In the United States, the housing search process has largely moved online for urban residents, yet little work has examined if and how the information homeseekers are exposed to on housing websites matters for their assessments of potential destinations. We designed a unique, geographically contextual survey experiment that uses real neighborhood names and actual online housing advertisement text to test if residents’ ratings of neighborhoods as desirable are affected by novel information. We find that online housing information—descriptions of housing units, neighborhoods, and how to apply for leases—largely reproduces the existing racial-spatial hierarchy, where non-poor White neighborhoods are rated as the most desirable, and poor Black and Latinx neighborhoods are rated as the least, with Asian neighborhoods in between. Residents’ prior familiarity with neighborhoods in their metro attenuates but does not fully explain away these effects, and the effect varies by race/ethnicity, with White residents the most sensitive to novel information. We offer a sophisticated model of the digital information environment in which an ethnoracially diverse population is exposed to neighborhood options, and we detail how our methods improve survey experiment design more broadly. Our results show that relatively small amounts of seemingly race-neutral information can affect residential preferences.
AbbottAndrew. 2016. Processual Sociology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
2.
AbendGabriel. 2018. “The Limits of Decision and Choice.” Theory and Society47(6):805–41.
3.
AdelmanRobert M.2005. “The Roles of Race, Class, and Residential Preferences in the Neighborhood Racial Composition of Middle-Class Blacks and Whites.” Social Science Quarterly86(1):209–28.
4.
AduProvidenceDelmelleElizabeth C.2022. “Spatial Variations in Exclusionary Criteria from Online Rental Advertisements.” The Professional Geographer74(4):704–14.
5.
BaderMichael D. M.KrysanMaria. 2015. “Community Attraction and Avoidance in Chicago: What’s Race Got to Do with It?”ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science660:261–28.
6.
BaderMichael D. M.LareauAnnetteEvansShani A.2019. “Talk on the Playground: The Neighborhood Context of School Choice.” City & Community18(2):483–508.
7.
BarabasJasonJeritJennifer. 2010. “Are Survey Experiments Externally Valid?”American Political Science Review104(2):226–42.
8.
BillinghamChaseHuntMatthew O.2016. “School Racial Composition and Parental Choice: New Evidence on the Preferences of White Parents in the United States.” Sociology of Education89(2):99–117.
9.
BerkRichardPitkinEmilBrownLawrenceBujaAndreasGeorgeEdwardZhaoLinda. 2013. “Covariance Adjustments for the Analysis of Randomized Field Experiments.” Evaluation Review37(3/4):170–96.
10.
BesbrisMax. 2016. “Romancing the Home: Emotions and the Interactional Creation of Demand in the Housing Market.” Socio-Economic Review14(3):461–82.
11.
BesbrisMax. 2020. Upsold: Real Estate Agents, Prices, and Neighborhood Inequality. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
12.
BesbrisMaxFaberJacob W.2017. “Investigating the Relationship between Real Estate Agents, Segregation, and House Prices: Steering and Upselling in New York State.” Sociological Forum32(4):850–73.
13.
BesbrisMaxFaberJacob W.RichPeterSharkeyPatrick. 2015. “Effect of Neighborhood Stigma on Economic Transactions.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences112(16):4994–98.
14.
BesbrisMaxFaberJacob W.RichPeterSharkeyPatrick. 2018. “The Geography of Stigma: Experimental Methods to Identify the Penalty of Place.” Pp. 159–77 in Audit Studies: Behind the Scenes with Theory, Method and Nuance, edited by GaddisS. M.New York: Springer.
15.
BesbrisMaxFaberJacob W.SharkeyPatrick. 2019. “Disentangling the Effects of Race and Place in Economic Transactions: Findings from an Online Field Experiment.” City & Community18(2):529–55.
16.
BesbrisMaxFineGary Alan. 2023. “Planning as Social Practice: The Formation and Blockage of Competitive Futures in Tournament Chess, Homebuying, and Political Organizing.” Theory and Society52(6):1125–48.
17.
BesbrisMaxKorver-GlennElizabeth. 2023. “Value Fluidity and Value Anchoring: Race, Intermediaries and Valuation in Two Housing Markets.” Socio-Economic Review21(1):79–98.
18.
BesbrisMaxKukJohnOwensAnnSchachterAriela. 2022. “Predatory Inclusion in the Market for Rental Housing: A Multicity Empirical Test.” Socius8 (https://doi.org/10.1177/23780231221079001).
