Quarterly31:334–51.
38.
EllnerSteve1982. “Populism in Venezuela, 1935–48: Betancourt and Acción Democrática.” Pp. 135–49 in Latin American Populism in Comparative Perspective, edited by ConniffMichael L.Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
39.
EllnerSteve1999. “The Heyday of Radical Populism in Venezuela and its Aftermath.” Pp. 117–37 in Populism in Latin America, edited by ConniffMichael L.Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press.
40.
EllnerSteve2003. “The Contrasting Variants of the Populism of Hugo Chavez and Alberto Fujimori.”Journal of Latin American Studies35:139–62.
41.
Esping-AndersenGøsta1990. The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism.Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
42.
FantasiaRick1988. Cultures of Solidarity: Consciousness, Action, and Contemporary American Workers.Berkeley: University of California Press.
43.
ForanJohn2005. Taking Power: On the Origins of Third World Revolutions.Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
44.
FrenchJohn D.1989. “Industrial Workers and the Birth of the Populist Republic in Brazil, 1945–1946.”Latin American Perspectives16:5–27.
45.
FrenchJohn D.1994. “The Populist Gamble of Getúlio Vargas in 1945: Political and Ideological Transitions in Brazil.” Pp. 141–65 in Latin America in the 1940s: War and Postwar Transitions, edited by RockDavid. Berkeley: University of California Press.
46.
GamsonWilliam A.1975. The Strategy of Social Protest.Homewood, IL: Dorsey Press.
47.
GermaniGino1963. Politíca y sociedad en una época de transición: De la sociedad tradicional a la sociedad de masas.Buenos Aires: Editorial Paidos.
48.
GermaniGino1978. Authoritarianism, Fascism, and National Populism.New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books.
49.
GerteisJoseph2003. “Populism, Race, and Political Interest in Virginia.”Social Science History27:197–227.
50.
GerteisJoseph2007. Class and the Color Line: Interracial Class Coalition in the Knights of Labor and the Populist Movement.Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
51.
GieseckeMargarita1978. Masas urbanas y rebelión en la historia. Golpe de estado: Lima, 1872.Lima: CEDHIP.
52.
GoodwinJeff2001. No Other Way Out: States and Revolutionary Movements, 1945–1991.Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
53.
GoodwynLawrence1976. Democratic Promise: The Populist Movement in America.New York: Oxford University Press.
54.
GorskiPhilip S.2003. The Disciplinary Revolution: Calvinism and the Rise of the State in Early Modern Europe.Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
55.
GotkowitzLaura2000. “Commemorating the Heroínas: Gender and Civic Ritual in Early-Twentieth-Century Bolivia.” Pp. 215–37 in Hidden Histories of Gender and the State in Latin America, edited by DoreElizabethMolyneuxMaxine. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
56.
GotkowitzLaura2007. A Revolution for Our Rights: Indigenous Struggles for Land and Justice in Bolivia, 1880–1952.Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
57.
GreenJohn1996. “‘Vibrations of the Collective’: The Popular Ideology of Gaitanismo on Colombia's Atlantic Coast, 1944–48.”Hispanic American Historical Review76:283–311.
58.
GreenfeldLeah1992. Nationalism: Five Paths to Modernity.Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
59.
GromponeRomeo1998. Fujimori, Neopopulismo y Comunicación Política.Lima: Instituto de Estudios Peruanos.
60.
HawkinsKirk A.2009. “Is Chavez Populist? Measuring Populist Discourse in Comparative Perspective.”Comparative Political Studies42:1040–67.
61.
HeldJoseph, ed. 1996. Populism in Eastern Europe: Racism, Nationalism, and Society. New York: Columbia University Press.
62.
HennessyAlistair1969. “Latin America.” Pp. 28–61 in Populism: Its Meaning and National Characteristics, edited by IonescuGhiţaGellnerErnest. New York: Macmillan.
63.
HicksAlexander1999. Social Democracy and Welfare Capitalism.Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
64.
HicksJohn D.1961. The Populist Revolt.Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
65.
HobsbawmEric1983. “Introduction: Inventing Tradition.” Pp. 1–14 in The Invention of Tradition, edited by HobsbawmEricRangerTerence. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
66.
HofstadterRichard1969. “North America.” Pp. 9–27 in Populism: Its Meaning and National Characteristics, edited by IonescuGhiţaGellnerErnest. New York: Macmillan.
67.
HorowitzJoel1999. “Populism and Its Legacies in Argentina.” Pp. 22–42 in Populism in Latin America, edited by ConniffMichael L.Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press.
