Abstract
72.4058 ACCIAI, Claudia —
What governments desire to achieve, and how they want to accomplish their goals, represent the core of any policy design process. However, it is still unclear how partisan politics, in its combined effect with path-dependency forces, influence policy makers’ choices over alternative instrument mixes. Through a comparative analysis of Research and Innovation (R&I) instrument choices in countries characterized by different paradigmatic models of policy (Italy and France), the paper investigates how the politics of different cabinets influence the formulation of national R&I strategies and the extent to which these decisions are constrained by the legacy of previous choices. By capitalizing on a new proposed treatment of policy instruments, the paper contributes to the definition of the types of tools found in policy mixes, investigating how national R&I instrument mix variations develop. [R, abr.]
72.4059 ACORN, Elizabeth —
At issue in the SNC-Lavalin scandal was a new tool of corporate criminal law: remediation agreements. Introduced in 2018, remediation agreements allow corporate diversion and create an alternative to the prosecution of corporations suspected of criminal wrongdoing. This article examines why the federal government adopted and chose this particular new tool. Drawing on a wide-ranging documentary record, I argue that this reform was the product of transnational lawmaking and the ongoing influence of Canada’s international commitments to prohibit and punish foreign bribery. The article shows how international criticism of Canada’s lacklustre anti-foreign bribery enforcement record catalyzed cross-national policy diffusion and learning from other states. This led Canada to adopt corporate diversion, which promised greater enforcement, and also led Canada to adopt a form of the practice with legislative and judicial limits. [R, abr.]
72.4060 ALDAZ PEÑA, Raúl —
Presidents need to craft political support to push through policy changes. But even when new policies are socially desirable, they are not always politically feasible. This article shows that in resource-rich countries, presidents can use windfall revenues to obtain support for their policy agenda. Using Ecuador as a case study, I show that oil revenues and presidentled policy changes have the same long-run trends (i.e. both variables are co-integrated); government expenditures link oil revenues and policy change in the short run; and more discretionary budget rules also increase president-led policy changes. In this country, presidents produced policy changes only when they benefited from high oil revenues. [R, abr.]
72.4061 ALEMPARTE, Benjamin —
Before neoliberalism became global, it was an intellectual project that had a particular view of the power of constitutions to limit sovereign states, anchor economic freedoms and protect markets from democratic pressures for greater equality. In Latin America and the developing world, neoliberalism has long been identified with the political economy of the Washington Consensus. However, the comprehensive study of its legal foundations and institutional arrangements is still an area of limited scholarly attention. This article attempts to advance in that direction. By examining the work of Friedrich A. Hayek, Milton Friedman and James M. Buchanan, it explores a theory of neoliberal constitutionalism within Chile, the so-called first neoliberal laboratory. These authors visited the country during the Pinochet dictatorship (1973-1990), and were connected with top Chilean authorities as part of their global ambitions to implement their theoretical agendas in real-world scenarios. The article argues that Chile’s constitution-making process between 1973 and 1980 offered an on-site experiment in introducing neoliberal’s radical economic transformation. It addresses how the dictatorship’s natural law-based rule of law principles were compatible with the neoliberal constitutional ideology by supporting a distinctive view of the state’s role and designing the innovative institutional arrangements necessary to guarantee the market’s priority in the structural and rights dimension of the 1980 Constitution. [R, abr.]