19.
BesbrisMaxRobinson IIIJohn N.AngeloHillary. 2024. “A Sociology of Real Estate: Polanyi, Du Bois, and the Relational Study of Commodified Land in a Climate Changed Future.” Annual Review of Sociology50:365–83.
20.
BesbrisMaxSchachterArielaKukJohn. 2021. “The Unequal Availability of Rental Housing Information across Neighborhoods.” Demography58(4):1197–221.
21.
BoeingGeoff. 2020. “Online Rental Housing Market Representation and the Digital Reproduction of Urban Inequality.” Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space52(2):449–68.
22.
BoeingGeoffBesbrisMaxSchachterArielaKukJohn. 2021. “Housing Search in the Age of Big Data: Smarter Cities or the Same Old Blind Spots?”Housing Policy Debate31(1):112–26.
23.
BoeingGeoffBesbrisMaxWachsmuthDavidWegmannJake. 2021. “Tilted Platforms: Rental Housing Technology and the Rise of Urban Data Oligopolies.” Urban Transformations3:6 (https://doi.org/10.1186/s42854-021-00024-2).
24.
BoeingGeoffWaddell.Paul2017. “New Insights into Rental Housing Markets across the United States: Web Scraping and Analyzing Craigslist Rental Listings.” Journal of Planning Education and Research37(4):457–76.
25.
BrannonMonica M.2017. “Datafied and Divided: Techno-Dimensions of Inequality in American Cities.” City & Community16(1):20–24.
26.
BruchElizabethFeinbergFred. 2017. “Decision-Making Processes in Social Contexts.” Annual Review of Sociology43:207–27.
27.
BruchElizabethMareRobert D.2012. “Methodological Issues in the Analysis of Residential Preferences, Residential Mobility, and Neighborhood Change.” Sociological Methodology42(1):103–54.
28.
BruchElizabethSwaitJoffre. 2019. “Choice Set Formation in Residential Mobility and Its Implications for Segregation Dynamics.” Demography56(5):1665–92.
29.
Burdick-WillJuliaGriggJeffrey A.NerenbergKiara MillayConnollyFaith. 2020. “Socially-Structured Mobility Networks and School Segregation Dynamics: The Role of Emergent Consideration Sets.” American Sociological Review85(4):675–708.
30.
CarrilloLauraPattilloMaryHardyErinAcevedo-GarciaDolores. 2016. “Housing Decisions among Low-Income Hispanic Households in Chicago.” Cityscape18(2):109–50.
31.
CharlesCamille. 2006. Won’t You Be My Neighbor. New York: Russell Sage.
32.
ChiricosTedMcEntireReneeGerzMarc. 2001. “Perceived Racial and Ethnic Composition of Neighborhood and Perceived Risk of Crime.” Social Problems48(3):322–40.
33.
ClarkWilliam A. V.1992. “Residential Preferences and Residential Choices in a Multiethnic Context.” Demography29(3):451–66.
34.
CostaAnaSassVictoriaKennedyIanRoyRoshniWalterRebecca J.AcolinArthurCrowderKyleHessChrisRamillerAlexChasinsSarah. 2021. “Toward a Cross-Platform Framework: Assessing the Comprehensiveness of Online Rental Listings.” Cityscape23(2):327–39.
35.
CottomTressie McMillan. 2020. “Where Platform Capitalism and Racial Capitalism Meet: The Sociology of Race and Racism in the Digital Age.” Sociology of Race and Ethnicity6(4):441–49.
36.
DarrahJenniferDeLucaStefanie. 2014. “‘Living Here Has Changed My Whole Perspective’: How Escaping Inner-City Poverty Shapes Neighborhood and Housing Choice.” Journal of Policy Analysis and Management33(2):350–84.
37.
DavisTiffany Y.MooreWendy Leo. 2014. “Spanish Not Spoken Here: Accounting for the Racialization of the Spanish Language in the Experiences of Mexican Migrants in the United States.” Ethnicities14(5):676–97.
38.
de la CuestaBrandonEgamiNaokiImaiKosuke. 2022. “Improving the External Validity of Conjoint Analysis: The Essential Role of Profile Distribution.” Political Analysis30(1):19–45.
39.