68.
HuberEvelyneStephensJohn D.2001. Development and Crisis of the Welfare State: Parties and Policies in Global Markets.Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
69.
HuntingtonSamuel P.1991. The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century.Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
70.
HurtadoOsvaldo1989. “Populismo y carisma.” In El populismo en el Ecuador, edited by de LaraBurbano Felipede la TorreCarlos Espinosa. Quito: ILDIS.
71.
IanniOctavio1973. “Populismo y relaciones de clase.” Pp. 83–150 in Populismo y contradicciones de clase en Latinoamérica, edited by GermaniGinoDi TellaTorcuato S.IanniOctavio. Mexico, D.F.: Ediciones Era, S.A.
72.
IanniOctavio1975. La formación del estado populista en AméricaLatina. México, DF: Ediciones Era, S.A.
73.
IonescuGhiţaGellnerErnest, eds. 1969a. Populism: Its Meaning and National Characteristics.New York: Macmillan.
74.
IonescuGhiţaGellnerErnest, eds. 1969b. “Introduction.” Pp. 1–5 in Populism: Its Meaning and National Characteristics, edited by IonescuGhiţaGellnerErnest. New York: Macmillan.
75.
JagersJanWalgraveStefaan2007. “Populism as Political Communication Style: An Empirical Study of Political Parties' Discourse in Belgium.”European Journal of Political Research46:319–45.
76.
JamesDaniel1988. Resistance and Integration: Peronism and the Argentine Working Class, 1946–76.Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
77.
JenkinsCraig J.1983. “Resource Mobilization Theory and the Study of Social Movements.”Annual Review of Sociology9:527–53.
78.
JenkinsRichard1997. Rethinking Ethnicity: Arguments and Explorations.London: Sage.
79.
JoasHans1996. The Creativity of Action.Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
80.
KenneyCharles D.2004. Fujimori's Coup and the Breakdown of Democracy in Latin America.Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press.
81.
KlareénPeter F.1973. Modernization, Dislocation, and Aprismo: Origins of the Peruvian Aprista Party, 1870–1932.Austin: University of Texas Press.
82.
KnightAlan1990. “Revolutionary Project, Recalcitrant People: Mexico 1910–1940.” Pp. 227–64 in The Revolutionary Process in Mexico: Essays on Political and Social Change, 1880–1940, edited by RodriguezJaime E.Los Angeles: University of California Press.
83.
KnightAlan1994. “Cardenismo: Juggernaut or Jalopy.”Journal of Latin American Studies26:73–107.
84.
KnightAlan1998. “Populism and Neo-Populism in Latin America, Especially Mexico.”Journal of Latin American Studies30:223–48.
85.
KornhauserWilliam1959. The Politics of Mass Society.Glencoe, IL: Free Press.
86.
LaclauErnesto1977. Politics and Ideology in Marxist Theory.London: New Left Books.
87.
LaclauErnesto2005. On Populist Reason.London: Verso.
88.
LaitinDavid D.1985. “Hegemony and Religious Conflict: British Imperial Control and Political Cleavages in Yorubaland.” Pp. 285–316 in Bringing the State Back In, edited by EvansPeterRueschemeyerDietrichSkocpolTheda. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
89.
LeamanDavid1999. “Populist Liberalism as Dominant Ideology.”Studies in Comparative International Development34:98–118.
90.
LevineRobert M.1970. The Vargas Regime: The Critical Years, 1934–38.New York: Columbia University Press.
91.
LipsetSeymour M.1960. Political Man: The Social Bases of Politics.New York: Doubleday.
92.
LovemanMara2005. “The Modern State and the Primitive Accumulation of Symbolic Power.”American Journal of Sociology110:1651–83.
93.
MackinnonMaria M.PetroneMario A., eds. 1998. Populismo y neopopulismo en Améirica Latina: El problema de la cenicienta.Buenos Aires: Editorial Universitaria de Buenos Aires.
94.
MaiguashcaJuanNorthLiisa1991. “Orígenes y significados del velasquismo: Lucha de clases y participatión política en el Ecuador, 1920–1972.” Pp. 89–161 in La cuestión regional y el poder, edited by QuinteroRafael. Quito: Corporación Editora Nacional.
95.
MannMichael1984. “The Autonomous Power of the State: Its Origins, Mechanisms and Results.”Archives Europíéennes De Sociologie25:185–213.
96.
MannMichael1993. The Sources of Social Power, Volume II: The Rise of Classes and Nation-States, 1760–1914.Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
97.
