ShawTMElskenRHKunsmanCH. 1H Magnetic resonance absorption and water content of biological materials. Phys Rev1952; 85: 708–10
2.
OdelbladEBahrBNLindstromG. H-NMR of human red blood cells in D2O exchange experiments. Arch Biochem Biophys1956; 63: 221–5
3.
LauterbaurPC. Image formation by induced local interactions: Examples employing nuclear magnetic resonance. Nature1973; 242: 190–1
4.
BockJL. Nuclear magnetic resonance in the clinical laboratory. Am J Clin Pathol1989; 91 (suppl): S19–26
5.
SzwegoldBS. NMR spectroscopy of cells. Ann Rev Physiol1992; 54: 775–98
6.
DecertainesJDHenriksenOSpisniACortsenMRingPB. Tissue characterisation by magnetic resonance spectroscopy and imaging—results of a concerted research project on the European Economic Community. 4. In vivo measurements of proton relaxation times in human brain, liver and skeletal muscle. A multicentre MRI study. Magn Reson Imag1993; 11: 841–50
7.
HenriksenODecertainesJDSpisniACortsenMRingPB. Tissue characterisation by magnetic resonance spectroscopy and imaging—results of a concerted research project on the European Economic Community. 5. In vivo field dependence of proton relaxation times in human brain, liver and skeletal muscle. A multicentre MRI study. Magn Reson Imag1993; 11: 851–6
8.
ShulmanRGBlamireAMRothmanDLMcCarthyG. Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy of human brain function. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA1993; 90: 3127–33
9.
HomansSW. A Dictionary of Concepts in NMR. Oxford: Oxford Science Publications, Clarendon Press, 1992
10.
HorePJ. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995
ShawD. Fourier Transform N.M.R. Spectroscopy: Studies in Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, 2nd edn.Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publishers, 1987: 30
15.
DeromeAE. Modern NMR Techniques for Chemistry Research: Tetrahedron Organic Chemistry Series, Vol 6. Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1991
16.
GartlandKPRBonnerFWNicholsonJK. Biochemical characterisation of para-aminophenol induced nephrotoxic lesions in the F344 rat. Arch Toxicol1989; 63: 97–106
17.
GhauriFYKBlackledgeCAWilsonIDNicholsonJK. Studies on the metabolism of fluorinated xenobiotics in the rat using 19F-NMR and 1H-NMR spectroscopy. J Pharm Biomed Anal1990; 8: 939–44
18.
BrindleKMCampbellIDSimpsonRJ. NMR Methods for Studying Enzyme Kinetics in Cells and Tissues [Review]. In: BerlinerLJReubenJ, eds. Biological Magnetic Resonance, Vol 7. New York: Plenum Press, 1987: 81–129
19.
McKeeRFReglinskiJSmithWECarterDC. The detection of malignancy by proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of plasma: A re-appraisal. Surg Res Commun1989; 6: 131–6
WilsonIDNicholsonJK. Solid phase extraction chromatography and NMR spectroscopy (SPEC-NMR) for the rapid identification of drug metabolites in urine. J Pharm Biomed Anal1988; 6: 151–65
24.
RabensteinDLBrownDWMcNeilCJ. Determination of glutathione in intact and hemolysed erythrocytes by titration with tert-butyl hydroperoxide with end point detection by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry. Anal Chem1985; 57: 2294–9
25.
SymePDDixonRMAllisJLAronsonJKGrahame-SmithDGRaddaGK. A non-invasive method of measuring concentrations of rubidium in rat skeletal muscle in vivo by 87Rb nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy; implications for the measurement of cation transport activityin vivo. Clin Sci1990; 78: 303–9
26.
SmithRCMcCarthyS. Physics of magnetic resonance. J Reproduct Med1992; 37: 19–26
27.
OdelbladE. Determination of aqueous 1H NMR shifts in biomedical samples using external calibration systems. Arkiv Kemi1966; 25: 377–93
28.
ChapmanDKamatVBDe GerJPenkettSA. NMR of erythrocyte membrane. Nature1968; 213: 74–5
29.
