Handheld X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) Versus Wavelength Dispersive XRF: Characterization of Chinese Blue-and-White Porcelain Sherds Using Handheld and Laboratory-Type XRF Instruments

Almost all archaeometric studies on Chinese ceramics are carried out on the excavation materials. Therefore, a detailed, comparable database that defines different workshops and production periods already exists. But the masterpieces preserved at museums, art galleries, and/or private collections, which are artistically considered as genuine artifacts, also require similar scientific investigations to define their provenance and authenticity. The research on artworks is only possible with the use of portable, noninvasive techniques that are developing daily concerning their capability of detection limits, rate of measurement, and ease of use. In this study, the results obtained with a handheld X-ray fluorescence (XRF) (also called portable XRF) and wavelength dispersive XRF instrument were compared to evidence the efficiency and drawbacks of the portable model. To achieve this goal, 12 sherds, which represent blue-and-white porcelains of Yuan and Ming Dynasties (China), were analyzed and the chemical composition of the body, glaze, and blue decor were identified. The comparison of the results with the measurements carried out on the excavation materials, which are produced in both southern and northern China, revealed the authenticity of the artifacts. Even sodium cannot be detected with portable XRF, the distinction of different production centers is possible with the detection of major (Mg, Al, Si, K, Ca), minor (Fe, Ti), and trace elements (Zr, Sr, Rb).