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Supra note 27.

Supra note 26.

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Supra note 26. Compare with R. Macklin, “Ethics and Equity in Access to HIV Treatment – 3 by 5 Initiative,” Background paper for the consultation on ethics and equitable access to treatment and care for HIV/AIDS, Geneva, 2004: “Justice as reciprocity calls for providing something in return for contributions that people have made. One example might be individuals who have participated in HIV-related research: participants in AIDS treatment trials, and those in epidemiologic or preventive vaccine trials discovered to be HIV positive. These people undertook the risks or inconvenience of serving as research subjects without a guarantee of receiving any direct beneft.”

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Supra note 55, at 20.

Supra note 55, at 23.

Supra note 26, at 4.