The overlap between victims and offenders is increasingly being recognized, with mounting evidence that victims and offenders have similar demographic characteristics, that victimization increases the likelihood of offending, and that offenders are at high risk for becoming victims of crime. Despite this evidence, there is limited research regarding the extent to which repeat victims are likely to be repeat offenders, and few studies have assessed whether predictors of repeat victimization and repeat offending are similar. Using data from a longitudinal study of young people in Brisbane, Australia, this study demonstrates that despite some overlap, there are some important differences in predictors of repeat offenders and repeat victims.
Agnew, R. ( 1992). Foundation for a general strain theory of crime and delinquency . Criminology, 30, 47-88.
2.
Agnew, R. ( 2001). Building on the foundation of general strain theory: Specifying the types of strain most likely to lead to crime and delinquency . Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 38(4), 319-361.
3.
Agnew, R. ( 2002). Experienced, vicarious, and anticipated strain: An exploratory study on physical victimization and delinquency. Justice Quarterly , 19(4), 603-632.
4.
Akers, R.L. ( 1985). Deviant behavior: A social learning approach. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
5.
Augustine, M.C., Wilcox, P., Ousey, G.C., & Clayton, R.R. ( 2002). Opportunity theory and adolescent school-based victimization . Violence and Victims, 17(2), 233-253.
6.
Brezina, T. ( 1998). Adolescent maltreatment and delinquency: The question of intervening processes. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 35(1), 71-99.
7.
Cohen, L.E., & Felson, M. ( 1979). Social change and crime rate trends: A routine activities approach. American Sociological Review, 46, 505-524.
8.
Dean, C.W., Brame, R., & Piquero, A.R. ( 1996). Criminal propensities, discrete groups of offenders, and persistence in crime. Criminology, 34(4), 547-574.
9.
Esbensen, F.-A., & Huizinga, D. ( 1991). Juvenile victimization and delinquency. Youth and Society, 23, 202-228.
10.
Esbensen, F.-A., Huizinga, D., & Menard, S. ( 1999). Family context and criminal victimization in adolescence . Youth and Society, 31(2), 168-198.
11.
Fagan, A.A. ( 2005). The relationship between adolescent physical abuse and criminal offending: Support for an enduring and generalized cycle of violence . Journal of Family Violence, 20(5), 279-290.
12.
Fagan, J., Piper, E.S., & Cheng, Y. ( 1987). Contributions of victimization to delinquency in inner cities. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 78(3), 586-613.
13.
Feeney, J.A., Noller, P., & Hanrahan, M. ( 1994). Assessing adult attachment. In M. B. Sperling & W. H. Berman (Eds.), Clinical and developmental perspectives (pp. 128-135). New York: Free Press.
14.
Gidycz, C.A., Nelson Coble, C., Latham, L., & Layman, L. ( 1993). Sexual assault experience in adulthood and prior victimization experiences. A prospective analysis. Psychology of Women Quarterly , 17(2), 151-168.
15.
Gottfredson, M.R., & Hirschi, T. ( 1990). A general theory of crime. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
16.
Grasmick, H.G., Tittle, C.R., Bursik, R.J., Jr., & Arneklev, B.J. (1993). Testing the core empirical implications of Gottfredson and Hirschi’s general theory of crime. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 30, 5-29.
17.
Hawkins, J.D., Herrenkohl, T.I., Farrington, D.P., Brewer, D., Catalano, R.F., & Harachi, T.W. ( 1998). A review of predictors of youth violence. In R. Loeber & D. P. Farrington , Serious and violent juvenile offenders (pp. 106-146). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
18.
Herrenkohl, T.I., Maguin, E., Hill, K.G., Hawkins, J.D., & Abbott, R.D. ( 2000). Developmental risk factors for youth violence. Journal of Adolescent Health, 26, 176-186.
19.
Ireland, T.O., Smith, C.A., & Thornberry, T.P. (2002). Developmental issues in the impact of child maltreatment on later delinquency and drug use. Criminology, 40(2), 359-400.
20.
Jensen, G.F., & Brownfield, D. (1986). Gender, lifestyles, and victimization: Beyond routine activity. Violence and Victims , 1(2), 85-99.
21.
Kim, Y.S., Leventhal, B.L., Koh, Y.-J., Hubbard, A., & Boyce, W.T. ( 2006). School bullying and youth violence. Archives of General Psychiatry, 63, 1035-1041.
22.
Lauritsen, J.L., & Quinet, K.F.D. (1995). Repeat victimization among adolescents and young adults. Journal of Quantitative Criminology , 11(2), 143-165.
23.
Lauritsen, J.L., Sampson, R.J., & Laub, J.H. ( 1991). The link between offending and victimization among adolescents . Criminology, 29(2), 265-292.
24.
LeBeau, J.L., & Vincent, K.L. ( 1997). Mapping it out: Repeat-address burglary alarms and burglaries . In D. Weisburd & T. McEwen (Eds.), Crime mapping: Crime prevention (Vol. 8, pp. 289-312). Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press.
25.
Lipsey, M.W., & Derzon, J.H. ( 1998). Predictors of violent or serious delinquency in adolescence and early adulthood: A synthesis of longitudinal research. In R. Loeber & D. P. Farrington (Eds.), Serious and violent juvenile offenders: Risk factors and successful interventions (pp. 86-105). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
26.
Loeber, R., Kalb, L., & Huizinga, D. ( 2001). Juvenile delinquency and serious injury victimization . Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.
27.
Lynch, M., Ogilvie, E. & Western, J.S. ( 2003). Criminality and conformity: Implications for the future . In J. S. Western, M. Lynch, & E. Ogilvie (Eds.), Understanding youth crime: An Australian study (pp. 187-193). Aldershot, UK: Ashgate.
