Functional abdominal pain, defined as recurrent abdominal pain in the absence of an identifiable physiologic cause, can respond to psychological intervention in appropriate patients. In this patient series, functional abdominal pain of 4 of 5 pediatric patients resolved within 3 weeks after a single session of instruction in self-hypnosis. The potential impact of widespread application of such hypnotherapy may be large, because abdominal pain is thought to be the most common recurrent physical symptom attributable to psychological factors among children and adolescents.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
1. Egger HL, Costello EJ, Erkanli A, Angold A. Somatic complaints and psychopathology in children and adolescents: stomach aches, musculoskeletal pains, and headaches. J Am Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1999;38:852-860.
2.
2. Green JW, Walker LS. Psychosomatic problems and stress in adolescence. Pediatr Clin North Am. 1997;44:1557-1572.
3.
3. Greene JW, Walker LS, Hickson G, Thompson J. Stressful life events and somatic complaints in adolescents. Pediatrics. 1985;75:19-22.
4.
4. Smith MS, Womack WM. Stress management techniques in childhood and adolescence. Clin Pediatr1987;26:581-585.
5.
5. Starfield B, Gross E, Wood M, et al. Psychosocial and psychosomatic diagnoses in primary care of children. Pediatrics. 1980;66:159-167.
6.
6. Hyams JS, Hyman PE. Recurrent abdominal pain and the biopsychosocial model of medical practice. J Pediatr1998;133:473-478.
7.
7. Whorwell PJ, Prior A, Faragher EB. Controlled trial of hypnotherapy in the treatment of severe refractory irritable bowel syndrome. Lancet. 1984;ii:1232-1234.
8.
8. Galovski TE, Blanchard EB. The treatment of irritable bowel syndrome with hypnotherapy. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback. 1999;23:219-232.
9.
9. Sokel B, Devane S, Bentovim A. Getting better with honor: individualized relaxation/self-hypnosis techniques for control of recalcitrant abdominal pain in children. Family Systems Med.1991;9:83-91.
10.
10. Olness KKohen DP. Hypnosis and Hypnotherapy with Children, 3rd ed.New York: The Guilford Press; 1996.
11.
11. Gwee KA, Leong YL, Graham C, et al. The role of psychological and biological factors in postinfective gut dysfunction. Gut. 1999;44:400-406.
12.
12. Dubner R, Ren K Endogenous mechanisms of sensory modulation. Pain. 1999;6(Suppl):S45-S53.
13.
13. Drossman DA. Presidential address: gastrointestinal illness and the biopsychosocial model. Psychosom Med.1998;60:258-267.
14.
14. Hilgard ER. A neo-dissociation interpretation of pain reduction in hypnosis. Psychol Rev.1978;80:396-411.
15.
15. Elkins GR, Carter BD. Hypnotherapy in the treatment of childhood psychogenic coughing: a case report. Am J Clin Hypn. 1986;29:59-63.
16.
16. Wicks G.A case of persistent cough successfully treated using hypnosis and ego state therapy. Hypnosis. 1999;26:106-108.
17.
17. Olness K, McDonald J. Recurrent headaches in children: diagnosis and treatment. Pediatr Rev.1987;8:307-311.
18.
18. Anbar RD, Hehir DA. Hypnosis as a diagnostic modality for vocal cord dysfunction. Pediatrics. 2000;106:1473-1474:e81-e81.
19.
19. Waschulewski-Floruss H, Miltner W, Brody S, Braun C.Classical conditioning of pain responses. Int J Neurosci. 1994;78:21-32.
20.
20. Alexander L.Conditioned reflexes as related to hypnosis and hypnotic techniques. Am J Clin Hypn. 1968;10:157-159.