The availability of antiretroviral therapy (ART) has increased the life expectancy of people with HIV (PWH) and reduced the incidence of AIDS-associated malignancies, yet PWH have a significantly increased incidence of malignancy and less favorable outcomes of cancer treatment compared with the general population.
Immunotherapy has revolutionized cancer therapy, becoming the standard of care for various malignancy treatments. However, PWH are an underserved population with limited access to clinical trials and cancer treatment.
This review of the available evidence on different classes of cancer immunotherapy in PWH is mostly based on case reports, case series, but few prospective studies and clinical trials due to the exclusion of PWH from most oncologic clinical trials. The results of the available evidence support the safety of immunotherapy in PWH. Immunotherapy has similar effectiveness in PWH, an acceptable toxicity profile, and has no clinically significant impact on HIV viral load and CD4-T cell count. In addition, there is no reported change in the incidence of opportunistic infections and other complications for PWH with well-controlled viremia.
This review aims to briefly summarize the current state of immunotherapy in cancer, guide clinicians in the management of immunotherapy in cancer PWH, and encourage the inclusion of PWH in clinical trials of cancer immunotherapy.
SigelK, ParkL, JusticeA. Hiv and cancer in the Veterans health administration system. Semin Oncol2019;46:334–40.doi:10.1053/j.seminoncol.2019.09.007http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31703932
2.
SunejaG, ShielsMS, AnguloR, . Cancer treatment disparities in HIV-infected individuals in the United States. J Clin Oncol2014;32:2344–50.doi:10.1200/JCO.2013.54.8644http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24982448
3.
MakinsonA, ParkLS, StoneK, . Risks of opportunistic infections in people with human immunodeficiency virus with cancers treated with chemotherapy. Open Forum Infect Dis2021;8:ofab389.doi:10.1093/ofid/ofab389http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34458394
GalluzziL, VacchelliE, Bravo-San PedroJ-M, . Classification of current anticancer immunotherapies. Oncotarget2014;5:12472–508.doi:10.18632/oncotarget.2998http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25537519
6.
SambiM, BagheriL, SzewczukMR. Current challenges in cancer immunotherapy: multimodal approaches to improve efficacy and patient response rates. J Oncol2019;2019:4508794.doi:10.1155/2019/4508794http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30941175
7.
StanculeanuDL, DanielaZ, LazescuA, . Development of new immunotherapy treatments in different cancer types. J Med Life2016;9:240–8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27974927
8.
BonnetF, LewdenC, MayT, . Malignancy-related causes of death in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Cancer2004;101:317–24.doi:10.1002/cncr.20354http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15241829
9.
SilverbergMJ, LauB, AchenbachCJ, . Cumulative incidence of cancer among persons with HIV in North America: a cohort study. Ann Intern Med2015;163:507–18.doi:10.7326/M14-2768http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26436616
10.
ChiaoEY, CoghillA, KizubD, . The effect of non-AIDS-defining cancers on people living with HIV. Lancet Oncol2021;22:e240–53.doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(21)00137-6http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34087151
11.
RubinsteinPG, AboulafiaDM, ZlozaA. Malignancies in HIV/AIDS: from epidemiology to therapeutic challenges. AIDS2014;28:453–65.doi:10.1097/QAD.0000000000000071http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24401642
DubrowR, SilverbergMJ, ParkLS, . HIV infection, aging, and immune function: implications for cancer risk and prevention. Curr Opin Oncol2012;24:506–16.doi:10.1097/CCO.0b013e328355e131http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22759737
14.
ReussJE, SternD, FosterJC, . Assessment of cancer therapy evaluation program advocacy and inclusion rates of people living with HIV in Anti-PD1/PDL1 clinical trials. JAMA Netw Open2020;3:e2027110.doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.27110http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33258905
15.
VoraKB, AwadMM. Exclusion rates of patients living with HIV from cancer immunotherapy clinical trials. Journal of Clinical Oncology2020;38:e19035.doi:10.1200/JCO.2020.38.15_suppl.e19035
DavarD, WilsonM, PrucknerC, . PD-1 blockade in advanced melanoma in patients with hepatitis C and/or HIV. Case Rep Oncol Med2015;2015:737389.doi:10.1155/2015/737389http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26448890
18.