MarxCristoph1994. “The Ossewabrandwag as a Mass Movement, 1939–41.”Journal of Southern African Studies20:195–219.
98.
MarxKarl1977. “The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte.” Pp. 300–25 in Karl Marx: Selected Writings, 1st ed., edited by McLellanDavid. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
99.
McAdamDoug1999. Political Process and the Development of Black Insurgency, 1930–1970.Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
100.
McAdamDougTarrowSidneyTillyCharles2001. Dynamics of Contention.Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
101.
MinogueKenneth1969. “Populism as a Political Movement.” Pp. 197–211 in Populism: Its Meaning and National Characteristics, edited by IonescuGhiţaGellnerErnest. New York: Macmillan.
102.
MooreBarringtonJr.1966. Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World.Boston: Beacon Press.
103.
MückeUlrich. 2001. “Elections and Political Participation in Nineteenth-Century Peru: The 1871–72 Presidential Campaign.”Journal of Latin American Studies33:311–46.
104.
MurmisMiguelPortantieroJuan C.1971. Estudios sobre los orígines del peronismo.Buenos Aires: Siglo Veintiuno Editores.
105.
NavarroMarysa1982. “Evita's Charismatic Leadership.” Pp. 47–66 in Latin American Populism in Comparative Perspective, edited by ConniffMichael L.Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
106.
OberschallAnthony1973. Social Conflict and Social Movements.Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
107.
PrzeworskiAdam1977. “Proletariat into a Class: The Process of Class Formation from Karl Kautsky's The Class Struggle to Recent Controversies.”Politics and Society7:343–401.
108.
PrzeworskiAdam1995. Sustainable Democracy.Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
109.
QuijanoAnibal1968. “Tendencies in Peruvian Development and Class Structure.” Pp. 289–328 in Latin America: Reform or Revolution?, edited by PetrasJamesZeitlinMaurice. Greenwich, UK: Fawcett.
110.
ReddingKent1992. “Failed Populism: Movement-Party Disjuncture in North Carolina, 1890–1900.”American Sociological Review57:340–52.
111.
RobertsKenneth M.1996. “Neoliberalism and the Transformation of Populism in Latin America. The Peruvian Case.”World Politics48:82–116.
112.
RueschemeyerDietrichStephensEvelyne H.StephensJohn D.1992. Capitalist Development and Democracy.Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
113.
RydgrenJens2006. From Tax Populism to Ethnic Nationalism: Radical Right-Wing Populism in Sweden.New York: Berghahn Books.
114.
SartoriGiovanni1970. “Concept Misformation in Comparative Politics.”American Political Science Review64:1033–53.
115.
SaulJohn1969. “Africa.” Pp. 122–50 in Populism: Its Meaning and National Characteristics, edited by IonescuGhiţaGellnerErnest. New York: Macmillan.
116.
SchumpeterJoseph1962. Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy.New York: Harper Torchbooks.
117.
SchwartzMichael1976. Radical Protest and Social Structure: The Southern Farmers' Alliance and Cotton Tenancy, 1880–1890.New York: Academic Press.
118.
SewellWilliam H.Jr.1992. “A Theory of Structure: Duality, Agency, and Transformation.”American Journal of Sociology98:1–29.
119.
SkidmoreThomas E.1979. “Workers and Soldiers: Urban Labor Movements and Elite Responses in Twentieth-Century Latin America.” Pp. 79–126 in Elites, Masses, and Modernization in Latin America, 1850–1930, edited by BernhardVirginia. Austin: University of Texas Press.
120.
SkidmoreThomas E.SmithPeter H.1992. Modern Latin America.Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
121.
SkocpolTheda1979. States and Social Revolutions: A Comparative Analysis of France, Russia, and China.Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
122.
SmelserNeil J.1963. Theory of Collective Behavior.New York: Free Press.
123.
Sosa-BuchholzXimena. 1999. “The Strange Career of Populism in Ecuador.” Pp. 138–56 in Populism in Latin America, edited by ConniffMichael L.Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press.
124.
SouleSarah A.1992. “Populism and Black Lynching in Georgia, 1890–1900.”Social Forces71:431–49.
125.
SpaldingHobart A.Jr.1977. Organized Labor in Latin America: Historical Case Studies of Workers in Dependent Societies.New York: New York University Press.
126.
SpektorowskiAlberto1994. “The Ideological Origins of Right and Left Nationalism in Argentina, 1930–43.”Journal of Contemporary History29:155–84.
127.
SteinSteve1980. Populism in Peru: The Emergence of the Masses and the Politics of Social Control.Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
128.