DeLucaStefanieWoodHollyRosenblattPeter. 2019. “Why Poor Families Move (and Where They Go): Reactive Mobility and Residential Decisions.” City & Community18(2):556–93.
40.
EdelmannAchimWolffTomMontagneDanielleBailChristopher A.2020. “Computational Social Science and Sociology.” Annual Review of Sociology46:61–81.
41.
EgamiNaokiFongChristian J.GrimmerJustinRobertsMargaret E.StewartBrandon M.2022. “How to Make Causal Inferences Using Text.” Science Advances8(42) (https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abg2652).
42.
EgamiNaokiHartmanErin. 2023. “Elements of External Validity: Framework, Design, and Analysis.” American Political Science Review117(3):1070–88.
43.
EmersonMichael O.YanceyGeorgeChaiKaren J.2001. “Does Race Matter in Residential Segregation? Exploring the Preferences of White Americans.” American Sociological Review66(6):922–35.
44.
EmirbayerMustafa. 1997. “Manifesto for a Relational Sociology.” American Journal of Sociology103(2):281–317.
45.
EnosRyan D.2014. “The Causal Effect of Intergroup Contact on Exclusionary Attitudes.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences111(10):3699–704.
46.
EvansMeganLeeBarrett A.2020. “Neighborhood Reputations as Symbolic and Stratifying Mechanisms in the Urban Hierarchy.” Sociology Compass14(10):1–15.
47.
FaberJacob W.2020. “We Built This: The Consequences of New Deal Era Intervention in America’s Racial Geography.” American Sociological Review85(5):739–75.
48.
FarleyReynoldsSteehCharlotteKrysanMariaJacksonTaraReevesKeith. 1994. “Stereotypes and Segregation: Neighborhoods in the Detroit Area.” American Journal of Sociology100(3):750–80.
49.
FindleyMichael G.KikutaKyosukeDenlyMichael. 2021. “External Validity.” Annual Review of Political Science24:365–93.
50.
FloresRené D.SchachterAriela. 2018. “Who Are the ‘Illegals’? The Social Construction of Illegality in the United States.” American Sociological Review83(5):839–68.
51.
FongChristianGrimmerJustin. 2023. “Causal Inference with Latent Treatments.” American Journal of Political Science67(2):374–89.
52.
FongKelley. 2019. “Subject to Evaluation: How Parents Assess and Mobilize Information from Social Networks in School Choice.” Sociological Forum34(1):158–80.
GalsterGeorge. 2019. Making Our Neighborhood, Making Ourselves. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
55.
GalsterGeorgeGodfreyErin. 2005. “By Words and Deeds: Racial Steering by Real Estate Agents in the U.S. in 2000.” Journal of the American Planning Association71(3):251–86.
56.
GoyetteKimberlyIcelandJohnWeiningerElliot. 2014. “Moving for the Kids: Examining the Influence of Children on White Residential Segregation.” City & Community13(2):158–78.
57.
HallMatthewKrysanMaria. 2017. “The Neighborhood Context of Latinx Threat.” Sociology of Race and Ethnicity3(2):218–35.
58.
HallMatthewTimberlakeJeffrey M.Johns-WolfeElaina. 2023. “Racial Steering in U.S. Housing Markets: When, Where, and to Whom Does It Occur?”Socius9 (https://doi.org/10.1177/23780231231197024).
59.
HargittaiEszterMicheliMarina. 2019. “Internet Skills and Why They Matter.” Pp. 109–24 in Society and the Internet: How Networks of Information and Communication Are Changing Our Lives, edited by DuttonW. H.GrahamM.New York: Oxford University Press.
60.
HarrisDavid R.1999. “‘Property Values Drop When Blacks Move In, Because. . .’: Racial and Socioeconomic Determinants of Neighborhood Desirability.” American Sociological Review64(3):461–79.
61.
HarveyHopeFongKellyEdinKathrynDeLucaStefanie. 2020. “Forever Homes and Temporary Stops: Housing Search Logics and Residential Selection.” Social Forces98(4):1498–523.
HessChrisAcolinArthurWalterRebeccaKennedyIanChasinsSarahCrowderKyle. 2021. “Searching for Housing in the Digital Age: Neighborhood Representation on Internet Rental Housing Platforms across Space, Platform, and Metropolitan Segregation.” Environment and Planning A53(8):2012–32.
64.
