Hurricane Katrina created an unprecedented need for sheltering and temporary housing across a four-state area along the Gulf Coast. This article reviews the disaster literature with respect to sheltering and temporary housing and contrasts how these needs actually developed with respect to both the preimpact and postimpact evacuation situations. The article also investigates the ways that intergovernmental planning failed to anticipate the need for shelter/housing solutions or to implement effective measures to put those plans into operation.
Barnshaw, John. 2005. The continuing significance of race and class among Houston Hurricane Katrina evacuees. Natural Hazards Observer30 (2): 11-13.
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Brown, Drew, Seth Borenstein, and Alison Young. 2005. Key military help for victims of Hurricane Katrina was delayed. Knight Ridder News Service, September 17. http://www.commondreams.org/headlines05/0917-05.htm (accessed November 12, 2005).
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Bryant, Salatheia, and Cynthia Garza. 2005. Schoolbus commandeered by renegade refugees first to arrive at Astrodome. Houston Chronicle, September 1. http://www.chron.com/cs/CDA/ssistory.mpl/topstory2/3334317 (accessed November 12, 2005).
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Cable News Network. 2005. Mayor to feds: “Get off your asses”, September 2. http://www.cnn.com/2005/US/09/02/nagin.transcript/index.html (accessed November 12, 2005).
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CBS News. 2005. Katrina disaster blog September 3. CBS News, September 4. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2005/08/31/katrina/main807164.shtml (accessed November 12, 2005).
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City of New Orleans Office of Emergency Preparedness. 2005. Annex I: Hurricanes. City of New Orleans Comprehensive Emergency Response Plan. http://msnbcmedia.msn.com/i/msnbc/Components/Interactives/News/US/Katrina/docs/City%2520Of%2520New%2520Orleans%2520Emergency%2520Preparedness%2520%2520Hurricanes.pdf (accessed November 12, 2005).
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Clarke, Lee. 1999. Mission improbable: Using fantasy documents to tame disaster. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
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DeBose, Brian. 2005. Blacks fault lack of local leadership. Washington Times, September 10. http://washingtontimes.com/national/20050909-113107-3180r.htm (accessed November 12, 2005).
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Dunne, Mike. 2005. State officials urge phase 1 evacuations for low-lying areas. The Advocate, July 8. http://www.ohsep.louisiana.gov/newsrelated/StateUrgePhase1.htm (accessed November 12, 2005).
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Eisler, Peter, and Tracy Watson. 2005. New Orleans’ defenses go only so high. USA Today, August 28. http://www.usatoday.com/weather/stromcenter/2005-08-28-katrina (accessed November 12, 2005).
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Federal Emergency Management Agency. 2005a. FEMA contracts to provide housing relief for displaced hurricane victims. Press Release, September 8. http://www.fema.gov/news/newsrelease.fema?id=18708 (accessed November 12, 2005).
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Federal Emergency Management Agency. 2005b. Katrina evacuees in Arkansas update. Press Release, September 20. http://www.fema.gov/news/newsrelease.fema?id=19038 (accessed November 12, 2005).
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Federal Emergency Management Agency. 2005c. Working together to rebuild the Gulf Coast. Press Release, November 3. http://www.fema.gov/news/newsrelease.fema?id=20301 (accessed November 12, 2005).
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Gregory, James N.1991. American exodus: The dust bowl migration and the Okie culture in California. Cary, NC: Oxford University Press.
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Harris County Joint Information Center. 2005a. The Astrodome site is not turning away evacuees. Press Release, September 2. http://www.hcjic.org/news_release.asp?intRelease_ID=1950&intAcc_ID=62 (accessed November 12, 2005).
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Harris County Joint Information Center. 2005b. Number of citizens. Press Release, September 20. http://www.hcjic.org/default.asp (accessed November 12, 2005).
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Harris County Joint Information Center. 2005c. Press briefing regarding the transfer of Superdome evacuees to the Houston Astrodome. Press Release, August 31. http://www.hcjic.org/news_release.asp?intRelease_ID=1948&intAcc_ID=62 (accessed November 12, 2005).
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Harris County Joint Information Center. 2005d. Press conference with Governor Perry. Press Release, September 2. http://www.hcjic.org/news_release.asp?intRelease_ID=1951&intAcc_ID=62 (accessed November 12, 2005).
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Kettl, Donald. 2005. Rewiring for success. Risk Management Review (Fall): 6. http://grace.wharton.upenn.edu/risk/review/Fall2005.pdf (accessed November 12, 2005).
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KVOA-TV. 2005. Five days after Katrina, frustrated refugees still wait for salvation. KVOA News, September 3. http://kvoa.com/Global/story.asp?S=3803248 (accessed November 12, 2005).
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Laska, Shirley. 2004. What if Hurricane Ivan had not missed New Orleans?Natural Hazards Observer29 (2): 5-6.
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Lush, Tamara. 2005. For forecasting chief, no joy in being right. Saint Petersburg Times, August 30. http://www.sptimes.com/2005/08/30/State/For_forecasting_chief.shtml (accessed November 12, 2005).
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O’Brien, Soledad. 2005. FEMA under fire. CNN Video, September 2. http://www.cnn.com/video/player/player.html?url=/video/bestoftv/2005/09/02/soledad.fema.brown.katrina.cnn (accessed November 12, 2005).
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Office of Emergency Preparedness. 2005. State of Louisiana Emergency Operations Plan. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/3/3c/EOPSupplement1a.pdf (accessed November 12, 2005).
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Phillips, Brenda. 1992. Cultural diversity in disasters: Sheltering, housing, and long term recovery. International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters11 (1): 99-110.
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Phillips, Brenda. 1993. Sheltering and housing low income and minority groups after the Loma Prieta earthquake. Paper Presented to the California Seismic Safety Commission, Sacramento.
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Quarantelli, Enrico. 1982. General and particular observations on sheltering and housing in American disasters. Disaster6:277-281.
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Quarantelli, Enrico. 1991. Patterns of sheltering and housing in American disasters. Preliminary Paper no. 170. Newark: Disaster Research Center.
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Quarantelli, Enrico. 1995. Patterns of sheltering and housing in United States disasters. Disaster Prevention and Management4:43-53.
30.
Renne, John. 2005. Car-less in the eye of Katrina. Planetizen, September 6. http://www.planetizen.com/node/17255 (accessed November 12, 2005).
31.
Ruch, Carlton, Crane Miller, Mark Haflich, Nelson Farber, Philip Berke, and Norris Stubbs. 1991. The feasibility of vertical evacuation. Boulder: University of Colorado Institute of Behavioral Science.
32.
Russell, Gordon. 2005. Nagin orders first-ever mandatory evacuation of New Orleans. Times-Picayune, August 28. http://www.nola.com/newslogs/breakingtp/index.ssf?/mtlogs/nola_Times-Picayune/archives/2005_08_28.html%23074657 (accessed November 12, 2005).
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U.S. Census Bureau. 2005. Fast facts on areas affected by Hurricane Katrina. Press Release, September 6. http://www.census.gov/Press-Release/www/releases/archives/hurricanes_tropical_storms/005672.html (accessed November 12, 2005).
34.
U.S. Department of Homeland Security. 2004. National Response Plan. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Homeland Security.
