Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV) of a highly or slightly neuropathogenetic strain was inoculated into the tongues of mice. After appropriate survival times, the animals were killed and portions of the facial and trigeminal nerves as well as the brain stem were examined with virus isolation and immunocytochemistry for the presence of HSV. Both virus strains were demonstrated in the geniculate and trigeminal ganglia and in the CNS portion of the facial and trigeminal nerves, as well as in various brain stem areas including the trigeminal tract and nucleus, the facial and hypoglossal nuclei, and nuclei in the reticular formation. The results indicate that HSV is transported to the CNS by efferent and afferent axons of the tongue and subsequently via transneuronal passage to various brain stem nuclei. These findings provide an anatomic basis for a putative relationship between HSV and cranial nerve dysfunction.
DegréMBukholmGLundEDjupeslandG.Attempts to isolate virus from human trigeminal and facial ganglions. Med Microbiol Immunol (Berl)1978; 166: 151–6
9.
KristenssonKVahlneAPerssonALyckeE.Neural spread of herpes simplex virus type 1 and 2 in mice after corneal or subcutaneous (footpad) inoculation. J Neurol Sci1978; 35: 331–40
10.
TownsendJJBaringerJR. Morphology of central nervous system disease in immunosuppressed mice after peripheral herpes simplex virus inoculation. Trigeminal root entry zone. Lab Invest1979; 40: 178–82
11.
KristenssonKSvennerholmBPerssonAVahlneALyckeE.Latent herpes simplex virus trigeminal ganglionic infection in mice and demyelination in the central nervous system. J Neurol Sci1979; 43: 253–64
KristenssonKNennesmoIPerssonLLyckeE.Neuron to neuron transmission of herpes simplex virus. Transport of virus from skin to brain stem nuclei. J Neurol Sci1982; 54: 149–56
14.
ThomanderLStȧlbergE.Electroneurography in the prognostication of Bell's palsy. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh)1981; 92: 221–37
15.
GiannoniECorbacelliA.Aspects immunofluoroscopiques de la corda de tympan sur de sujetes atteintes de paralysie de Bell. Rev Laryngol Otol Rhinol (Bord)1977; 98: 31–40
16.
BlattIMFreemanJA. Bell's palsy II: Pathogenetic mechanism of idiopathic peripheral facial paralysis. Trans Am Acad Ophthalmol Otolaryngol1966; 70: 381–97
17.
MayM.Red chorda tympani nerve and Bell's palsy. Laryngoscope1974; 84: 1507–13
18.
MayMSchlaepferWW. Bell's palsy and the chorda tympani nerve: A clinical and electronmicroscopic study. Laryngoscope1975; 85: 1957–75
19.
HannerPBadrGRosenhallUEdströmS.Trigeminal dysfunction in patients with Bell's palsy. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh)1986; 101: 224–30
NilhedenEJeanssonSVahlneA.Typing of herpes simplex virus by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with monoclonal antibodies. J Clin Microbiol1983; 17: 677–80
22.
SternbergerLA. Immunocytochemistry. 2nd ed.New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1979: 104–69
23.
TownsendJJCollinsP.Peripheral nervous system demyelination with herpes simplex virus. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol1986; 45: 419–25
24.
JacquinMSembaKEggerDRhoadesR.Organization of HRP-labeled trigeminal mandibular primary afferent neurons in the rat. J Comp Neurol1983; 215: 397–420
25.
ChibuzoGCummingsJ.An enzyme tracer study of the organization of the somatic motor center for the innervation of different muscles of the tongue: Evidence for two sources. J Comp Neurol1982; 205: 273–81
26.
SatomiHNinomiyaTAbeCTakahashiK.Are cat lingual muscles dually innervated by the hypoglossal nerve and facial nerve?Exp Neurol1983; 87: 578–82
27.
HinrichsenCFLWatsonCD. Brain stem projections to the facial nucleus of the rat. Brain Behav Evol1983; 22: 153–63
28.
PannetonWMMartinGF. Brain stem projections to the facial nucleus of the opossum. A study using axonal transport techniques. Brain Res1983; 267: 15–33