72.4062 AMERIGO GIULIANI, Giovanni —
The paper analyzes the pension reforms implemented during and after the Great Crisis in Italy (2011-2019), and evaluates whether a recalibration of the pension system and, more in general, of the Italian welfare state was involved. More specifically, through a multidimensional theoretical framework, the article assesses the distributive implications of the pension reforms not only within the pension realm but also by considering their interplay with those reforms that occurred in three specific sectors — namely, the labor market, the family, and anti-poverty policies. Pension reforms therefore are analyzed in terms of welfare reform packages, where old and new policy instruments from different social policy fields are included. The work shows that recalibrating the Italian welfare state is still very difficult. [R]
72.4063 ANTWEILER, Katrin —
This article investigates local endeavors for Holocaust memory in postapartheid South Africa in their relation to global memory imperatives that are, among others, produced by supranational organizations. Drawing on a larger case-study on globalized memory, I analyze to what extent a generalized mnemonic framework is reflected in South Africa’s 2007 curriculum reform, namely its inclusion of the Holocaust and subsequent memory politics. In order to illuminate the coloniality of memorialization, I trace the epistemic location of the narrative that suggests that Holocaust memory nourishes democratic values and human rights—maybe even more so than local memories of violence and oppression such as colonization and apartheid. [R, abr.] [See Abstr. 72.3984]
72.4064 AROWOSEGBE, Jacob O. —
This article revisits the legitimacy question as it touches the Nigerian 1999 Constitution, bringing to the discourse a review and application of pertinent theoretical perspectives on constitution making and constitutional legitimacy. This theoretical and pragmatic approach introduces a refreshing angle to the debate, revealing the paucity of any attempt to ascribe any legitimacy claim to a constitution with a doubtful normative claim and fraudulent attribution of its source and legitimacy to the people. The author finds the consent basis of constitutional legitimacy as most attractive to a divided state like Nigeria, and concludes by advocating the adoption of a blend of the principles of the constituent assembly and post sovereign constitution-making models for the production of a new people-driven and inclusive constitution to meet the needs of the Nigerian people. [R]
72.4065 ARVANITIDIS, Paschalis ; ECONOMOU, Athina ; KOLLIAS, Christos —
A characteristic of institutional trust levels in EU members is the difference detected between north and south. Using the Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition methodology, the paper examines whether behavioural or socio-economic conditions explain the observed differences in institutional trust. The findings indicate that the biggest part of the observed gaps in trust towards both EU and national institutions are primarily attributable to the observed characteristics of the individuals and not to behavioural or cultural differences. [R]
72.4066 ASH, Elliott ; MORELLI, Massimo ; VANNONI, Matia —
This paper sheds new light on the drivers of civil service reform in US states. We first demonstrate theoretically that divided government is a key trigger of civil service reform, providing nuanced predictions for specific configurations of divided government. We then show empirical evidence for these predictions using data from the second half of the 20th century: states tended to introduce these reforms under divided government, and in particular when legislative chambers (rather than legislature and governor) were divided. [R]
72.4067 BACHLEITNER, Kathrin —
This article is interested in the formation of war legacies and how they interact with social identities. It suggests a bottom-up approach towards examining the societal processes in which individuals create a legacy of war. It posits that through their narratives of conflict, by remembering what happened to them as a group, they mould the meaning and boundaries of how the group will be membered post-conflict. The validity of the theorised link between war memory and group membership is then tested in the case of Syria. In 200 interviews, Syrians provided their narratives of the conflict and their vision of a future Syrian state and society. The findings show that most respondents’ narratives follow a civic rationale, forming a society around civil rights and political ideas rather than around ethnic/sectarian divides. [R, abr.]
72.4068 BAERLOCHER, Diogo ; SCHNEIDER, Rodrigo —
This paper provides evidence of alignment effects between the executive and the legislative branches of the central government. We rely on detailed data on Brazilian intergovernmental grants whose allocations are determined by legislators. The executive branch cannot interfere with the destinies or volumes of grants, but it can control the transfer pace. We group the data into municipalities and estimate the effects of the share of aligned legislators associated with a municipality on the average time to receive grants. We show that legislators politically aligned to the executive branch transfer resources to their constituencies nine months faster than unaligned legislators. To achieve a causal interpretation of these results, we rely on exogenous variations in the shares of elected aligned legislators caused by the phased-in introduction of electronic voting. Our findings regarding how political alignment affects the speed of transfer are consistent across different periods and alternative definitions of the dependent variable. [R, abr.]
72.4069 BAGDONIENE, Liudmila —
This paper searches for a response to whether resource scarcity can propel the collaboration of co-located service organizations in order to obtain deficient resources for the creation and implementation of service innovation. Qualitative in nature, this study is based on an empirical examination of health tourism and wellness services organizations co-located in the smallest resort Birstonas town of Lithuania. The study’s findings indicate that service innovation requires a wide range of resources where intangible resources dominate against tangible resources. Studied organizations, in creating service innovation, focus exceptionally on internal resources and face the issue of the accessibility of resources. Nevertheless, resource scarcity is not conceded as a factor influencing the closer collaboration of co-located organizations in searching for deficient resources for service innovation. [R, abr.]