RasmussenTA, RajdevL, RhodesA, . Impact of anti-PD-1 and anti-CTLA-4 on the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) reservoir in people living with HIV with cancer on antiretroviral therapy: the AIDS malignancy Consortium 095 study. Clin Infect Dis2021;73:e1973–81.doi:10.1093/cid/ciaa1530
19.
AbbarB, BaronM, KatlamaC, . Immune checkpoint inhibitors in people living with HIV: what about anti-HIV effects?AIDS2020;34:167–75.doi:10.1097/QAD.0000000000002397http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31634190
20.
KaufmannDE, WalkerBD. PD-1 and CTLA-4 inhibitory cosignaling pathways in HIV infection and the potential for therapeutic intervention. J Immunol2009;182:5891–7.doi:10.4049/jimmunol.0803771http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19414738
BurkeMM, KlugerHM, GoldenM, . Case report: response to ipilimumab in a patient with HIV with metastatic melanoma. J Clin Oncol2011;29:e792–4.doi:10.1200/JCO.2011.36.9199http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21990407
23.
RuzevickJ, NicholasS, RedmondK, . A patient with HIV treated with ipilimumab and stereotactic radiosurgery for melanoma metastases to the brain. Case Rep Oncol Med2013;2013:946392.doi:10.1155/2013/946392http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24383025
24.
WightmanF, SolomonA, KumarSS, . Effect of ipilimumab on the HIV reservoir in an HIV-infected individual with metastatic melanoma. AIDS2015;29:504–6.doi:10.1097/QAD.0000000000000562http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25628259
25.
HentrichM, Schipek-VoigtK, JägerH, . Nivolumab in HIV-related non-small-cell lung cancer. Ann Oncol2017;28:2890.doi:10.1093/annonc/mdx321http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29106466
26.
HepptMV, SchlaakM, EigentlerTK, . Checkpoint blockade for metastatic melanoma and Merkel cell carcinoma in HIV-positive patients. Ann Oncol2017;28:3104–6.doi:10.1093/annonc/mdx538http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28950303
27.
Le GarffG, SamriA, Lambert-NiclotS, . Transient HIV-specific T cells increase and inflammation in an HIV-infected patient treated with nivolumab. AIDS2017;31:1048–51.doi:10.1097/QAD.0000000000001429http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28350581
28.
McCullarB, AllowayT, MartinM. Durable complete response to nivolumab in a patient with HIV and metastatic non-small cell lung cancer. J Thorac Dis2017;9:E540–2.doi:10.21037/jtd.2017.05.32http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28740692
29.
Sandoval-SusJD, Mogollon-DuffoF, PatelA, . Nivolumab as salvage treatment in a patient with HIV-related relapsed/refractory Hodgkin lymphoma and liver failure with encephalopathy. J Immunother Cancer2017;5:49.doi:10.1186/s40425-017-0252-3http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28642818
30.
MorrisVK, SalemME, NimeiriH, . Nivolumab for previously treated unresectable metastatic anal cancer (NCI9673): a multicentre, single-arm, phase 2 study. Lancet Oncol2017;18:446–53.doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(17)30104-3http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28223062
31.
Ostios-GarciaL, FaigJ, LeonardiGC, . Safety and efficacy of PD-1 inhibitors among HIV-positive patients with non-small cell lung cancer. J Thorac Oncol2018;13:1037–42.doi:10.1016/j.jtho.2018.03.031http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29631035
32.
TomsitzD, HeinR, BiedermannT, . Treatment of a patient with HIV and metastatic melanoma with consequitive ipilimumab and nivolumab. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol2018;32:e26–8.doi:10.1111/jdv.14450http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28662283
33.
Al HomsiMU, MostafaM, FahimK. Favorable response to treatment with Avelumab in an HIV-positive patient with advanced Merkel cell carcinoma previously refractory to chemotherapy. Case Rep Oncol2018;11:467–75.doi:10.1159/000490636http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30140209
34.