28.
Macmillan, R. ( 2001). Violence and the life course: The consequences of victimization for personal and social development. American Review of Sociology , 27, 1-22.
29.
Mak, A. ( 1993). A self report delinquency scale for Australian adolescents . Australian Journal of Psychology, 45(2), 75-79.
30.
Menard, S. ( 2000). The "normality" of repeat victimization from adolescent to early adulthood. Justice Quarterly, 17(3), 543-574.
31.
Menard, S. ( 2001). Short and long-term consequences of adolescent victimization . Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.
32.
Menard, S., Mihalic, S.W., & Huizinga, D. ( 2001). Drugs and crime revisited. Justice Quarterly , 18, 269-299.
33.
Messman, T.L., & Long, P.J. ( 1996). Child sexual abuse and its relationship to revictimization in adult women: A review. Clinical Psychology Review, 16(5), 397-420.
34.
Moffitt, T.E. ( 1993). Adolescence-limited and life-course persistent anti-social behavior: A developmental taxonomy. Psychological Review, 100(4), 674-701.
Mouzos, J., & Makkai, T. ( 2004). Women’s experiences of male violence ( Research and Public Policy Series No.56). Canberra, Australia: Australian Institute of Criminology
37.
Nansel, T.R., Overpeck, M.D., Haynie, D.L., Ruan, W.J., & Scheidt, P.C. ( 2003). Relationships between bullying and violence among US youth. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 157, 348-353.
38.
Olweus, D., Limber, S., & Mihalic, S.F. ( 1999). Blueprints for violence prevention: Book 9. Bullying prevention program (D. S. Elliott, Ed.). Boulder: University of Colorado, Institute of Behavioral Science, Center for the Study and Prevention of Violence.
39.
Osborn, D.R., Ellingworth, D., Hope, T., & Trickett, A. ( 1996). Are repeatedly victimized households different? Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 12, 223-245.
40.
Outlaw, M., Ruback, B., & Britt, C. ( 2002). Repeat and multiple victimizations: The role of individual and contextual factors. Violence and Victims, 17(2), 187-204.
41.
Parker, G., Tupling, H., & Brown, L.B. ( 1979). A parental bonding instrument. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 52, 1-10.
42.
Piquero, A.R., Farrington, D.P., & Blumstein, A. ( 2003). The criminal career paradigm: Background and recent developments . In M. Tonry (Ed.), Crime and justice: A review of the research (Vol. 30, pp. 359-506). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
43.
Reiss, A.J., & Roth, J.A. ( 1993). Understanding and preventing violence. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
44.
Resnick, M.D., Ireland, M., & Borowsky, I. ( 2004). Youth violence perpetration: What protects? What predicts? Findings from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. Journal of Adolescent Health, 35, 424.e1-424.e10.
45.
Rigby, K., & Schofield, P. ( 1985). A Children’s Attitude to Authority Scale. Adelaide, Australia: South Australia Institute of Technology, School of Social Studies.
46.
Sampson, R.J., & Lauritsen, J.L. (1994). Violent victimization and offending: Individual-, situational-, and community-level risk factors. In A. J. Reiss & J. A. Roth (Eds.), Understanding and preventing violence (Vol. 3, pp. 1-114). Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
47.
Schreck, C.J., Wright, R.A., & Miller, J. ( 2002). A study of individual and situational antecedents of violent victimization. Justice Quarterly, 19(1), 159-172.
48.
Shaffer, J.N., & Ruback, R.B. ( 2002). Violent victimization as a risk factor for violent offending among juveniles. Washington, DC: Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.
49.
Smith, C., & Thornberry, T.P. (1995). The relationship between childhood maltreatment and adolescent involvement in delinquency. Criminology, 33, 451-477.
50.
Sourander, A., Jensen, P., Rönning, J.A., Elonheimo, H., Niemelä, S., Helenius, H., et al. (2007). Childhood bullies and victims and their risk of criminality in late adolescence. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 161, 546-552.
51.
Tjaden, P., & Thoennes, N. ( 2000). Full report of the prevalence, incidence, and consequences of violence against women: Findings from the National Violence Against Women Survey. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, National Institute of Justice.
52.
Townsley, M., Homel, R., & Chaseling, J. ( 2000). Repeat burglary victimisation: Spatial and temporal patterns . The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology, 33(1), 37-63.
53.
Widom, C.S. ( 1989). The cycle of violence. Science, 244, 160-166.
54.
Wiebush, R.G., Baird, C., Krisberg, B., & Onek, D. ( 1995). Risk assessment and classification for serious, violent and chronic juvenile offenders. In J. C. Howell, B. Krisberg, J. D. Hawkins, & J. J. Wilson (Eds.), Serious, violent, and chronic juvenile offenders: A sourcebook (pp. 171-212). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
55.
Wittebrood, K., & Nieuwbeerta, P. (2000). Criminal victimization during one’s life course: The effects of previous victimization and patterns of routine activities. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 37(1), 91-122.
56.
Wolfgang, M.E., Figlio, R.M., & Sellin, T. ( 1972). Delinquency in a birth cohort. Chicago : University of Chicago Press.
57.
Woodward, L.J., & Fergusson, D.M. (2000). Childhood and adolescent predictors of physical assault: A prospective longitudinal study. Criminology, 38(1), 233-263.
58.
Zhang, L., Welte, J.W., & Wieczorek, W.F. (2001). Deviant lifestyle and crime victimization. Journal of Criminal Justice, 29, 133-143.