HessChrisWalterRebecca J.KennedyIanAcolinArthurRamillerAlexCrowderKyle. 2023. “Segmented Information, Segmented Outcomes: Housing Affordability and Neighborhood Representation on a Voucher-Focused Online Housing Platform and Three Mainstream Alternatives.” Housing Policy Debate33(6):1511–35.
65.
HopkinsDaniel J.TranVan C.WilliamsonAbigail Fisher. 2014. “See No Spanish: Language, Local Context, and Attitudes toward Immigration.” Politics, Groups, and Identities2(1):35–51.
66.
HowellJuniaEmersonMichael O.2018. “Preserving Racial Hierarchy Amidst Changing Racial Demographics: How Neighbourhood Racial Preferences Are Changing While Maintaining Segregation.” Ethnic and Racial Studies41(15):2770–89.
67.
HwangJackelynDahirNimaSarukkaiMayukaWrightGabby. 2023. “Curating Training Data for Reliable Large-Scale Visual Data Analysis: Lessons from Identifying Trash in Street View Imagery.” Sociological Methods & Research52(3):1155–1200.
68.
HwangJackelynMcDanielTyler W.2022. “Racialized Reshuffling: Urban Change and the Persistence of Segregation in the Twenty-First Century.” Annual Review of Sociology48:397–419.
69.
HwangJackelynNaikNikhil. 2023. “Systematic Social Observation at Scale: Using Crowdsourcing and Computer Vision to Measure Visible Neighborhood Conditions.” Sociological Methodology53(2):183–216.
70.
HwangJackelynZhangIris H.2025. “The Reign of Racialized Residential Sorting: Gentrification and Residential Mobility in the Twenty-First Century.” City & Community24(2):83–110.
71.
JiménezTomás. 2017. The Other Side of Assimilation. Oakland: University of California Press.
JonesJennifer A.2019. The Browning of the New South. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
74.
JonesNikkiJacksonChristina. 2012. “‘You Just Don’t Go Down There’: Learning to Avoid the Ghetto in San Francisco.” Pp. 82–109 in The Ghetto, edited by HutchinsonR.HaynesB. D.New York: Routledge.
75.
KennedyCourtneyBlumenthalMarkClementScottClintonJoshua D.DurandClaireFranklinCharlesMcGeeneyKyleyMiringoffLeeOlsonKristenRiversDouglas. 2018. “An Evaluation of the 2016 Election Polls in the United States.” Public Opinion Quarterly82(1):1–33.
76.
KennedyIanHessChrisPaulladaAmandalynneChasinsSarah. 2021. “Racialized Discourse in Seattle Rental Ad Texts.” Social Forces99(4):1432–56.
77.
Korver-GlennElizabeth. 2021. Race Brokers: Housing Markets and Segregation in 21st Century Urban America. New York: Oxford University Press.
78.
Korver-GlennElizabethBartramRobinBesbrisMax. 2023. “Housing Market Intermediaries.” Pp. 191–202 in The Sociology of Housing, edited by McCabeB. J.RosenE.Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
79.
Korver-GlennElizabethLeeHannahCrowderKyle. 2024. “Real Estate Platforms, the Housing Search Process, and Racial Residential Stratification.” Race and Social Problems16:133–56.
80.
KrysanMaria. 2002. “Whites Who Say They’d Flee: Who Are They, and Why Would They Leave?”Demography39(4):675–96.
81.
KrysanMaria. 2008. “Does Race Matter in the Search for Housing? An Exploratory Study of Search Strategies, Experiences, and Locations.” Social Science Research37(2):581–603.
82.
KrysanMariaBaderMichael. 2007. “Perceiving the Metropolis: Seeing the City Through a Prism of Race.” Social Forces86(2):699–733.
83.
KrysanMariaBaderMichael. 2009. “Racial Blind Spots: Black–White–Latinx Differences in Community Knowledge.” Social Problems56(4):677–701.
84.
KrysanMariaCouperMick P.FarleyReynoldsFormanTyrone A.2009. “Does Race Matter in Neighborhood Preferences? Results from a Video Experiment.” American Journal of Sociology115(2):527–59.
85.
KrysanMariaCrowderKyle. 2017. Cycle of Segregation: Social Processes and Residential Stratification. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
86.
KrysanMariaFarleyReynolds. 2002. “The Residential Preferences of Blacks: Do they Explain Persistent Segregation?”Social Forces80(3):937–80.
