This article briefly describes research on learning and teaching and discusses its implications for the field of educational administration. The author argues that the field of educational administration should pay more attention to issues of learning and teaching in its programs of teaching and research, and he discusses some promising directions for the reform of these endeavors based on recent cognitive approaches to the study of learning and teaching.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Anderson, C. W. , & Smith, E. L. (1987). Teaching science. in V. Richardson-Koehler (Ed.), Educators' handbook: A research perspective. New York: Longman.
2.
Blauner, B. (1964). Alienation and freedom: The factory worker and his industry. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
3.
Block, J. H. , & Burns, R. B. (1976). Mastery learning. In L. Shulman (Ed.), Review of research in education (Vol. 4). Itasca, IL: Peacock.
4.
Bloom, B. S. (1976). Human characteristics and school learning. New York: McGraw-Hill.
5.
Bossert, S. T. , Dwyer, D. C., Rowan, B., & Lee, G. V. (1982). The instructional management role of the principal.Educational Administration Quarterly, 18, 34-64.
6.
Bransford, J. D. , Vye, N. J., Adams, L. T., & Perfetto, G. A. (1989). Learning skills and the acquisition of knowledge. In A. Lesgold & R. Glaser (Eds.), Foundations for a psychology of learning. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
7.
Brophy, J. , & Good, T. L. (1986). Teacher behavior and student achievement. In M. Wittrock (Ed.), Handbook of research on teaching (3rd ed.). New York: Macmillan.
8.
Brown, J. S. , Collins, A., & Duguid, P. (1987). Situated cognition and the culture of learning.Educational Researcher, 16, 32-42.
9.
Bryk, A. S. , & Driscoll, M. (1988). The high school as community: Contextual influences and consequences for students and teachers. Madison, WI: Wisconsin Center for Educational Research, University of Wisconsin.
10.
Cohen, D. K. , McLaughlin, M. W., & Talbert, J. E. (1993). Teaching for understanding: Challenges for policy and practice. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
11.
Cole, N. S. (1990). Conceptions of educational achievement.Educational Researcher, 19, 2-7.
12.
Collins, A. , Hawkins, J., & Carver, S. M. (1991). A cognitive apprenticeship for disadvantaged students. In B. Means & M. Knapp (Eds.), Teaching advanced skills to educationally disadvantaged students. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education.
13.
Darling-Hammond, L. , & Snyder, J. (1992). Curriculum studies and the traditions of inquiry: The scientific tradition. In P. W. Jackson (Ed.), Handbook of research on curriculum. New York: Macmillan.
14.
Doyle, W. (1992). Curriculum and pedagogy. In P. W. Jackson (Ed.), Handbook of research on curriculum. New York: Macmillan.
15.
Erickson, D. A. (1979). Research on educational administration: The state of the art.Educational Researcher, 8, 421-435.
16.
Estes, W. K. (1989). Learning theory. In A. Lesgold & R. Glaser (Eds.), Foundations for a psychology of learning. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
17.
Glaser, R. (1984). Education and thinking: The role of knowledge.American Psychologist, 39, 91-104.
18.
Good, T. L. , Grouws, D. A., & Ebmeier, H. (1983). Active mathematics teaching. White Plains, NY: Longman.
19.
Hoy, W. K. (1982). Recent developments in theory and research in educational administration.Educational Administration Quarterly, 18, 1-11.
20.
Jackson, P. W. (Ed.). (1992). Handbook of research on curriculum. New York: Macmillan.
21.
Kmetz, J. T. , & Willower, D. J. (1982). Elementary school principals' work behavior.Educational Administration Quarterly, 18, 62-78.
22.
Koehler, V. (Ed.). (1987). Educators' handbook: A research perspective. New York: Longman.
23.
Lee, V. E. , & Smith, J. B. (1993a). Effects of school restructuring on the achievement and engagement of middle grades students.Sociology of Education, 66, 164-187.
24.
Lee, V. E. , & Smith, J. B. (1993b). Effects of high school restructuring and size on gains in achievement and engagement for early secondary school students. Madison: Wisconsin Center for Educational Research, University of Wisconsin.
