Our first objective in this qualitative study was to validate the conceptualization of vigor as comprising physical strength, emotional energy and cognitive liveliness. Our second objective was to explore vigor's work-related antecedents. We applied theme analysis to the contents of interviews held with 38 randomly selected employees. The results clearly supported the three-component conceptualization of vigor as most employees (77%) related to vigor as a multifaceted variable. The most frequent work-related antecedents of vigor that emerged from the interviews were meaningful interactions with others, coping with challenging situations, and achieving success on a project. By superimposing the Job Characteristics Model on these qualitative findings, we inferred from the items describing vigor's antecedents that job significance, supervisory feedback, and job identity were the most frequently mentioned antecedents of vigor at work. Additionally, we found indications of a spillover effect of vigor from the home to the work domains.
Bakker, A.B., Demerouti, E. & Schaufeli, W.B.The crossover of burnout and work engagement among working couples. Human Relations, 2005 , 58(5), 661-89.
2.
Baumeister, R.F., Bratslavsky, E., Finkenauer, C. & Vohs, K.D.Bad is stronger than good. Review of General Psychology , 2001, 5(4), 323-70.
3.
Bernard, H.R.Social research methods, qualitative and quantitative approaches. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE, 2000.
4.
Brief, A.P. & Weiss, H.M.Organizational behavior: Affect in the workplace. Annual Review of Psychology, 2002, 53, 279-307.
5.
Burke, M.J., George, J.M., Brief, A.P., Roberson, L. & Webster, J.Measuring affect at work: Confirmatory factor analysis of competing mood structure with conceptual linkage to cortical regulatory systems. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1989, 57(6), 1091-102.
6.
Cranford, J.A., Shrout, P.E., Iida, M., Rafaeli, E., Yip, T. & Bolger, N.A procedure for evaluating sensitivity to within-person change: Can mood measures in diary studies detect change reliably? Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 2006, 32(7), 917-29.
7.
de Rivera, J., Possell, L., Verette, J.A. & Weiner, B.Distinguishing elation, gladness and joy. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1989, 57(6), 1015-23.
8.
Dube, L. & Le Bel, J.L.The content and structure of laypeople's concept of pleasure. Cognition and Emotion, 2003, 17(2), 263-95.
9.
Eisenhardt, K.M.Building theories from case study research. Academy of Management Review, 1989, 14, 532-50.
10.
Eisenhardt, K.M. & Graebner, M.E.Theory building from cases: Opportunities and challenges. Academy of Management Journal, 2007, 50(1), 25-32.
11.
Fisher, C.D.Mood and emotions while working: Missing pieces of job satisfaction ? Journal of Organizational Behavior, 2000 , 21, 185-202.
12.
Fredrickson, B.L.The role of positive emotions in positive psychology: The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. American Psychologist, 2001, 56, 219-26.
13.
Fredrickson, B.L., Tugade, M.M., Waugh, C.E. & Larkin, G.R.What good are positive emotions in crisis? A prospective study of resilience and emotions following the terrorist attacks on the United States on September 11th, 2001. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2003, 84(2), 365-76.
14.
George, J.M.State or trait: Effects of positive mood on prosocial behaviors at work. Journal of Applied Psychology, 1991 , 76(2), 299-307.
15.
Hackman, J.R. & Oldham, G.R.The job diagnostic survey: An instrument for the diagnosis of jobs and evaluation of job redesign projects. New Haven, CT : Department of Administrative Sciences, Yale University , 1974.
Hakanen, J.J., Bakker, A.B. & Schaufeli, W.B.Burnout and work engagement among teachers . Journal of School Psychology, 2006, 43(6), 495-513.
18.
Hansen, C.J., Stevens, L.C. & Coast, J.R.Exercise duration and mood state: How much is enough to feel better?Health Psychology, 2001, 20(4), 267-75.
19.
Hobfoll, S.E.Conservation of resources: A new attempt at conceptualizing stress . American Psychologist, 1989, 44, 513-24.
20.
Hobfoll, S.E.The influence of culture community and the nested-self in the stress process: Advancing conservation of resources theory. Applied Psychology: An International Journal, 2001, 50, 337-421.
21.
Hobfoll, S.E.Social and psychological resources and adaptation. Review of General Psychology, 2002, 6(4), 307-24.
22.
Hobfoll, S.E. & Shirom, A.Conservation of resources theory: Applications to stress and management in the workplace. In R.T. Golembiewski (Ed.), Handbook of organization behaviour, 2nd rev. edn. New York: Marcel Dekker, 2000, pp. 57-81.
23.
Kafner, R. & Kantrowitz, T.M.Emotion regulation. Command and control of emotion in work life. In R.G. Lord, R.J. Klimoski & R. Kanfer (Eds), Emotions in the workplace: Understanding the structure and role of emotions in organizational behavior. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass, 2002, pp. 433-72.
24.
Kelly, J.R. & Barsade, S.G.Moods and emotions in small groups and work teams. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 2001 , 86(1), 99-130.
25.
Lazarus, R.S.Emotion and adaptation. New York: Oxford University Press, 1991.
26.
Lazarus, R.S. & Folkman, S.Stress, appraisal, and coping. New York: Springer, 1984.
Lee, T.W., Mitchell, T.R. & Sablynski, C.J.Qualitative research in organizational and vocational psychology, 1979-1999. Journal of Vocational Behavior , 1999, 55, 161-87.
29.
Lyubomirsky, S., King, L. & Diener, E.The benefits of frequent positive affect: Does happiness lead to success ? Psychological Bulletin, 2005, 131(6), 803-55.
30.
