Introduction: The article “Changes in the Management of Injuries to the Liver and Spleen” was originally presented as the Scudder Oration on Trauma at the American College of Surgeons’ (ACS) 90th Annual Clinical Congress in New Orleans, Louisiana, in October 2004. Charles L. Scudder, MD, a founding member of the College, was the originator and first Chairman of the Committee on the Treatment of Fractures from 1922 to 1933. The first “Fracture Oration” of the ACS by Dr Scudder was entitled “Oration on Fractures,” was presented at the Clinical Congress in October 1929, and was published in Surg Gynecol Obstet 1930; 50:193-195. Fracture Orations were presented from 1929 to 1941 and 1946 to 1951, while an Oration on Trauma was presented from 1952 to 1962. From 1963 to present, the Scudder Oration on Trauma has been presented at the annual Clinical Congress by an individual with significant contributions to the field.
MooreEEShackfordSRPachterHL, et al.Organ injury scaling: Spleen, liver, and kidney. J Trauma. 1989;29:1664-1666.
2.
MooreEECogbillTHJurkovichGJShackfordSRMalangoniMAChampionHR. Organ injury scaling: Spleen and liver (1994) revision. J Trauma. 1995;38:323-324.
3.
KozarRACrandallMShanmuganathanK, et al.Organ injury scaling 2018 update: Spleen, liver, and kidney. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2018;85:1119-1122.
4.
SteenburgSD. Diagnostic and interventional radiology. In: FelicianoDVMattoxKLMooreEE, eds. TRAUMA. 9th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2021:341-408. (Chapter 19).
5.
AranSShaqdanKWAbujudehHH. Dual-energy computed tomography (DECT) in emergency radiology: Basic principles, techniques, and limitations. Emerg Radiol. 2014;21:391-405.
6.
OrdoñezCAHerrera-EscobarJPParraMW, et al.Computed tomography in hemodynamically unstable severely injured blunt and penetrating trauma patients. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2016;80:597-603.
7.
BuiTDMillsJL. Control of inferior vena cava injury using percutaneous balloon catheter occlusion. Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2009;43:490-493.
8.
ShiYWallMJJrGilaniR. Use of a hybrid open and endovascular approach to successfully repair a traumatic retrohepatic inferior vena cava injury. J Vasc Med Surg. 2014;2:147-149.
9.
RogersFBReeseJShackfordSROslerTM. The use of venovenous bypass and total vascular isolation of the liver in the surgical management of juxtahepatic venous injuries in blunt hepatic trauma. J Trauma Inj Infect Crit Care. 1997;43:530-533.
10.
BifflWLMooreEEFrancioseRJ. Venovenous bypass and hepatic vascular isolation as adjuncts in the repair of destructive wounds to the retrohepatic inferior vena cava. J Trauma Inj Infect Crit Care. 1998;45:400-403.
11.
BallCGFelicianoDV. Trauma damage control. In: FelicianoDVMattoxKLMooreEE, eds. TRAUMA. 9th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2021:839-854. (Chapter 42).
12.
KozarRAFelicianoDVMooreEE, et al.Western trauma association/critical decisions in trauma: Operative management of adult blunt hepatic trauma. J Trauma. 2011;71:1-5.
13.
Di SaverioSCatenaFFilicoriF, et al.Predictive factors of morbidity and mortality in grade IV and V liver trauma undergoing perihepatic packing: Single institution 14 years experience at European trauma centre. Injury. 2012;43:1347-1354.
14.
AsensioJARoldánGPetroneP, et al.Operative management and outcomes in 103 AAST-OIS grades IV and V complex hepatic injuries: Trauma surgeons still need to operate, but angioembolization helps. J Trauma. 2003;54:647-654.
15.
MatsushimaKHogenRPiccininiA, et al.Adjunctive use of hepatic angioembolization following hemorrhage control laparotomy. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2020;88:636-643.
16.
KozarRAMooreFAMooreEE, et al.Western trauma association critical decisions in trauma: nonoperative management of adult blunt hepatic trauma. J Trauma. 2009;67:1144-1149.
17.
CarrilloEHSpainDAWohltmannCD, et al.Interventional techniques are useful adjuncts in nonoperative management of hepatic injuries. J Trauma. 1999;46:619-624.
18.
RenzBMFelicianoDV. Gunshot wounds to the right thoracoabdomen: A prospective study of nonoperative management. J Trauma. 1994;37:737-744.
19.
CogbillTHMooreEEJurkovichGJFelicianoDVMorrisJAMuchaP. Severe hepatic trauma: A multi-center experience with 1335 liver injuries. J Trauma. 1988;28:1433-1438.
20.
MorrisDHBullockFD. The importance of the spleen in resistance to infection. Ann Surg. 1919;70:153-158.
21.
KingHShumackerHBJr. Splenic studies. I. Susceptibility to infection after splenectomy performed in infancy. Ann Surg. 1952;136:239-242.
22.
BeeTKCroceMAMillerPRPritchardFEFabianTC. Failures of splenic nonoperative management: Is the glass half empty or half full?. J Trauma. 2001;50:230-236.
23.
BhullarISFrykbergERTepasJJIIISiragusaDLoperTKerwinAJ. At first blush: Absence of computed tomography contrast extravasation in grade IV or V adult blunt splenic trauma should not preclude angioembolization. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2013;74:105-112.
24.
BurlewCKornblithLZMooreEEJohnsonJLBifflWL. Blunt trauma induced splenic blushes are not created equal. World J Emerg Surg. 2012;7:8.
25.
DolejsSCSavageSAHartwellJLZarzaurBL. Overall splenectomy rates stable despite increasing usage of angiography in the management of high-grade blunt splenic injury. Ann Surg. 2018;268:179-185.
26.
SchnürigerBInabaKKonstantinidisALustenbergerTChanLSDemetriadesD. Outcomes of proximal vs. distal splenic artery embolization after trauma: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Trauma. 2011;70:252-260.
27.
ZarzaurBLKozarRMyersJG, et al.The splenic injury outcomes trial: An American association for the surgery of trauma multi-institutional study. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2015;79:335-342.
28.
ZarzaurBLRozyckiGS. An update on nonoperative management of the spleen in adults. Trauma Surg Acute Care Open. 2017;2:1-7.