DeanJA. Use of NMR in determining molecular structure of urinary constituents of low molecular weight. Clin Chem1968; 14: 326–38
30.
ChapmanDLeslieRBHirzRScanuA. 220 MHz NMR of high density serum lipoprotein. Nature1969; 221: 260–1
31.
GlonekTHendersonTO. 31P NMR: applications to human serum high density lipoprotein. Biochim Biophys Acta1974; 348: 155–60
32.
MoonRBRichardsJH. Determination of intracellular pH by 31H magnetic resonance. J Biol Chem1973; 248: 7276–8
33.
DamadianR. Tumour detection by nuclear magnetic resonance. Science1971; 171: 1151–7
34.
RedfieldAG. Special problems of NMR in H2O solution in NMR in the life sciences. In: BradburyEMNicoliniC, eds. NATO AS1 Series A: Life SciencesVol 107. New York: Plenum Press, 1986: 1–10
35.
MeierJEMarshallAG. Methods for suppression of the H2O signal in proton FT/NMR spectroscopy [Review]. In: BerlinerLJReubenJ, eds. Biological Magnetic Resonance, Vol 9. New York: Plenum Press, 1990: 199–240
36.
FantiniJGalonsJPMarvaldiJCanioniPJ. Growth of a human colonic adenocarcinoma cell line (HT 29) on microcarrier beads; metabolic studies by 31 phosphorus nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Int J Cancer1987; 39: 255–60
37.
PetersenAJacobsenJPHorderM. 31P NMR measurements of intracellular pH and 2,3-diphosphoglycerate in erythrocytes. Scand J Clin Lab Invest1987; 47: 233–7
38.
ElgavishGA. NMR spectroscopy of the intact heart. In: BerlinerLJReubenJ, eds. A Review of Biological Magnetic Resonance, Vol 7. New York: Plenum Press, 1987: 1–80
39.
BottomleyPACousinsJPPendreyDLWagleWAHardyCJEamesFA. Alzheimer's dementia—quantification of energy metabolism and mobile phosphoester with 31-P NMR spectroscopy. Radiology1992; 183: 695–9
40.
RajanayagamVLeeRRAckermanZBradleyWGRossBD. Quantitative 31-P MR spectroscopy of the liver in alcoholic cirrhosis. J Magn Res Imag1992; 2: 183–90
GhaiGGonnellaNC. 13C Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of glucose metabolism in human red blood cells. Magn Reson Med1988; 8: 340–4
43.
NavonGLyonRCKaplanOCohenJS. Monitoring the transport and phosphorylation of 2-deoxy D-glucose in tumour cells in vivo and in vitro by 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. FEBS Lett1989; 247: 86–90
44.
ShulmanGIRothmanDLJueTSteinPDefronzoRAShulmanRG. Quantitation of muscle glycogen synthesis in normal subjects and subjects with non-insulin dependent diabetes by C-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. N Engl J Med1990; 322: 223–8
45.
KnubovetsTLRevazovAVSibeldinaLAEichoffU. 23Na NMR measurement of maximal rate of active sodium efflux from human red blood cells. Magn Reson Med1989; 9: 262–72
46.
OuwerkerkRVan EchteldCJStaffGERijksenG. Erythrocyte Na+/K+ ATPase activity measured with 23Na NMR. Magn Res Med1989; 9: 262–72
47.
LevyLAMurphyELondonRE. Synthesis and characterisation of 19-F NMR chelators for the measurement of cytosolic free calcium. Am J Physiol1987; 252 (4pt 1): C441–9
48.
LundinaAKunovetsTLSedovKRMarkovaSASibelidicLA. Variability of kidney tubular interstitial distortion in glomerulonephritis as measured by 1H NMR urinalysis. Clin Chim Acta1993; 214: 165–73
49.
GhauriFYBlackledgeCAGlenRCSweatmanBCLindenJCBeddellCR. Quantitative structure metabolism relationship for substituted benzoic acids in rats. Computational chemistry, NMR spectroscopy and pattern recognition studies. Biochem Pharm1992; 44: 1935–36
50.