StepanAlfred1978. The State and Society: Peru in Comparative Perspective.Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
129.
StevensEvelyn P.1977. “Mexico's PRI: The Institutionalization of Corporatism?” Pp. 227–58 in Authoritarianism and Corporatism in Latin America, edited by MalloyJames M.Pittsburgh, PA: Pittsburgh University Press.
130.
StinchcombeArthur L.1968. Constructing Social Theories.New York: Harcourt, Brace & World.
131.
SwidlerAnn1986. “Culture in Action: Symbols and Strategies.”American Sociological Review51:273–86.
132.
TaggartPaul2004. “Populism and Representative Politics in Contemporary Europe.”Journal of Political Ideologies9:269–88.
133.
TamarinDavid1982. “Yrigoyen and Perón: The Limits of Argentine Populism.” Pp. 31–45 in Latin American Populism in Comparative Perspective, edited by ConniffMichael L.Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
134.
TarrowSidney1998. Power in Movement.New York: Cambridge University Press.
135.
ThompsonE. P.1963. The Making of the English Working Class.New York: Pantheon Books.
136.
TillyCharles1978. From Mobilization to Revolution.New York: McGraw-Hill.
137.
TillyCharles1984. “Social Movements and National Politics.” Pp. 297–317 in Statemaking and Social Movements: Essays in History and Theory, edited by BrightCharlesHardingSusan. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
138.
TillyCharles1986. The Contentious French.Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
139.
TillyCharles1990. Coercion, Capital, and European States, AD 990–1990.Cambridge, UK: Basil Blackwell.
140.
TillyCharles2008. Contentious Performances.Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
141.
TraugottMarc1995. Repertoires and Cycles of Collective Action.Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
142.
UčeňPeter. 2007. “Parties, Populism, and Anti-Establishment Politics in East Central Europe.”SAIS Review27:49–62.
143.
van NiekerkA. E.1974. Populism and Political Development in Latin America.Rotterdam: Rotterdam University Press.
144.
vom HauMatthias. 2007. Contested Inclusion: A Comparative Study of Nationalism in Mexico, Argentina, and Peru. Ph.D. Dissertation. Department of Sociology, Brown University.
145.
WaismanCarlos H.1982. Modernization and the Working Class: The Politics of Legitimacy.Austin: University of Texas Press.
146.
WaismanCarlos H.1987. Reversal of Development in Argentina: Postwar Counterrevolutionary Politics and Their Structural Consequences.Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
147.
WalickiAndrzej1969. “Russia.” Pp. 62–96 in Populism: Its Meaning and National Characteristics, edited by IonescuGhiţaGellnerErnest. New York: Macmillan.
148.
WalkerEdward T.MartinAndrew W.McCarthyJohn D.2008. “Confronting the State, the Corporation, and the Academy: The Influence of Institutional Targets on Social Movement Repertoires.”American Journal of Sociology114:35–76.
149.
WeberMax1978. Economy and Society.Berkeley: University of California Press.
150.
WeffortFrancisco1998. “El populismo en la política brasileña.” Pp. 135–52 in Populismo y neopopulismo en América Latina: El problema de la cenicienta, edited by MackinnonMaría M.PetroneMario A.
151.
Buenos Aires: Editorial Universitaria de Buenos Aires.
152.
WeylandKurt1996. “Neopopulism and Neoliberalism in Latin America: Unexpected Affinities.”Studies in Comparative International Development31:3–31.
153.
WeylandKurt1998. “Swallowing the Bitter Pill: Sources of Popular Support for Neoliberal Reform in Latin America.”Comparative Political Studies31:539–68.
154.
WeylandKurt1999. “Neoliberal Populism in Latin America and Eastern Europe.”Comparative Politics31:379–401.
155.
WeylandKurt2000. “A Paradox of Success? Determinants of Political Support for President Fujimori.”International Studies Quarterly44:481–502.
156.
WhiteheadLaurence1991. “Bolivia Since 1930.” Pp. 509–83 in Latin America since 1930: Spanish South America, edited by BethellLeslie. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
157.
WolfeJoel1994. “‘Father of the Poor’ or ‘Mother of the Rich’? Getúlio Vargas, Industrial Workers, and Constructions of Class, Gender, and Populism in São Paulo, 1930–1954.”Radical History Review58:80–112.
158.
ZabaletaMarta1997. “Ideology and Populism in Latin America: A Gendered Overview.”Ideologues and Ideologies in Latin America, edited by FowlerWill. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
