Social determinants of mental health: The role of proximal and distal factors

Abramovitch A. Abramowitz J. S. McKay D. (2021). The OCI-4: An ultra-brief screening scale for obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 78, Article 102354. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2021.102354

Acoba E. F. (2024). Social support and mental health: The mediating role of perceived stress. Frontiers in Psychology, 15, Article 1330720. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1330720

Adler N. E. Epel E. S. Castellazzo G. Ickovics J. R. (2000). Relationship of subjective and objective social status with psychological and physiological functioning: Preliminary data in healthy white women. Health Psychology, 19(6), 586–592. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.19.6.586

Alonso J. Angermeyer M. C. Bernert S. Bruffaerts R. Brugha T. S. Bryson H. de Girolamo G. de Graaf R. Demyttenaere K. Gasquet I. Haro J. M. Katz S. J. Kessler R. C. Kovess V. Lepine J. P. Ormel J. Polidori G. Russo L. J. Vilagut G. . . . Vollebergh W. A. M. (2004). Prevalence of mental disorders in Europe: Results from the European Study of the Epidemiology of Mental Disorders (ESEMeD) project. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 21(7), 21–27. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0047.2004.00327.x.

American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.).

Araya R. Lewis G. Rojas G. (2003). Education and income: Which is more important for mental health? Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 57(7), 501–505. https://www.jech.com

Awaworyi Churchill S. Farrell L. Smyth R . (2019). Neighbourhood ethnic diversity and mental health in Australia. Health Economics, 28(9), 1075–1087. https://doi.org/10.1002/hec.3928

Bacigalupe A. Esnaola S. Martín U. (2016). The impact of the Great Recession on mental health and its inequalities: The case of a Southern European region, 1997-2013. International Journal for Equity in Health, 15(1), 17. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939-015-0283-7

Ballester L. Alayo I. Vilagut G. Almenara J. Cebrià A. I. Echeburúa E. Gabilondo A. Gili M. Lagares C. Piqueras J. A. Roca M. Soto-Sanz V. Blasco M. J. Castellví P. Forero C. G. Bruffaerts R. Mortier P. Auerbach R. P. Nock M. K. , . . . Alonso J. (2019). Accuracy of online survey assessment of mental disorders and suicidal thoughts and behaviors in Spanish university students. Results of the WHO World Mental Health-International College Student initiative. PLoS ONE, 14(9), e0221529. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0221529

Baxter A. J. Scott K. M. Vos T. Whiteford H. A. (2013). Global prevalence of anxiety disorders: A systematic review and meta-regression. Psychological Medicine, 43(5), 897–910. https://doi.org/10.1017/S003329171200147X

Bell S. Wilson K. Bissonnette L. Shah T. (2013). Access to primary health care: Does neighborhood of residence matter? Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 103(1), 85–105. https://doi.org/10.1080/00045608.2012.685050

Bernardini F. Attademo L. Rotter M. Compton M. T. (2021). Social determinants of mental health as mediators and moderators of the mental health impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic. Psychiatric Services, 72(5), 598–601. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.202000393

Blackmore R. Boyle J. A. Fazel M. Ranasinha S. Gray K. M. Fitzgerald G. Misso M. Gibson-Helm M. (2020). The prevalence of mental illness in refugees and asylum seekers: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Medicine, 17(9), e1003337. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1003337

Blevins C. A. Weathers F. W. Davis M. T. Witte T. K. Domino J. L. (2015). The Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5): Development and initial psychometric evaluation. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 28(6), 489–498. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22059

Bogenschneider K. Little O. M. Ooms T. Benning S. Cadigan K. Corbett T. (2012). The family impact lens: A family-focused, evidence-informed approach to policy and practice. Family Relations, 61(3), 514–531. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3729.2012.00704.x

Cacioppo J. T. Hughes M. E. Waite L. J. Hawkley L. C. Thisted R. A. (2006). Loneliness as a specific risk factor for depressive symptoms: Cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses. Psychology and Aging, 21(1), 140–151. https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.21.1.140

Catalano R. Goldman-Mellor S. Saxton K. Margerison-Zilko C. Subbaraman M. Lewinn K. Anderson E. (2011). The health effects of economic decline. Annual Review of Public Health, 32, 431–450. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031210-101146

Centre for Study in Cultural Development. (2020). Culture 2020.