GuihotA, MarcelinA-G, MassianiM-A, . Drastic decrease of the HIV reservoir in a patient treated with nivolumab for lung cancer. Ann Oncol2018;29:517–8.doi:10.1093/annonc/mdx696http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29206889
35.
HusnainM, ParkW, RamosJC, . Complete response to ipilimumab and nivolumab therapy in a patient with extensive extrapulmonary high-grade small cell carcinoma of the pancreas and HIV infection. J Immunother Cancer2018;6:66.doi:10.1186/s40425-018-0379-xhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29986769
36.
ScullyEP, RutishauserRL, SimoneauCR, . Inconsistent HIV reservoir dynamics and immune responses following anti-PD-1 therapy in cancer patients with HIV infection. Ann Oncol2018;29:2141–2.doi:10.1093/annonc/mdy259http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30032204
37.
SpanoJ-P, VeyriM, GobertA, . Immunotherapy for cancer in people living with HIV: safety with an efficacy signal from the series in real life experience. AIDS2019;33:F13–19.doi:10.1097/QAD.0000000000002298http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31259762
38.
SerraoA, CanichellaM, De LucaML, . Nivolumab as a safe and effective treatment in an HIV patient with refractory Hodgkin lymphoma. Ann Hematol2019;98:1505–6.doi:10.1007/s00277-018-3541-0http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30413900
39.
CookMR, KimC. Safety and efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy in patients with HIV infection and advanced-stage cancer: a systematic review. JAMA Oncol2019;5:1049–54.doi:10.1001/jamaoncol.2018.6737http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30730549
40.
UldrickTS, GonçalvesPH, Abdul-HayM, . Assessment of the safety of pembrolizumab in patients with HIV and advanced cancer-a phase 1 study. JAMA Oncol2019;5:1332–9.doi:10.1001/jamaoncol.2019.2244http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31154457
41.
LavoleA, MazieresJ, SchneiderS, . Assessment of nivolumab in HIV-infected patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer after prior chemotherapy. The IFCT-1602 CHIVA2 phase 2 clinical trial. Lung Cancer2021;158:146–50.doi:10.1016/j.lungcan.2021.05.031http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34217967
42.
Gonzalez-CaoM, MoránT, DalmauJ, . Assessment of the feasibility and safety of Durvalumab for treatment of solid tumors in patients with HIV-1 infection: the phase 2 DURVAST study. JAMA Oncol2020;6:1063–7.doi:10.1001/jamaoncol.2020.0465http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32271353
43.
BelluominiL, CaldartA, AvanciniA, . Infections and immunotherapy in lung cancer: a bad relationship?Int J Mol Sci2020;22. doi:doi:10.3390/ijms22010042. [Epub ahead of print: 22 Dec 2020].http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33375194
NguyenKG, VrabelMR, MantoothSM, . Localized interleukin-12 for cancer immunotherapy. Front Immunol2020;11:575597.doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.575597http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33178203
49.
WatersRS, PerryJSA, HanS, . The effects of interleukin-2 on immune response regulation. Math Med Biol2018;35:79–119.doi:10.1093/imammb/dqw021http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28339682
50.
WrangleJM, PattersonA, JohnsonCB, . Il-2 and beyond in cancer immunotherapy. J Interferon Cytokine Res2018;38:45–68.doi:10.1089/jir.2017.0101http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29443657
51.
DutcherJP. Current status of interleukin-2 therapy for metastatic renal cell carcinoma and metastatic melanoma. Oncology2002;16:4–10.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12469934
52.
PettSL, KelleherAD, EmeryS. Role of interleukin-2 in patients with HIV infection. Drugs2010;70:1115–30.doi:10.2165/10898620-000000000-00000http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20518579
53.
AbramsD, INSIGHT-ESPRIT Study Group. Interleukin-2 therapy in patients with HIV infection. N Engl J Med2009;361:1548–59.doi:10.1056/NEJMoa090317519828532
54.