87.
KukJohnSchachterArielaFaberJacob W.BesbrisMax. 2021. “The COVID-19 Pandemic and the Rental Market: Evidence from Craigslist.” American Behavioral Scientist65(12):1623–48.
88.
KyeSamuel. 2023. “The Rise of Asian Ethnoburbs: A Case of Self-Segregation?”Sociology of Race and Ethnicity9(3):377–94.
89.
KyeSamuel H.Halpern-MannersAndrew. 2023. “If Residential Segregation Persists, What Explains Widespread Increases in Residential Diversity?”Demography60(2):583–605.
90.
LacyKaryn R.2007. Blue-Chip Black: Race, Class, and Status in the New Black Middle Class. Berkeley: University of California Press.
91.
LareauAnnette. 2014. “Schools, Housing, and the Reproduction of Inequality.” Pp. 169–206 in Choosing Homes, Choosing Schools, edited by LareauA.GoyetteK. New York: Russell Sage.
92.
LeeBarrett A.MartinMichael J. R.MatthewsStephen A.FarrellChad R.2017. “State-Level Changes in U.S. Racial and Ethnic Diversity, 1980 to 2015: A Universal Trend?” Demographic Research37:1031–48.
93.
LewisValerie A.EmersonMichael O.KlinebergStephen L.2011. “Who We'll Live With: Neighborhood Racial Composition Preferences of Whites, Blacks and Latinxs.” Social Forces89(4):1385–407.
94.
MasseyDouglasDentonNancy A.1993. American Apartheid: Segregation and the Making of the Underclass. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
95.
McLaughlinRalphYoungCheryl. 2018. “Data Democratization and Spatial Heterogeneity in the Housing Market.” Pp. 126–39 in A Shared Future: Fostering Communities of Inclusion in an Era of Inequality, edited by HerbertC.SpaderJ.MolinskyJ. J.RiegerS.Cambridge, MA: Harvard Joint Center for Housing Studies.
96.
MikulasAlexBeckBrendenBesbrisMax. 2024. “Home Price Change and Ethno-Racial Residential Segregation: Temporal Relationships at the Metro Level.” Socius10 (https://doi.org/10.1177/23780231241261606).
97.
MurphyJamieHofackerCharlesMizerskiRichard. 2006. “Primacy and Recency Effects in Clicking Behavior.” Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication11(2):522–35.
98.
MutzDiana C.PemantleRobinPhamPhilip. 2018. “The Perils of Balance Testing in Experimental Design: Messy Analyses of Clean Data.” The American Statistician73(1):32–42.
99.
NeckermanKathryn M.KirschenmanJoleen. 1991. “Hiring Strategies, Racial Bias, and Inner-City Workers.” Social Problems38(4):433–47.
100.
NobleSafiya Umoja. 2018. Algorithms of Oppression: How Search Engines Reinforce Racism. New York: NYU Press.
101.
PalmRisaDanisMichelle A.2001. “Residential Mobility: The Impacts of Web-Based Information on the Search Process and Spatial Neighborhood Choice Patterns.” Urban Geography22(7):641–55.
102.
QuillianLincolnPagerDevah. 2001. “Black Neighbors, Higher Crime? The Role of Racial Stereotypes in Evaluations of Neighborhood Crime.” American Journal of Sociology107(3):717–67.
103.
ReyArnaudLe GoffKévinAbadieMarlèneCourrieuPierre. 2020. “The Primacy Order Effect in Complex Decision Making.” Psychological Research84:1739–48.
104.
RhodesAnnaBesbrisMax. 2022. “Best Laid Plans: How the Middle Class Make Residential Decisions Post-Disaster.” Social Problems69(4):1137–53.
105.
RhodesAnnaDeLucaStefanie. 2014. “Residential Mobility and School Choice among Poor Families.” Pp. 137–66 in Choosing Homes, Choosing Schools, edited by LareauA.GoyetteK. New York: Russell Sage.
106.
RichPeterOwensAnn. 2023. “Neighborhood-School Structures: A New Approach to the Joint Study of Social Contexts.” Annual Review of Sociology49:297–317.
107.
RobertsMargaretBrandonE.StewartM.NielsenRichard A.2020. “Adjusting for Confounding with Text Matching.” American Journal of Political Science64(4):887–903.
108.
