Cost-Sharing under Consumer-Driven Health Care Will Not Reform U.S. Health Care

Pauly M. V. , “The Economics of Moral Hazard: Comment.” American Economic Review 58 (1968): 3.

Brook R. H. Ware J. E. Rogers W. R. Keeler E. B. Davies A. R. , “Does Free Care Improve Adults' Health? Results from a Randomized Controlled Trial,” New England Journal of Medicine 309, no. 23 (1983): 1426–1434.

Pauly M. V. , “More on Moral Hazard,” Journal of Health Economics 2, no. 1 (1983): 83.

Newhouse J. P. , “Consumer-Directed Health Plans and the RAND Health Insurance Experiment,” Health Affairs (Milwood) 23, no. 6 (1993): 107–113.

Bloom B. S. Jacobs J. , “Cost Effects of Restricting Cost Effective Therapy,” Medical Care 23, no. 7 (1985): 872–879;

Soumerai S. B. Ross-Degnan A. D. Gortmaker S. , “Payment Restrictions for Prescription Drugs under Medicaid: Effects on Therapy, Cost and Equity,” New England Journal of Medicine 317, no. 9 (1987): 550–556;

Soumerai S. B. Ross-Degnan A. D. Avorn J. McLaughlin T. J. Choodnovskly J. “Effects of Medicaid Drug-Payment Limits on Admission to Hospitals and Nursing Homes,” New England Journal of Medicine 325, no. 15 (2004): 1072–1077.

Goldman D. P. Joyce G. I. Escarce J. J. , “Pharmacy Benefits and the Use of Drugs by the Chronically Ill,” JAMA 291, no. 19 (2004): 2344–2350.

Nyman J. , The Theory of Demand for Health Insurance (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2003).

Robinson J. C. , “Consolidation and the Transformation of Competition in Health Insurance,” Health Affairs (Millwood) 23, no. 6 (2004): 11–24.

Goldman D. P. Joyce G. F. Zheng Y. , “Prescription Drug Cost-Sharing: Associations with Medication and Medical Utilization and Spending and Health,” JAMA 298, no. 1 (2007): 61–88.

Artiga S. O'Malley M. , “Increasing Premiums and Cost-Sharing in Medicaid and SCHIP: Recent State Experiences,” Issue Paper, Kaiser Commission on Medicaid and the Uninsured, Kaiser Family Foundation, May 2005, at 2.

Geyman J. P. , “Moral Hazard and Consumer-Driven Health Care: A Fundamentally Flawed Concept,” International Journal of Health Services 37, no. 2 (2007): 333–351.

Goodell S. Swartz K. , “Cost-Sharing: Effects on Spending and Outcomes,” The Synthesis Project, Policy Brief No. 20, Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (December 2010).

Lusardi A. Schneider D. J. Tufano P. , The Economic Crisis and Medical Care Usage, National Bureau of Economic Research, Working Paper 15843 (March 2010).

Robinson J. C. , “Consumer-Directed Health Insurance: The Next Generation. An Interview with John Rowe,” Health Affairs Web Exclusive W5 (December 13, 2005): 583–950, at 586.

McQueen M. P. , “The Shifting Calculus of Workplace Benefits,” Wall Street Journal, January 16, 2007.

Terhune C. , “Thin Cushion: Fast-Growing Health Plan Has a Catch, $1,000-a-Year Cap,” Wall Street Journal, May 14, 2003, at A1.

Fuhrmans V. , “More Employers Try Limited Benefit Plans,” Wall Street Journal, January 17, 2006.

Munoz R. , “Parity or Parody: How Health Care Insurers Avoid Treating Mental Illness,” San Diego Union-Tribune, May 22, 2006.

Kolata G. , “Co-Payments Go Way Up for Drugs with High Costs. Insurers Shift Burden,” New York Times, April 14, 2008.

Martinez B. , “Cash before Chemo: Hospitals Get Tough,” Wall Street Journal, April 28, 2008.

Woolhandler S. Himmelstein D. U. , “Consumer-Directed Health Care: Except for the Healthy and Wealthy, It's Unwise,” Journal of General Internal Medicine 22, no. 6 (2007): 879–881.

Becker C. , “One Question: Credit or Debt? As Health Savings Accounts Gain in Popularity, Insurers and the Financial Services Industry Want to Bank the Cash,” Modern Healthcare 36, no. 3 (2006): 6–16.

Fisher E. S. Welch H. G. , “Avoiding the Unintended Consequences of Growth in Medical Care: How Might More Be Worse?” JAMA 281, no. 5 (1999): 446–553;

Parchman M. Culter S. “Primary Care Physicians and Avoidable Hospitalization,” Journal of Family Practice 39, no. 2 (1994): 123–126.

Himmelstein D. U. Thorne D. Warren E. Woolhandler S. , “Medical Bankruptcy in the United States, 2007: Results of a National Study,” American Journal of Medicine 122, no. 8 (2009): 741–746.

Hsia R. Y. Kellermann A. L. Shen Y. C. , “Factors Associated with Closures of Emergency Departments in the United States,” JAMA 305, no. 19 (2011): 1978–1985.

Weaver K. E. Roland J. H. Bellizzi K. M. Ariz M. M. , “Foregoing Medical Care Because of Cost: Assessing Disparities in Healthcare Access among Cancer Survivors Living in the United States,” Cancer Online, June 14, 2010.

Kaiser Family Foundation, Health Care Costs. Health Care Spending in the United States and Selected OECD Countries, April 2011.

Blitzer D. M. , “U.S. Healthcare Costs Continue to Rise, but at Declining Rates According to S&P Healthcare Economic Indices,” S&P Indices (May 19, 2011).

Enthoven A. C. , “The History and Principles of Managed Competition,” Health Affairs (Millwood) 12, Supp. (1993): 24–48.

Thorpe K. E. , “Health Care Cost Containment: Reflections and Future Directions,” in Kovner A. R. Jones S. , eds., Health Care Delivery in the United States (New York: Springer Publishing Company, 1999): 439–473.

Center for Studying Health System Change, Preferred Provider Organizations and Medicare: No Panacea for Cost, Quality Issues, Press Release, Washington, D.C., April 29, 2004.

Abelson R. , “Nurses' Association Says in Study that Big Hospital Chain Overcharges Patients for Drugs,” New York Times, November 24, 2002.

Carreyrou J. , “Nonprofit Hospitals Flex Pricing Power,” Wall Street Journal, August 28, 2008.

McNeil D. , “Do Consumer-Directed Health Benefits Favor the Young and Healthy?” Health Affairs (Millwood) 23 (2004): 186–196.

Fronstin P. , “Outlook on Consumerism in Health Care,” Employee Benefit Research Institute (EBRI) (2008): 9.

Kullgren J. T. Galbraith A. A. Hinrichsen V. L. Miroshnik I. Penfold R. B. , “Health Care Use and Decision Making among Lower-Income Families in High-Deductible Health Plans,” Archives of Internal Medicine 170 (2010): 1918–1925.

Johnson A. Rockoff J. D. Mathews A. W. , “Americans Cut Back on Visits to Doctor,” Wall Street Journal, July 29, 2010.

Trivedi A. N. Moloo H. Mor V. , “Increased Ambulatory Care Copayments and Hospitalizations among the Elderly,” New England Journal of Medicine 362, no. 4 (2010): 320–328.

The Commonwealth Fund Commission on a High Performance Health System, Why Not the Best? Results from the National Scorecard on U.S. Health System Performance, Vol. 97, July 17, 2008.