LittleRF, PludaJM, WyvillKM, . Activity of subcutaneous interleukin-12 in AIDS-related Kaposi sarcoma. Blood2006;107:4650–7.doi:10.1182/blood-2005-11-4455http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16507779
55.
LittleRF, AlemanK, KumarP, . Phase 2 study of pegylated liposomal doxorubicin in combination with interleukin-12 for AIDS-related Kaposi sarcoma. Blood2007;110:4165–71.doi:10.1182/blood-2007-06-097568http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17846226
56.
BaronS, TyringSK, FleischmannWR, . The interferons. mechanisms of action and clinical applications. JAMA1991;266:1375–83.doi:10.1001/jama.266.10.1375http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1715409
57.
LaneHC, DaveyV, KovacsJA, . Interferon-alpha in patients with asymptomatic human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Intern Med1990;112:805–11.doi:10.7326/0003-4819-112-11-805http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1971503
58.
AsmuthDM, MurphyRL, RosenkranzSL, . Safety, tolerability, and mechanisms of antiretroviral activity of pegylated interferon alfa-2a in HIV-1-monoinfected participants: a phase II clinical trial. J Infect Dis2010;201:1686–96.doi:10.1086/652420http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20420510
59.
McNamaraLA, CollinsKL. Interferon alfa therapy: toward an improved treatment for HIV infection. J Infect Dis2013;207:201–3.doi:10.1093/infdis/jis667http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23105145
60.
Fenton-MayAE, DibbenO, EmmerichT, . Relative resistance of HIV-1 founder viruses to control by interferon-alpha. Retrovirology2013;10:146.doi:10.1186/1742-4690-10-146http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24299076
61.
KrownSE, LiP, Von RoennJH, . Efficacy of low-dose interferon with antiretroviral therapy in Kaposi's sarcoma: a randomized phase II AIDS clinical trials group study. J Interferon Cytokine Res2002;22:295–303.doi:10.1089/107999002753675712http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12034036
62.
ShepherdFA, BeaulieuR, GelmonK, . Prospective randomized trial of two dose levels of interferon alfa with zidovudine for the treatment of Kaposi's sarcoma associated with human immunodeficiency virus infection: a Canadian HIV clinical trials network study. J Clin Oncol1998;16:1736–42.doi:10.1200/JCO.1998.16.5.1736http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9586886
KrownSE. AIDS-associated Kaposi's sarcoma: is there still a role for interferon alfa?Cytokine Growth Factor Rev2007;18:395–402.doi:10.1016/j.cytogfr.2007.06.005http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17656146
65.
GauthierJ, Yakoub-AghaI. Chimeric antigen-receptor T-cell therapy for hematological malignancies and solid tumors: clinical data to date, current limitations and perspectives. Curr Res Transl Med2017;65:93–102.doi:10.1016/j.retram.2017.08.003http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28988742
66.
BrudnoJN, KochenderferJN. Recent advances in CAR T-cell toxicity: mechanisms, manifestations and management. Blood Rev2019;34:45–55.doi:10.1016/j.blre.2018.11.002http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30528964
67.
AliN, FCPS Haematology. Chimeric antigen T cell receptor treatment in hematological malignancies. Blood Res2019;54:81–3.doi:10.5045/br.2019.54.2.81http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31309082
68.
FreyN, PorterD. Cytokine release syndrome with chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapy. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant2019;25:e123–7.doi:10.1016/j.bbmt.2018.12.756http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30586620
RustBJ, KiemH-P, UldrickTS. CAR T-cell therapy for cancer and HIV through novel approaches to HIV-associated haematological malignancies. Lancet Haematol2020;7:e690–6.doi:10.1016/S2352-3026(20)30142-3http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32791043
HaydenPJ, SiraitT, KosterL, . An international survey on the management of patients receiving CAR T-cell therapy for haematological malignancies on behalf of the Chronic Malignancies Working Party of EBMT. Curr Res Transl Med2019;67:79–88.doi:10.1016/j.retram.2019.05.002http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31182380
73.
