High-intensity resistance training increases muscle size, but reduces arterial compliance. Muscular blood flow reduction (BFR) during low-intensity training has been shown to elicit muscle hypertrophy. However, the effect on arterial compliance is unknown. We examined the effects of walk training with BFR on carotid arterial compliance and muscle size in the elderly adults. Both BFR-walk training (BFR-W, n = 13, 66 ± 1 year) and control-walk training (CON-W, n = 10, 68 ± 1 year) groups performed 20 minutes treadmill walking at an exercise intensity of 45% of heart rate reserve, 4 days/week for 10 weeks. The BFR-W group wore pressure cuffs on both legs during training. Maximum knee joint strength (∼15%) and MRI-measured thigh muscle cross-sectional area (3%) increased in the BFR-W, but not in the CON-W. Carotid arterial compliance improved in both BFR-W (50%) and CON-W (59%) groups. Walk training with blood flow reduction can improve thigh muscle size/strength as well as carotid arterial compliance, unlike high-intensity training, in the elderly.
Guillet C., Boirie Y.Insulin resistance: a contributing factor to age-related muscle loss?Diabetes Metab. 2005;31(spec no 2): 5S20-5S26.
2.
Visser M., Kritchevsky SB, Goodpaster BH, et al. Leg muscle mass and composition in relation to lower extremity performance in men and women aged 70 to 79: The Health, Aging and Body Composition Study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2002;50: 897-904.
3.
Dunstan DW, Daly RM, Owen N., et al. High-intensity resistance training improves glycemic control in older patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2002;25(10):1729-1736.
4.
Fiatarone MA , Marks EC, Ryan ND, Meredith CN, Lipsitz LA, Evans WJHigh-intensity strength training in nonagenarians . Effects on skeletal muscle. JAMA. 1990;263(22):3029-3034.
Miyachi M., Donato AJ, Yamamoto K., et al. Greater age-related reductions in central arterial compliance in resistance-trained men. Hypertension. 2003 ;41(1):130-135.
7.
Miyachi M., Kawano H., Sugawara J., et al. Unfavorable effects of resistance training on central arterial compliance: a randomized intervention study. Circulation. 2004;110(18):2858-2863.
8.
Monahan KD, Tanaka H., Dinenno FA, Seals DRCentral arterial compliance is associated with age- and habitual exercise-related differences in cardiovagal baroreflex sensitivity. Circulation . 2001;104(14):1627-1632.
9.
O’Rourke M.Arterial stiffness, systolic blood pressure, and logical treatment of arterial hypertension. Hypertension . 1990;15(4): 339-347.
10.
Takarada Y. , Sato Y., Ishii N.Effects of resistance exercise combined with vascular occlusion on muscle function in athletes. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2002;86(4):308-314.
11.
Abe T., Kearns CF, Sato Y.Muscle size and strength are increased following walk training with restricted venous blood flow from the leg muscle, Kaatsu-walk training. J Appl Physiol. 2006; 100(5):1460-1466.
12.
Abe T., Sakamaki M., Fujita S., et al. Effects of low-intensity walk training with restricted leg blood flow on muscle strength and aerobic capacity in elderly subjects. J Geriatr Phys Ther.2010; 33(1): 34-40.
13.
Fujita T., Brechue WF, Kurita K., et al. Increased muscle volume and strength following six days of low-intensity resistance training with restricted muscle blood flow. Int J KAATSU Training Res. 2008;4(1):1-8.
14.
Takarada Y. , Nakamura Y., Aruga S., Onda T., Miyazaki S., Ishii N.Rapid increase in plasma growth hormone after low-intensity resistance exercise with vascular occlusion. J Appl Physiol. 2000;88(1):61-65.
15.
Goldfarb AH , Garten RS, Chee PDM, et al. Resistance exercise effects on blood glutathione status and plasma protein carbonyls: influence of partial vascular occlusion. Eur J Appl Physiol . 2008; 104(5):813-819.
16.
Ling J., Ohara Y., Orime Y., Noon GP, Takatani S.Clinical evaluation of the oscillometric blood pressure monitor in adults and children based on the 1992 AAMI SP-10 standards. J Clin Monit. 1995;11(2):123-130.
17.
Seals DRHabitural exercise and the age-associated decline in large artery compliance . Exerc Sports Sci Rev. 2003;31(2):68-72.
18.
Tanaka H., Dinenno FA, Monahan KD, Clevenger CM, DeSouza CA, Seals DRAgeing, habitual exercise, and dynamic arterial compliance. Circulation. 2000;102(11):1270-1275.
19.
Bertovic D. , Waddell T., Gatzka C., Cameron JD, Dart AM, Kingwell BAMuscular strength training is associated with low arterial compliance and high pulse pressure . Hypertens . 1999; 33(6):1385-1391.
20.
Moreau KL, Donato AJ, Seals DR, DeSouza CA, Tanaka H.Regular exercise, hormone replacement therapy and the age-related decline in carotid arterial compliance in healthy women. Cardiovasc Res. 2003;57(3):861-868.
21.
Sugawara J. , Otsuki T., Tanabe T., Hayashi K., Maeda S., Matsuda M.Physical activity duration, intensity, and arterial stiffening in postmenopausal women. Am J Hypertens . 2006;19(10):1032-1036.
22.
Renzi CP, Tanaka H., Sugawara J.Effects of leg blood flow restriction during walking on cardiovascular function . Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2010; [Epub ahead of print].
23.
MacDougall JD , Tuxen D., Sale DG, Moroz JR, Sutton JRArterial blood pressure response to heavy resistance exercise. J Appl Physiol . 1985;58(3):785-790.
24.
Dobrin PBMechanical factors associated with the development of intimal and medial thickness in vein grafts subjected to arterial pressure: a model of arterial exposed to hypertension. Hypertension. 1995;26:38-43.
25.
Bogaard HJ, Woltjer HH, Dekker BM, van Keimpema AR, Postmus PE, de Vries PMHaemodynamic response to exercise in healthy young and elderly subjects . Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 1997 ;75(5):435-442.
26.
Sakamaki M. , Fujita S., Sato Y., Bemben MG, Abe T.Blood pressure response to slow walking combined with KAATSU in the elderly . Int J Kaatsu Training Res. 2008;4(1):17-20.
27.
Matsuda M., Nosaka M., Sato M., Ohshima N.Effects of physical exercise on the elasticity and elastic components of the rat aorta. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 1993;66(2):122-126.
28.
Thomas DP, Zimmerman SD, Hansen TR, Martin DT, McCormick RJCollagen gene expression in rat left ventricle: interactive effect of age and exercise training. J Appl Physiol. 2000 ;89(4):1462-1468.
29.
Fujita S., Abe T., Drummond MJ, et al. Blood flow restriction during low-intensity resistance exercise increases S6K1 phosphorylation and muscle protein synthesis. J Appl Physiol. 2007; 103(3):903-910.
30.
Fry CS, Glynn EL, Drummond MJ, et al. Blood flow restriction exercise stimulates mTORC1 signaling and muscle protein synthesis in older men. J Appl Physiol.2010; 108(5): 1199-1209.