BellJDLeeJALeeHASadlerPJWilkieDRWoodhamRH. Nuclear magnetic resonance studies of blood plasma and urine from subjects with chronic renal failure: Identification of trimethylamine-N-oxide. Biochim Biophys Acta1991; 1096: 101–7
51.
Annie-BlighSWBoyleHAMcEwanABSadlerPJWoodhamRH. 1H NMR studies of reactions of copper complexes with human blood plasma and urine. Biochem Pharm1992; 43: 1137–45
52.
BellJDSadlerPJMcLeodAFTurnerPRLa VilleA. 1H NMR studies of human plasma; assignment of resonances for lipoproteins. FEBS Lett1987; 219: 239–43
53.
SimsCJFujitoDTDurholtDRDakokJGilesHRWilkinsonDA. Quantitation of human amniotic fluid constituents by high resolution proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Prenatal Diag1993; 13: 473–80
54.
EllulJPMMurphyGMParkesHGSlapaRZDowlingRH. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to determine the micellar cholesterol in human bile. FEBS Lett1992; 300: 30–2
55.
HiraokaAMinraIHattoriMTominagaIKushidaKMaedaM. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy of cerebrospinal fluid as an aid in neurological diagnosis. Biol Pharm Bull1994; 1: 1–4
56.
SweatmanBCFarrantRDHolmesEGhauriFYNicholsonJKLindonJC. 600 MHz 1H-NMR spectroscopy of human cerebrospinal fluid effects of sample manipulation and assignment of resonances. J Pharm Biomed Anal1993; 11: 651–64
57.
DuffJMGrimshawJGuthrieDJSMcNallyGMMollanRABSpeddingsPL. 1H Nuclear magnetic resonance studies of human synovial fluid in arthritic disease states as an aid to confirming metabolic activity in the synovial cavity. Clin Sci1993; 85: 343–51
58.
WilliamsonMPHummGCrispAJ. 1H Nuclear magnetic resonance investigation of synovial fluid components in osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis and traumatic effusion. Br J Rheumatol1989; 28: 23–7
59.
FosselETCarrJMMcDonaghJ. Detection of malignant tumours: Water suppressed proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of plasma. N Engl J Med1986; 315: 1369–75
60.
Replies to Ref 59 from various groups. N Engl J Med1986; 316: 1411–15
61.
KriatMVion-DuryJConfort-GounySFaureRVioutPSciakyMSariHCozzonnePJ. Analysis of plasma lipids by NMR spectroscopy: Application to modification induced by malignant tumours. J Lipid Res1993; 34: 1009–19
62.
VerderyRBBenhamDFMcLennanIBusbyMJWehrleJPGlicksonJD. P NMR resonance methyl and methylene linewidths for plasma decrease during postprandial lipemia. Biochim Biophys Acta1989; 1006: 287–90
63.
HerringFGPhillipsPSPritchardPH. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy of plasma from patients with dyslipoproteinemia—identification of factors governing methyl and methylene line widths. J Lipid Res1989; 30: 521–8
64.
SmithICPSmartCRFellerWBunnagWMiyaFHughesP.. A clinical trial on the use of magnetic resonance spectroscopy of plasma for detection of cancer. Cancer J1991; 4: 125–30
65.
LindT. In: LestnerC ed. Amniotic Fluid Geigy Scientific Tables. New York: C Geigy, 1981: 197–212
66.
CampbellIDBrownFF. NMR studies of red cells. Phil Trans R Soc Lon1980; B289: 395–406
67.
RabensteinDL. 1H NMR methods for the non-invasive study of metabolism and other processes involving small molecules in intact erythrocytes. J Biochem Biophys Meth1984; 9: 277–304
68.
ReglinskiJSmithWEMarabaniMBrzeskiMSturrockRD. Clinical analysis using 1H spin echo NMR II: oxidation of intracellular glutathione as a consequence of penicillamine therapy. J Med Chem1992; 35: 2134–7
69.