Cheng H. G. Deng F. Xiong W. Phillips M. R. (2015). Prevalence of alcohol use disorders in mainland China: A systematic review. Addiction, 110(5), 761–774. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.12876

Chesney E. Goodwin G. M. Fazel S. (2014). Risks of all-cause and suicide mortality in mental disorders: A meta-review. World Psychiatry, 13(2), 153–160. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20128

Dalenberg C. Carlson E. (2010). Brief Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES-B) modified for DSM-5. https://www.psychiatry.org/FileLibrary/Psychiatrists/Practice/DSM/APA_DSM5_Severity-of-Dissociative-Symptoms-Adult.pdf

Daly M. Robinson E. (2021). Acute and longer-term psychological distress associated with testing positive for COVID-19: Longitudinal evidence from a population-based study of US adults. Psychological Medicine, 53(4), 1603–1610. https://doi.org/10.1017/S003329172100324X

Eaton W. W. Anthony J. C. Tepper S. Dryman A. (1978). Psychopathology and attrition in the epidemiologic catchment area surveys. American Journal of Epidemiology, 135(9), 1051–1059.

Esseau-Thomas C. Galarraga O. Khalifa S. (2022). Epidemics, pandemics and income inequality. Health Economics Review, 12(1), 7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13561-022-00355-1

European Commission. (2017). Mental health in all policies. https://health.ec.europa.eu/document/download/ba635845-7207-46ad-a34c-6b3b1b2429e3_en?filename=2017_mh_allpolicies_en.pdf

Fliege H. Lee J. R. Grimm A. Klapp B. F. (2009). Risk factors and correlates of deliberate self-harm behavior: A systematic review. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 66(6), 477–493. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2008.10.013

Foa E. B. Huppert J. D. Leiberg S. Langner R. Kichic R. Hajcak G. Salkovskis P. M. (2002). The obsessive-compulsive inventory: Development and validation of a short version. Psychological Assessment, 14(4), 485–496. https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.14.4.485

Frischholz E. J. Braun B. G. Sachs R. G. Hopkins L. Shaeffer D. Lewis J. Leavitt F. Pasquotto J. N. Schwartz D. R. (1990). The Dissociative Experiences Scale: Further replication and validation. Dissociation: Progress in the Dissociative Disorders, 3(3), 151–153.

Ghweeba M. Lindenmeyer A. Shishi S. Abbas M. Waheed A. Amer S. (2017). What predicts online health information-seeking behavior among Egyptian adults? A cross-sectional study. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 19(6), e216. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.6855

Gideon N. Hawkes N. Mond J. Saunders R. Tchanturia K. Serpell L. (2016). Development and psychometric validation of the EDE-QS, a 12 item short form of the eating disorder examination questionnaire (EDE-Q). PLoS ONE, 11(5), e0152744. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0152744

Hatzenbuehler M. L. Keyes K. Hamilton A. Uddin M. Galea S. (2015). The collateral damage of mass incarceration: Risk of psychiatric morbidity among nonincarcerated residents of high-incarceration neighborhoods. American Journal of Public Health, 105(1), 138–143. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2014

Hawton K. Casañas I Comabella C. Haw C. Saunders K. (2013). Risk factors for suicide in individuals with depression: A systematic review. Journal of Affective Disorders, 147(1–3), 17–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2013.01.004

Hor K. Taylor M. (2010). Suicide and schizophrenia: A systematic review of rates and risk factors. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 24(4 Suppl), 81–90. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359786810385490

Hyde J. S. Mezulis A. H. Abramson L. Y. (2008). The ABCs of depression: Integrating affective, biological, and cognitive models to explain the emergence of the gender difference in depression. Psychological Review, 115(2), 291–313. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.115.2.291

Joaquim R. M. Pinto A. L. C. B. Guatimosim R. F. de Paula J. J. Souza Costa D. Diaz A. P. da Silva A. G. Pinheiro M. I. C. Serpa A. L. O. Miranda D. M. Malloy-Diniz L. F. (2021). Bereavement and psychological distress during COVID-19 pandemics: The impact of death experience on mental health. Current Research in Behavioral Sciences, 2, Article 100019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crbeha.2021.100019