AbramsonJS, IrwinKE, FrigaultMJ, . Successful anti-CD19 CAR T-cell therapy in HIV-infected patients with refractory high-grade B-cell lymphoma. Cancer2019;125:3692–8.doi:10.1002/cncr.32411http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31503324
74.
AbbasiA, PeekeS, ShahN, . Axicabtagene ciloleucel CD19 CAR-T cell therapy results in high rates of systemic and neurologic remissions in ten patients with refractory large B cell lymphoma including two with HIV and viral hepatitis. J Hematol Oncol2020;13:1.doi:10.1186/s13045-019-0838-yhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31900191
75.
AllredJ, BharuchaK, ÖzütemizC, . Chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy for HIV-associated diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: case report and management recommendations. Bone Marrow Transplant2021;56:679–82.doi:10.1038/s41409-020-01018-7http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32764581
76.
GaughanEM, DezubeBJ, BowerM, . HIV-associated bladder cancer: a case series evaluating difficulties in diagnosis and management. BMC Urol2009;9:10.doi:10.1186/1471-2490-9-10http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19719844
77.
AlhunaidiO, ZlottaAR. The use of intravesical BCG in urothelial carcinoma of the bladder. Ecancermedicalscience2019;13:905.doi:10.3332/ecancer.2019.905http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30915163
78.
GollaV, LenisAT, FaienaI, . Intravesical therapy for non-muscle invasive bladder Cancer-Current and future options in the age of Bacillus Calmette-Guerin shortage. Rev Urol2019;21:145–53.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32071562
Pérez-Jacoiste AsínMA, Fernández-RuizM, López-MedranoF, . Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) infection following intravesical BCG administration as adjunctive therapy for bladder cancer: incidence, risk factors, and outcome in a single-institution series and review of the literature. Medicine2014;93:236–54.doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000000119http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25398060
81.
PalouJ, AngerriO, SegarraJ, . Intravesical Bacillus calmette-guèrin for the treatment of superficial bladder cancer in renal transplant patients. Transplantation2003;76:1514–6.doi:10.1097/01.TP.0000090748.32764.0Fhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14657696
82.
YossepowitchO, EggenerSE, BochnerBH, . Safety and efficacy of intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Guerin instillations in steroid treated and immunocompromised patients. J Urol2006;176:482–5.doi:10.1016/j.juro.2006.03.066http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16813873
VegtPDJ, van der MeijdenAPM, SylvesterR, . Does isoniazid reduce side effects of intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Guerin therapy in superficial bladder cancer? interim results of European organization for research and treatment of cancer protocol 30911. Journal of Urology1997;157:1246–9.doi:10.1016/S0022-5347(01)64936-X
86.
Al KhalifaM, ElfvingP, MånssonW, . The effect of isoniazid on BCG-induced toxicity in patients with superficial bladder cancer. Eur Urol2000;37 Suppl 1:26–30.doi:10.1159/000052379http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10575269
87.
KristjanssonM, GreenP, ManningHL, . Molecular confirmation of Bacillus Calmette-Guérin as the cause of pulmonary infection following urinary tract instillation. Clin Infect Dis1993;17:228–30.doi:10.1093/clinids/17.2.228http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8104511
88.
AnassiE, NdefoUA, Sipuleucel-TNUA. Sipuleucel-T (Provenge) injection: the first immunotherapy agent (vaccine) for hormone-refractory prostate cancer. P T2011;36:197–202.
89.
PieczonkaCM, TelonisD, MouravievV, . Sipuleucel-T for the treatment of patients with metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer: considerations for clinical practice. Rev Urol2015;17:203–10.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26839517
90.
KantoffPW, HiganoCS, ShoreND, . Sipuleucel-T immunotherapy for castration-resistant prostate cancer. N Engl J Med2010;363:411–22.doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1001294http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20818862
91.
HiganoCS, ArmstrongAJ, SartorAO, . Real-world outcomes of sipuleucel-T treatment in proceed, a prospective registry of men with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. Cancer2019;125:4172–80.doi:10.1002/cncr.32445http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31483485
92.