McNair, D.M., Lorr, M. & Droppleman, L.F.Manual: Profile of mood states. San Diego, CA: Educational and Industrial Testing Service , 1971.
31.
Matthews, G. & Jones, D.M.Refining the measurement of mood: The UWIST Mood Adjective Checklist . British Journal of Psychology, 1990, 81(1), 17.
32.
Miles, M.B. & Huberman, A.M.Qualitative data analysis: An expanded sourcebook . Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE, 1994.
33.
Niedenthal, P.M., Krauth-Gruber, S. & Ric, F.Psychology of emotion: Interpersonal, experiential, and cognitive approaches . New York: Psychology Press, 2006.
34.
Peterson, C. & Seligman, M.E.P.Character, strengths and virtues: A handbook of classification. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association and Oxford University Press, 2004.
Puetz, T.W., O'Connor, P.J. & Dishman, R.K.Effects of chronic exercise on feelings of energy and fatigue: A quantitative synthesis. Psychological Bulletin, 2006, 132(6), 866-76.
37.
Quinn, R.W.Energizing others in work connections. In J.E. Dutton & B.R. Ragins (Eds), Exploring positive relationships at work: Building a theoretical and research foundation. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2007, pp. 73-90.
38.
Reed, J. & Ones, D.S.The effect of acute aerobic exercise on positive activated affect: A meta-analysis . Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 2006, 7(5), 477-514.
39.
Rego, A. & Cunha, M.P.Authentizotic climates and employee happiness: Pathways to individual performance?Journal of Business Research, 2008, 61(7), 739-52.
40.
Robinson, M.D.The reactive and prospective functions of mood: Its role in linking daily experiences and cognitive well-being. Cognition & Emotion , 2000, 14(2), 145-76.
41.
Russell, J.A. & Steiger, J.H.The structure in persons' implicit taxonomy of emotions. Journal of Research in Personality, 1982, 16(3), 447-69.
42.
Salovey, P., Rothman, A.J., Detweiler, J.B. & Steward, W.T.Emotional states and physical health. American Psychologist , 2000, 55(1), 110-21.
43.
Scherer, K.R.Emotion. In M. Hewstone & W. Stroebe (Eds), Introduction to social psychology: A European perspective, 3rd edn. Oxford: Blackwell, 2000, pp. 151-91.
44.
Shirom, A.Feeling vigorous at work? The construct of vigor and the study of positive affect in organizations. Research in Occupational Stress and Well Being, 2004, 3, 135-64.
45.
Shirom, A., Toker, S., Berliner, S., Shapira, I. & Melamed, S.Work-related vigor and job satisfaction relationships with inflammation biomarkers among employed adults. In A. Delle Fave (Ed.), Dimensions of well-being: Research and interventions . Milan, Italy: Franco Angeli, 2006 , pp. 254-74.
46.
Shirom, A., Toker, S., Berliner, S., Shapira, I. & Melamed, S.The effects of physical fitness and feeling vigorous on self-rated health . Health Psychology, in press.
47.
Siggelkow, N.Persuasion with case studies. Academy of Management Journal , 2007, 50(1), 20-4.
48.
Song, Z.L., Foo, M.D. & Uy, M.A.Mood spillover and crossover among dual-earner couples: A cell phone event sampling study. Journal of Applied Psychology, 2008, 93(2), 443-52.
49.
Spector, P.E. & Goh, A.The role of emotions in the occupational stress process. Research in Occupational Stress and Well Being, 2001, 1, 195-232.
50.
Staines, G.L.Spillover versus compensation: A review of the literature on the relationship between work and nonwork. Human Relations, 1980, 33(2), 111-42.
51.
Staw, B.M. & Barsade, S.G.Affect and managerial performance: A test of the sadder-butwiser vs. happier-and-smarter hypotheses. Administrative Science Quarterly , 1993, 38, 304-31.
52.
Sturges, J.E. & Hanrahan, K.J.Comparing telephone and face-to-face qualitative interviewing: A research note. Qualitative Research, 2004, 4(1), 107-18.
53.
Suls, J. & Bunde, J.Anger, anxiety, and depression as risk factors for cardiovascular disease: The problems and implications of overlapping affective dispositions . Psychological Bulletin, 2005, 131(2), 260-300.
54.
Terry, P.C., Lane, A.M., Lane, H.J. & Keohane, L.Development and validation of a mood measure for adolescents: POMS-A . Journal of Sports Sciences, 1999, 17(4), 861-72.
55.
Thayer, R.E.The biopsychology of mood and arousal. New York : Oxford University Press, 1989 .
56.
Thelwell, R.C., Lane, A.M. & Weston, N.J.V.Mood states, self-set goals, self-efficacy and performance in academic examinations. Personality and Individual Differences, 2007, 42(3), 573-83.
57.
Weiss, H.M.Conceptual and empirical foundations for the study of affect at work . In R.G. Lord, R.J. Klimoski & R. Kanfer (Eds), Emotions in the workplace: Understanding the structure and role of emotions in organizational behavior. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass, 2002, pp. 20-63.
58.
Westman, M.Stress and strain crossover. Human Relations, 2001, 54(6), 717-51.
59.
Westman, M. & Etzion, D.Crossover of stress, strain and resources from one spouse to another . Journal of Organizational Behavior, 1995 , 16, 169-81.
60.
WHOQOL Group.Development of the WHOQOL: Rationale and current status. International Journal of Mental Health, 1994, 23, 24-56.
61.
Yik, M.S.M., Russell, J.A. & Barrett, L.F.Structure of self-reported current affect: Integration and beyond . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1999, 77(3), 600-19.