Jung Y. H. Jang B. N. Park M. Park E. C. (2022). Association between family financial decline due to COVID-19 and generalized anxiety disorder among Korean adolescents. Journal of Affective Disorders, 309, 411–417. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2022.04.154

Kantor B. N. Kantor J. (2020). Mental Health Outcomes and Associations during the COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional population-based study in the United States. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11, Article 569083. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.569083

Kazmi S. S. H. Hasan K. Talib S. Saxena S. (2020). COVID-19 and lockdown: A study on the impact on mental health. Social Science Research Network. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3577515

Kirkbride J. B. Anglin D. M. Colman I. Dykxhoorn J. Jones P. B. Patalay P. Pitman A. Soneson E. Steare T. Wright T. Griffiths S. L. (2024). The social determinants of mental health and disorder: Evidence, prevention and recommendations. World Psychiatry, 23(1), 58–90. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.21160

Kleber R. J. (2019). Trauma and public mental health: A focused review. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 10, Article 451. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00451

Kroenke K. Spitzer R. L. Williams J. B. W. (2001). The PHQ-9 validity of a brief depression severity measure. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 16(9), 606–613. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x.

Kroenke K. Spitzer R. L. Williams J. B. W. (2002). The PHQ-15: Validity of a new measure for evaluating the severity of somatic symptoms. Psychosomatic Medicine, 64(2), 258–266.

Laird J. T. (1973). Mental health and population density. Journal of Psychology: Interdisciplinary and Applied, 85(2), 171–177. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980.1973.9915647

Loewy R. Cannon T. (2010). The Prodromal Questionnaire, Brief Version (PQ-B). University of California. https://www.semel.ucla.edu/sites/default/files/pdf/HighRiskPsychosisScreener.pdf

Loewy R. L. Pearson R. Vinogradov S. Bearden C. E. Cannon T. D. (2011). Psychosis risk screening with the Prodromal questionnaire — brief version (PQ-B). Schizophrenia Research, 129(1), 42–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2011.03.029

Lund C. Brooke-Sumner C. Baingana F. Baron E. C. Breuer E. Chandra P. Haushofer J. Herrman H. Jordans M. Kieling C. Medina-Mora M. E. Morgan E. Omigbodun O. Tol W. Patel V. Saxena S. (2018). Social determinants of mental disorders and the Sustainable Development Goals: A systematic review of reviews. The Lancet Psychiatry, 5(4), 357–369. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(18)30060-9

Lund C. Stansfeld S. De Silva M. J. (2014) Social determinants of mental health. In Patel V. Minas H. Cohen A. Prince M. (Eds.), Global mental health: Principles and practice (pp. 116–136). Oxford University Press.

Marchi M. Alkema A. Xia C. Thio C. H. L. Chen L.-Y. Schalkwijk W. Galeazzi G. M. Ferrari S. Pingani L. Kweon H. Evans-Lacko S. David Hill W. Boks M. P. (2024). Investigating the impact of poverty on mental illness in the UK Biobank using Mendelian randomization. Nature Human Behaviour, 8, 1771–1783. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-024-01919-3

Mariani F. Pérez-Barahona A. Raffin N. (2010). Life expectancy and the environment. Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, 34(4), 798–815. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jedc.2009.11.007

Maric N. P. Lazarevic L. J. B. Priebe S. Mihic L. J. Pejovic-Milovancevic M. Terzic-Supic Z. Toskovic O. Vukovic O. Todorovic J. Knezevic G. (2022). Covid-19-related stressors, mental disorders, depressive and anxiety symptoms: A cross-sectional, nationally-representative, face-to-face survey in Serbia. Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences, 31, e36. https://doi.org/10.1017/s2045796022000117

Ortuno-Sierra J. Lucas-Molina B. Inchausti F. Fonseca-Pedrero E. (2021). Special issue on mental health and well-being in adolescence: Environment and behavior. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(6), 1–4. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18062975

Pevalin D. J. Reeves A. Baker E. Bentley R. (2017). The impact of persistent poor housing conditions on mental health: A longitudinal population-based study. Preventive Medicine, 105, 304–310. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2017.09.020

Pevalin D. J. Taylor M. P. Todd J. (2008). The dynamics of unhealthy housing in the UK: A panel data analysis. Housing Studies, 23(5), 679–695. https://doi.org/10.1080/02673030802253848