25.
Leithwood, K. A. , & Stager, M. (1989). Cognitive flexibility and inflexibility in principals' problem-solving skills.Alberta Journal of Educational Research, 35, 217-236.
26.
Linn, R. L. , & Dunbar, S. B. (1990). The nation's report goes home: Good news and bad about trends in achievement.Phi Delta Kappan, 72, 127-133.
27.
Martin, W. J. , & Willower, D. J. (1981). The managerial behavior of high school principals.Educational Administration Quarterly, 17, 69-90.
28.
Means, B. , & Knapp. M. (1991). Teaching advanced skills to educationally disadvantaged students. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education.
29.
Newmann, F M. (1981). Reducing student alienation: Implications of a theory.Harvard Educational Review, 51, 546-564.
30.
National Policy Board for Educational Administration. (1989). Principals for our changing schools. Fairfax, VA: Author.
31.
Oakes, J. , Gamoran, A., & Page, R. N. (1992). Curriculum differentiation: Opportunities, outcomes, and meanings. In R W. Jackson (Ed.), Handbook of research on curriculum.New York: Macmillan.
32.
Perkins, D. N. , & Salomon, G. (1989). Are cognitive skills context-bound? Educational Researcher, 18, 16-25.
33.
Perrow, C. (1967). A framework for the comparative analysis of organizations.American Sociological Review, 32, 194-208.
34.
Phillips, D. C. , & Soltis, J. F (1985). Perspectives in learning. New York: Teachers College Press.
35.
Resnick, L. B. (1985). Instructional psychology. In T. Husen & T. N. Postlethwaite (Eds.), International encyclopedia of education: Research and studies (Vol. 5). New York: Pergamon.
36.
Resnick, L. B. (1987). Learning in school and out.Educational Researcher, 16, 13-20.
37.
Rosenshine, B. (1983). Teaching functions in instructional programs.Elementary School Journal, 83, 335-351.
38.
Rosenshine, B. , & Furst, N. (1971). Research on teacher performance criteria. In B. 0. Smith (Ed.), Research on teacher education: A symposium. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
39.
Rowan, B. (1990a). Applying conceptions of teaching to organizational reform. In R. F. Elmore & Associates, Restructuring schools: The next generation of reform. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
40.
Rowan, B. (1990b). Commitment and control: Alternative strategies for the organizational design of schools. In C. Cazden (Ed.), Review of research in education (Vol. 16). Washington, DC: American Educational Research Association.
41.
Rowan, B. , Raudenbush, S. W., & Cheong, Y. F. (1992, April). Teaching as an organizational task: Implications for the organizational design of schools.Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, San Francisco.
42.
Rowan, B. , Raudenbush, S. W., & Cheong, Y. F (1993). Teaching as a nonroutine task: Implications for the management of schools.Educational Administration Quarterly, 29, 479-500.
43.
Shepard, L. A. (1991). Psychometricians beliefs about learning.Educational Researcher, 20, 2-16.
44.
Shulman, L. S. (1986). Paradigms and research programs in the study of teaching: A contemporary perspective. In M. C. Wittrock (Ed.), Handbook of research on teachingNew York: Macmillan.
45.
Skinner, B. F (1968). The technology of teaching. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
46.
Slavin, R. E. (1987). Mastery learning reconsidered.Review of Educational Research, 57, 175-213.
47.
Voss, J. F. (1989). Problem solving and the educational process. In A. Lesgold & R. Glaser (Eds.), Foundations for a psychology of learning. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
48.
Winne, P. H. (1991). Cognitive processing in the classroom. In K. Majoribanks (Ed.), The foundation of students' learning. New York: Pergamon.
49.
Wittrock, M. C. (Ed.). (1983). Handbook of research on teaching. New York: Macmillan.
50.
Wolf, D. , Bixby, J., Glenn, J. III, & Gardner, H. (1991). To use their minds well: Investigating new forms of student assessment. In G. Grant (Ed.), Review of research in education. Washington, DC: American Educational Research Association.