Abstract
This seminal study is an assessment of the three most commonly asserted solutions to the synoptic problem. The assessment is conducted by utilising the data provided by miracle traditions in the synoptic gospels. The three synoptic theories that are considered are the Two-Document Hypothesis (2DH), the Two-Gospel Hypothesis (2GH), and the Farrer Hypothesis (FH). The approach is to consider the redaction of various miracle traditions that is implied by application of these three theories. A deeper level of analysis is provided by the comparison with biographical and narrative rhetorical conventions in first-century Greco-Roman literature. In particular, Reid focuses on two first century authors, Josephus and Plutarch, who used various sources in the creation of their own literary works.
This monograph is arranged in seven chapters. The first supplies a brief introduction to the synoptic problem, noting a relative lacuna in considering the data provided by miracle traditions (pp. 9–11). The second chapter is methodological in nature. The approach is summarised in the following statement: ‘given the inherent logical possibility of all SP solutions, the plausibility of a given SP hypothesis is directly proportional to the plausibility of its implied redactional procedures’ (p. 30). In effect Reid is asking, in relation to miracle traditions, which solution to the synoptic problems best explains the changes the later gospels have introduced in relation to their early sources. The third and fourth chapter then analyse in some detail the way in which Josephus and Plutarch have adapted their source material. Sensibly, Reid focuses some attention on Josephus’ adaptation of miracle and prophecy accounts in Antiquities (pp. 60–64). The detailed information contained in the extended set of tables (pp. 101–135) should not be overlooked. This supplies key evidence for the conclusions reached about Josephus’ use and modification of source material. An even more extensive set of tables is supplied in relation to Plutarch (pp. 191–241). Chapters five and six turn to the synoptic tradition. First the issue of the selection and ordering of miracle traditions is considered on the basis of the three synoptic solutions being subjected to investigation. The conclusion reached in that theories that hold to Markan priority provide greater plausibility in regard to order and selection. Furthermore, Reid states, ‘[a] comparison of 2DH and FH shows less divergence in plausibility but slightly favours 2DH’ (p. 322). Obviously some will want to disagree with that finding! Chapter six then selects three specific miracle traditions shared by the synoptic gospels—the Gadarene/Gerasene demoniac(s), Jairus’ daughter and the haemorrhaging woman, the centurion’s servant. Once again Reid judges theories that hold to Markan priority to be more compelling. However, he notes, based on the three traditions analysed, that neither the 2DH or FH have a clear explanatory advantage.
This carefully argued and meticulously presented study has much to recommend it, but especially noteworthy is its judicious and balanced handling of relevant evidence. This is an important addition to recent literature on the synoptic problem. It should be widely read and its findings thoughtfully weighed.