Phongsavan P. Chey T. Bauman A. Brooks R. Silove D. (2006). Social capital, socio-economic status and psychological distress among Australian adults. Social Science and Medicine, 63(10), 2546–2561. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2006.06.021

Prnjak K. Mitchison D. Griffiths S. Mond J. Gideon N. Serpell L. Hay P. (2020). Further development of the 12-item EDE-QS: Identifying a cut-off for screening purposes. BMC Psychiatry, 20(1), 164. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-020-02565-5

Puric D. Vukčević Marković M. (2019). Development and validation of the Stressful Experiences in Transit Questionnaire (SET-Q) and its Short Form (SET-SF). European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 10(1), Article 1611091. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2019.1611091

Qian J. Hu Q. Wan Y. Li T. Wu M. Ren Z. Yu D. (2013). Prevalence of eating disorders in the general population: A systematic review. Shanghai Archives of Psychiatry, 25(4), 212–223. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1002-0829.2013.04.003

Quittkat H. L. Düsing R. Holtmann F. J. Buhlmann U. Svaldi J. Vocks S. (2020). Perceived impact of Covid-19 across different mental disorders: A study on disorder-specific symptoms, psychosocial stress and behavior. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, Article 586246. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.586246

Rayner J. Muldoon L. Bayoumi I. McMurchy D. Mulligan K. Tharao W. (2018). Delivering primary health care as envisioned: A model of health and well-being guiding community-governed primary care organizations. Journal of Integrated Care, 26(3), 231–241. https://doi.org/10.1108/JICA-02-2018-0014

Reyes-Martínez J. Takeuchi D. Martínez-Martínez O. A. Lombe M. (2021). The role of cultural participation on subjective well-being in Mexico. Applied Research in Quality of Life, 16(3), 1321–1341. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11482-020-09811-8

Santomauro D. F. Mantilla Herrera A. M. Shadid J. Zheng P. Ashbaugh C. Pigott D. M. Abbafati C. Adolph C. Amlag J. O. Aravkin A. Y. Bang-Jensen B. L. Bertolacci G. J. Bloom S. S. Castellano R. Castro E. Chakrabarti S. Chattopadhyay J. Cogen R. M. Collins J. K. . . . Ferrari A. J. (2021). Global prevalence and burden of depressive and anxiety disorders in 204 countries and territories in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The Lancet, 398(10312), 1700–1712. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02143-7

Savill M. D’Ambrosio J. Cannon T. D. Loewy R. L. (2018). Psychosis risk screening in different populations using the Prodromal Questionnaire: A systematic review. Early Intervention in Psychiatry, 12(1), 3–14. https://doi.org/10.1111/eip.12446

Sharlamanov K. Petreska J. (2022). Analysis of the interaction between social factors and mental health. In Baikady R. Sajid S. Przeperski J. Nadesan V. Islam M. R. Gao J. (Eds.), The Palgrave handbook of global social problems (pp. 1–16). Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-68127-2_288-1

Slimmen S. Timmermans O. Lechner L. Oenema A. (2024). A socio-ecological approach of evidence on associations between social environmental factors and mental health outcomes of young adults: A systematic review. Social Sciences & Humanities Open, 10, Article 101068. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2024.101068

Spitzer R. L. Kroenke K. Williams J. B. W. Lowe B. (2006). A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder the GAD-7. Archives of Internal Medicine, 166(10), 1092–1097. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.166.10.1092

Statistical office of the Republic of Serbia. (2011). Popis stanovništva, domaćinstava i stanova 2011. u Republici Srbiji: Nacionalna pripadnost [Census of population, households and apartments in 2011 in the Republic of Serbia: Ethnicity]. http://media.popis2011.stat.rs/2012/Nacionalnapripadnost-Ethnicity.pdf

Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia. (2017). Municipalities and regions of the Republic of Serbia. https://publikacije.stat.gov.rs/G2017/PdfE/G201713044.pdf

Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia. (2018). Municipalities and regions of the Republic of Serbia. https://publikacije.stat.gov.rs/G2018/PdfE/G201813045.pdf

Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia. (2019). Municipalities and regions of the Republic of Serbia. https://publikacije.stat.gov.rs/G2019/PdfE/G201913046.pdf

Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia. (2020). Municipalities and regions of the Republic of Serbia. https://publikacije.stat.gov.rs/G2020/PdfE/G202013047.pdf

Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia. (2021a). Municipalities and regions of the Republic of Serbia. https://publikacije.stat.gov.rs/G2021/PdfE/G202113048.pdf

Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia. (2021b). Usage of information and communication technologies in the Republic of Serbia.