CaramMEV, RossR, LinP, . Factors associated with use of Sipuleucel-T to treat patients with advanced prostate cancer. JAMA Netw Open2019;2:e192589.doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.2589http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31002323
93.
HandyCE, AntonarakisES. Sipuleucel-T for the treatment of prostate cancer: novel insights and future directions. Future Oncol2018;14:907–17.doi:10.2217/fon-2017-0531http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29260582
94.
AchardC, SurendranA, WedgeM-E, . Lighting a fire in the tumor microenvironment using oncolytic immunotherapy. EBioMedicine2018;31:17–24.doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2018.04.020http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29724655
95.
ConryRM, WestbrookB, McKeeS, . Talimogene laherparepvec: first in class oncolytic virotherapy. Hum Vaccin Immunother2018;14:839–46.doi:10.1080/21645515.2017.1412896http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29420123
96.
LawlerSE, SperanzaM-C, ChoC-F, . Oncolytic viruses in cancer treatment: a review. JAMA Oncol2017;3:841–9.doi:10.1001/jamaoncol.2016.2064http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27441411
97.
RealeA, VitielloA, ConciatoriV, . Perspectives on immunotherapy via oncolytic viruses. Infect Agent Cancer2019;14:5.doi:10.1186/s13027-018-0218-1http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30792754
AndtbackaRHI, KaufmanHL, CollichioF, . Talimogene Laherparepvec improves durable response rate in patients with advanced melanoma. J Clin Oncol2015;33:2780–8.doi:10.1200/JCO.2014.58.3377http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26014293
100.
MacedoN, MillerDM, HaqR, . Clinical landscape of oncolytic virus research in 2020. J Immunother Cancer2020;8:e001486.doi:10.1136/jitc-2020-001486http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33046622
ArgyriouAA, KalofonosHP. Recent advances relating to the clinical application of naked monoclonal antibodies in solid tumors. Mol Med2009;15:183–91.doi:10.2119/molmed.2009.00007http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19305491
103.
Corraliza-GorjónI, Somovilla-CrespoB, SantamariaS, . New strategies using antibody combinations to increase cancer treatment effectiveness. Front Immunol2017;8:8.doi:10.3389/fimmu.2017.01804http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29312320
104.
RafailidisPI, KakisiOK, VardakasK, . Infectious complications of monoclonal antibodies used in cancer therapy: a systematic review of the evidence from randomized controlled trials. Cancer2007;109:2182–9.doi:10.1002/cncr.22666http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17429839
105.
NoyA, LeeJY, CesarmanE, . Amc 048: modified CODOX-M/IVAC-rituximab is safe and effective for HIV-associated Burkitt lymphoma. Blood2015;126:160–6.doi:10.1182/blood-2015-01-623900http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25957391
106.
ReA, CattaneoC, MontotoS. Treatment management of haematological malignancies in people living with HIV. Lancet Haematol2020;7:e679–89.doi:10.1016/S2352-3026(20)30115-0http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32791044
107.
KaplanLD, LeeJY, AmbinderRF, . Rituximab does not improve clinical outcome in a randomized phase 3 trial of CHOP with or without rituximab in patients with HIV-associated non-Hodgkin lymphoma: AIDS-Malignancies Consortium trial 010. Blood2005;106:1538–43.doi:10.1182/blood-2005-04-1437http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15914552
108.
BartaSK, XueX, WangD, . Treatment factors affecting outcomes in HIV-associated non-Hodgkin lymphomas: a pooled analysis of 1546 patients. Blood2013;122:3251–62.doi:10.1182/blood-2013-04-498964http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24014242
109.
PriaAD, PinatoD, RoeJ, . Relapse of HHV8-positive multicentric Castleman disease following rituximab-based therapy in HIV-positive patients. Blood2017;129:2143–7.doi:10.1182/blood-2016-10-747477http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28143881
110.
GérardL, MichotJ-M, BurcheriS, . Rituximab decreases the risk of lymphoma in patients with HIV-associated multicentric Castleman disease. Blood2012;119:2228–33.doi:10.1182/blood-2011-08-376012http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22223822
111.