ReglinskiJSmithWEWilsonRBuchananLMMcKillopJHThomsonJA. Spin echo NMR studies on intact erythrocytes: Changes in cellular metabolism as a consequence of carbimazole therapy. Clin Endocrinol1992; 37: 319–24
70.
GarnerMReglinskiJSmithWEMcMurrayJ. The oxidation state of glutathione in the erythrocyte. Clin Science1992; 83: 637
71.
ReglinskiJChopraMMcMurrayJDargieHSmithWE. Demonstration of oxidative stress across cell membrane in chronic heart failure using 1H spin echo NMR spectroscopy of intact erythrocytes. J Mol Cell Cardiol1990; 22 (Suppl II): S99
72.
RusselPLeanCLDelbridgeLMayGLDowdSMountfordCE. Proton magnetic resonance and human thyroid neoplasm 1. Discrimination between benign and malignant neoplasma. Am J Med1994; 96: 383–8
73.
LeanCLNewlandRCEndeDABokeyELSmithICPMountfordCE. Assessment of human colorectal biopsies by H-1 MRS—correlation with histopathology. Magn Reson Med1993; 30: 525–33
74.
MountfordCEGrossmanGGatenbyPAFoxRM. High resolution 1H NMR applications to the study of leukemic lymphocytes. Br J Cancer1980; 41: 1000–3
75.
AgrisPFCampbellID. Proton NMR of intact friend leukemia cells: Phosphorylcholine increase during differentiation. Science1982; 216: 1325–7
76.
DixonRMAngusPWRajagopalanBRaddaGK. Abnormal phosphomonoester signals in 31P MR spectra from patients with hepatic lymphoma. A possible marker of liver infiltration and response to chemotherapy. Br J Cancer1991; 63: 953–8
77.
SmithTAGlaholmJLeachMOMachinLCollinsDJPayneGS. A comparison of in vivo and in vitro31P NMR spectra of human breast tumours. Variation in phospholipid metabolism. Br J Cancer1991; 63: 514–16
78.
KasimosJNMerchantTEGierkeLWGlonekT. 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy of human colon cancer. Cancer Res1990; 50: 527–32
79.
SuBKapplerFSzwergoldBSBrownTR. Identification of a putative tumour marker in breast and colon cancer. Cancer Res1990; 53: 1751–4
80.
LyonRCCohenJSFaustinoPJMegninFMyersCE. Glucose metabolism in drug sensitive and drug resistant human breast cancer cells monitored by magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Cancer Res1988; 48: 870–7
81.
LeanCLMackinnonWBDelikatnyEJWhiteheadRHMountfordCE. Cell surface fucosylation and magnetic resonance spectroscopy characterisation of human malignant colorectal cells. Biochemistry1992; 31: 11095–105
82.
DelikatnyEJRusselPHunterJCHancockRAtkinsonKHVanahaaftendayC. Proton MR and human cervical neoplasia—Ex vivo spectroscopy allows distinction of invasive carcinoma of the cervix from carcinoma in situ and other pre-invasive lesions. Radiology1993; 188: 791–6
83.
HowellsSLMaxwellRJPeetACGriffithsJR. An investigation of tumour 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectra by the application of chemometric techniques [Annual Meeting]. Proc Soc Magn Reson Med1992; 11: 161
84.
ReglinskiJSmithWESucklingCJStewartMJWatsonIDAl-KabbanM. Doxorubicin induced altered glycolytic patterns in the leukemic cell studied by proton spin echo NMR. Clim Chim Acta1988; 175: 285–90
85.
ReglinskiJSmithWEAl-KabbanMStewartMJWatsonID. A cellular based, NMR compatible model for solid tumour. J Pharm Biomed Anal1990; 8: 721–4
86.
Al-KabbanMWatsonIDStewartMJReglinskiJSmithWESucklingCJ. The use of 1H spin echo NMR and HPLC to confirm doxorubicin induced depletion of glutathione in the HeLa cell. Br J Cancer1988; 57: 553–8