Statistical office of the Republic of Serbia. (2022a). Anketa o radnoj snazi u Republici Srbiji [Survey of labor force of the Republic of Serbia]. https://publikacije.stat.gov.rs/G2023/Pdf/G20235695.pdf

Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia. (2022b). Educational attainment, literacy and computer: Data by municipalities and cities. https://publikacije.stat.gov.rs/G2023/Pdf/G20234006.pdf

Statistical office of the Republic of Serbia. (2022c). Srednje obrazovanje [Middle level education]. https://publikacije.stat.gov.rs/G2022/pdf/G20225683.pdf

Turner R. Brown R. (2010). Social support and mental health. In Scheid T. Brown T. (Eds.), A handbook for the study of mental health (pp. 200–212). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511984945

van Spijker B. A. J. Batterham P. J. Calear A. L. Farrer L. Christensen H. Reynolds J. Kerkhof A. J. F. M . (2014). The Suicidal Ideation Attributes Scale (SIDAS): Community-based validation study of a new scale for the measurement of suicidal ideation. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 44(4), 408–419. https://doi.org/10.1111/sltb.12084

Vukčević Marković M. Momirovic J. Puric D . (2016). Adaptation of Harvard Trauma Questionnaire for working with refugees and asylum seekers in Serbia. Psihologija, 49(3), 277–299. https://doi.org/10.2298/PSI1603277V

Vukčević Marković M. Gasic J. Bjekic J . (2017). Refugees’ mental health.

Wang Y. Di Y. Ye J. Wei W. (2020). Study on the public psychological states and its related factors during the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in some regions of China. Psychology, Health and Medicine, 26(1), 13–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/13548506.2020.1746817

Weathers F. W. Blake D. D. Schnurr P. P. Kaloupek D. G. Marx B. P. Keane T. M. (2013). The life events checklist for DSM-5 (LEC-5) – Standard. https://www.ptsd.va.gov/professional/assessment/documents/LEC5_Standard_Self-report.PDF

Wickrama K. A. S. Bryant C. M. (2003). Community context of social resources and adolescent mental health. Journal of Marriage and Family, 65(4), 850–866.

Wickramaratne P. J. Yangchen T. Lepow L. Patra B. G. Glicksburg B. Talati A. Adekkanattu P. Ryu E. Biernacka J. M. Charney A. Mann J. J. Pathak J. Olfson M. Weissman M. M. (2022). Social connectedness as a determinant of mental health: A scoping review. PLoS ONE, 17(10), e0275004. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0275004

Williams D. G. (1994). Population density and mental illness. Journal of Social Psychology, 134(4), 545–546. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224545.1994.9712205

Winkler P. Formanek T. Mlada K. Kagstrom A. Mohrova Z. Mohr P. Csemy L. (2020). Increase in prevalence of current mental disorders in the context of COVID-19: Analysis of repeated nationwide cross-sectional surveys. Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences, 29, e173. https://doi.org/10.1017/S2045796020000888

Woolf S. H. Braveman P. (2011). Where health disparities begin: The role of social and economic determinants-and why current policies may make matters worse. Health Affairs, 30(10), 1852–1859. https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2011.0685

World Bank. (2022). Individuals using the Internet (% of population) - Serbia.

World Health Organization. (2013). Mental health action plan 2013-2020. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241506021

Zhang Y. Ma Z. F. (2020). Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health and quality of life among local residents in Liaoning Province, China: A cross-sectional study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(7), 2381. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17072381

Zimet G. D. Dahlem N. W. Zimet S. G. Farley G. K. (1988). The Multidimensional Scale of perceived social support. Journal of Personality Assessment, 52(1), 30–41. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa5201_2

Živanović M. Vukčević Marković M. Dimoski J. Gvozden M. (2022). Mental health in Serbia: Needs assessment, risk factors, and barriers to accessing professional support. Psychosocial Innovation Network.