UldrickTS, WyvillKM, KumarP, . Phase II study of bevacizumab in patients with HIV-associated Kaposi's sarcoma receiving antiretroviral therapy. J Clin Oncol2012;30:1476–83.doi:10.1200/JCO.2011.39.6853http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22430271
112.
RamaswamiR, UldrickTS, PolizzottoMN, . A pilot study of liposomal doxorubicin combined with bevacizumab followed by bevacizumab monotherapy in patients with advanced Kaposi sarcoma. Clin Cancer Res2019;25:4238–47.doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-18-3528http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30979736
113.
Ablanedo-TerrazasY, Alvarado-de la BarreraC, OrmsbyCE, . Intralesional bevacizumab in patients with human immunodeficiency virus-associated Kaposi's sarcoma in the upper airway. Laryngoscope2015;125:E132–7.doi:10.1002/lary.24988http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25345840
114.
MagnéN, ChargariC, LevyA, . Bevacizumab in HIV-positive patients: concerns about safety and potential for therapeutic use. J Chemother2014;26:253–5.doi:10.1179/1973947813Y.0000000109http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24090564
115.
BerrettaM, LleshiA, ZanetE, . Bevacizumab plus irinotecan-, fluorouracil-, and leucovorin-based chemotherapy with concomitant HAART in an HIV-positive patient with metastatic colorectal cancer. Onkologie2008;31:394–7.doi:10.1159/000132360http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18596388
116.
BaraboutisIG, PapastamopoulosV, CharitsisG, . First-Time use of bevacizumab for aggressive, metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma in an HIV/hepatitis B virus coinfected patient: a case report. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol2008;20:472–3.doi:10.1097/MEG.0b013e3282f16411http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18403951
117.
BerrettaM, MartellottaF, SimonelliC, . Cetuximab/targeted chemotherapy in an HIV-positive patient with metastatic colorectal cancer in the HAART era: a case report. J Chemother2007;19:343–6.doi:10.1179/joc.2007.19.3.343http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17594933
118.
RasmussenTA, McMahonJ, ChangJJ, . Impact of alemtuzumab on HIV persistence in an HIV-infected individual on antiretroviral therapy with Sezary syndrome. AIDS2017;31:1839–45.doi:10.1097/QAD.0000000000001540http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28514279
SinghSN, ZhuY, ChumsriS, . Outcomes and chemotherapy-related toxicity in HIV-infected patients with breast cancer. Clin Breast Cancer2014;14:e53–9.doi:10.1016/j.clbc.2013.11.002http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24418743
WeinerLM, DhodapkarMV, FerroneS. Monoclonal antibodies for cancer immunotherapy. Lancet2009;373:1033–40.doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60251-8http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19304016
ThomasA, TeicherBA, HassanR. Antibody-drug conjugates for cancer therapy. Lancet Oncol2016;17:e254–62.doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(16)30030-4http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27299281
125.
RubinsteinPG, MoorePC, RudekMA, . Brentuximab vedotin with AVD shows safety, in the absence of strong CYP3A4 inhibitors, in newly diagnosed HIV-associated Hodgkin lymphoma. AIDS2018;32:605–11.doi:10.1097/QAD.0000000000001729http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29280762
126.
DahlénE, VeitonmäkiN, NorlénP. Bispecific antibodies in cancer immunotherapy. Ther Adv Vaccines Immunother2018;6:3–17.doi:10.1177/2515135518763280http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29998217
127.
SedykhS, PrinzV, BunevaV, . Therapy, perspectives. Drug Des Devel Ther2018;12:195–208.doi:10.2147/DDDT.S151282
128.
FDA. Fda grants accelerated approval to amivantamab for metastatic non-small cell lung cancer, 2021.
129.
Bender IgnacioR, DdunguH, UldrickTS. Untangling the effects of chemotherapy and HIV on CD4 Counts-Implications for immunotherapy in HIV and cancer. JAMA Oncol2020;6:235–6.doi:10.1001/jamaoncol.2019.4634http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31804653