RobinsonIIIN.JohnKorver-GlennElizabethBesbrisMax. 2023. “Racial Capitalism and Social Psychology: A Note for Future Research.” Social Psychology Quarterly86(3):399–411.
109.
RosenEva. 2014. “Rigging the Rules of the Game: How Landlords Geographically Sort Low-Income Renters.” City & Community13(4):310–40.
110.
RosenEva. 2020. The Voucher Promise: “Section 8” and the Fate of an American Neighborhood. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
111.
RosenEvaGarbodenPhilip M. E.CossyleonJennifer E.2021. “Racial Discrimination in Housing: How Landlords Use Algorithms and Home Visits to Screen Tenants.” American Sociological Review86(5):787–822.
112.
RosenblattPeterDeLucaStefanie. 2012. “‘We Don’t Live Outside, We Live in Here’: Neighborhood and Residential Mobility Decisions among Low-Income Families.” City & Community11(3):254–84.
113.
SalganikMatthew. 2018. Bit by Bit: Social Research in the Digital Age. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
114.
SampsonRobert J.2012. Great American City: Chicago and the Enduring Neighborhood Effect. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
115.
SampsonRobert J.RaudenbushStephen W.2004. “Seeing Disorder: Neighborhood Stigma and the Social Construction of ‘Broken Windows.’”Social Psychology Quarterly67(4):319–42.
116.
SchachterArielaBesbrisMax. 2017. “Immigration and Neighborhood Change: Methodological Possibilities for Future Research.” City & Community16(3):244–51.
117.
SchachterArielaKukJohnBesbrisMaxHoLydia. 2024. “What’s in a Name? Place Misrepresentation and Neighborhood Stigma in the Online Housing Market.” Urban Studies61(16):3050–68.
118.
SchachterArielaKukJohnBesbrisMaxPekarekGarrett. 2023. “Inclusive but not Integrative: Ethnoracial Boundaries and the Use of Spanish in the Market for Rental Housing.” Sociological Science10:585–612.
119.
SchachterArielaWeisshaarKatherine. 2025. “Survey Experiments in Sociology.” Annual Review of Sociology51:149–69.
120.
SomashekharMaheshHessChrisKennedyIanCrowderKyle. 2024. “How do Real Estate Actors Advertise in Mixed-Income Neighborhoods? The Importance of Home Security.” Socius10 (https://doi.org/10.1177/23780231241260253).
121.
StewartRemyHessChrisKennedyIanCrowderKyle. 2023. “Move-In Fees as a Residential Sorting Mechanism within Online Rental Markets.” Cityscape25(1):239–52.
122.
StuartForrestCollinsCharles R.WadeBocarGleitRebecca D.MooreCaylin Louis. 2025. “Where do Neighborhood Reputations Come From? Analysing Chicago Community Areas Using a Systematic Neighbourhood Reputation Score, 1985–2020.” Urban Studies62(8):1669–90.
123.
SwaroopSapnaKrysanMaria. 2011. “The Determinants of Neighborhood Satisfaction: Racial Proxy Revisited.” Demography48(3):1203–29.
124.
WacquantLoïc. 2008Urban Outcasts: A Comparative Sociology of Advanced Marginality. Malden, MA: John Wiley & Sons.
125.
WangQiPhillipsNolan EdwardSmallMario L.SampsonRobert J.2018. “Urban Mobility and Neighborhood Isolation in America’s 50 Largest Cities.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences115(3):7735–40.
126.
WohlHannahBesbrisMax. 2024. “Relational Brokerage: Interaction and Valuation in Two Markets.” Qualitative Sociology47:1–21.
127.
ZhangHanLeungRyan. 2026. “Joint Text-and-Image Clustering for Social Science Research.” Sociological Methodology56(1):1–30 (https://doi.org/10.1177/00811750251382929).
128.
ZubrinskyCamille L.BoboLawrence. 1996. “Prismatic Metropolis: Race and Residential Segregation in the City of the Angels.” Social Science Research25(4):335–74.
Supplementary Material
Please find the following supplemental material available below.
For Open Access articles published under a Creative Commons License, all supplemental material carries the same license as the article it is associated with.
For non-Open Access articles published, all supplemental material carries a non-exclusive license, and permission requests for re-use of supplemental material or any part of supplemental material shall be sent directly to the copyright owner as specified in the copyright notice associated with the article.