72.4070 BAJI, Tomohito —
This article examines Japanese colonial policy studies (shokumin seisaku gaku) with a particular focus on its relationship with the distinct region of ‘Nan’yo’ (the South Seas). Specifically analyzing the works of Takekoshi Yosaburo (1865-1950), Nitobe Inazo (1862-1933) and Yanaihara Tadao (1893-1961), it seeks to uncover the ways in which the exponents of this study area accounted for Nan’yo based on their conceptions of race. It also shows how they inflicted envisaged racial hierarchies on the southern Pacific and how such attempts were related to colonial policy debates behind the practice of Japanese imperialism. The article argues that their accounts of Nan’yo formed part of a transnational knowledge chain about colonial and racial victimization. [R, abr.] [See Abstr. 72.3984]
72.4071 BALA, Bashir ; TAR, Usman A. —
The EU member states adopted a regional approach to counter transnational security threats by embracing common standards and unified approach to Counter-Terrorism and Counter-Insurgency (CT-COIN). Likewise in West Africa, the Multi-National Joint Task Force (MNJTF) was recently reinvigorated to deal decisively with the cross-border terrorism in the Lake Chad Basin. The operations and activities of these regional outfits have been destabilized by several challenges due to the peculiarities of security cooperation at a regional scale. Against this background, this article examines regional cooperation within the context of Counter-Terrorism and Counter-Insurgency (CT-COIN) in West Africa with a view to establishing the challenges of such collaboration. The article unbundles the dynamics of terrorism and insurgency in West Africa. [R, abr.]
72.4072 BARTER, Shane Joshua ; WANGGE, Hipolitus Ringgi —
A form of power-sharing, territorial autonomy is essential for managing separatism. Indonesia provides two non-Western cases to illuminate what makes autonomy work. In Aceh, autonomy helped to overcome conflict and can be regarded as successful, while in Papua, autonomy has failed, evident in continued unrest. Within the same country, the same institutional response to violent separatism has generated divergent self-government outcomes. Why has autonomy succeeded in Aceh, but failed in Papua? Utilizing within-case and temporal comparisons, we suggest that the content of autonomy may be less important than the process through which it unfolds. The powers granted to Aceh and Papua are similar, although how self-government was negotiated and whom it empowered varied. Early in Aceh and in Papua, autonomy was essentially imposed, empowering corrupt leaders, and sidelining dissidents. [R, abr.]
72.4073 BASIRU, Adeniyi S. —
This essay, in a discursive cum analytical fashion, examines Nigeria’s struggles with liberal democracy in the post-militacratic order. It notes that since the end of the militacratic order in 1999, the practice of liberal democracy has not sufficiently conformed to liberal democratic requirements and, indeed, has mimicked illiberal democracy and appurtenances associated with semi- authoritarian order. The essay concludes that as long as the domain of civil society in Nigeria remains weak, the society remains praetorianized, and the country remains pervasively entrenched in neopatrimonial political culture and other socio-cultural habits that are antithetical to liberal democratic practices, the Nigerian polity is likely to stay trapped in illiberalism. [R]
72.4074 BASTAKI, Jinan —
Recently, there has been some exploration of labour mobility policies in the context of refugees as a way of local country integration that can help with refugee self-reliance, with some examples from Africa and Latin America. Building on these examples, this paper explores the opportunities the Global Compact for Refugees presents in the countries making up the Gulf Cooperation Council, specifically the United Arab Emirates (UAE), as related to expanding access to third-country solutions, refugee self-reliance, and responsibility-sharing. Many of the countries making up the Gulf Cooperation Council rely in large part on expatriate labour and are indeed made up of majority non-citizens. Many Syrians who have been able to obtain work visas have preferred to go to the UAE rather than seek refuge in other neighbouring countries. Some positive initiatives, such as a 2018 Amnesty Law in the UAE, which created a specific category of residency permits for those from countries suffering war and natural disasters, have ensured that de facto refugees are protected against refoulement in the event that they lose their residency. [R, abr.]
72.4075 BATESON, Regina —
From 1982 to 1983, General Efraín Ríos Montt presided over an especially bloody period of the Guatemalan civil war. Under Ríos Montt’s watch, the state killed approximately 75,000 of its own citizens. Yet less than a decade later, the former dictator emerged as one of the most popular politicians in newly democratic Guatemala. How did a gross human rights violator stage such an improbable comeback? Using process tracing, I argue that Ríos Montt’s trajectory is best explained by his embrace of populism as his core political strategy. This analysis deepens our knowledge of an important case, while shedding light on broader questions about how and when actors with profoundly undemocratic values can hijack democracy for their own ends. [R]
72.4076 BEAULIEU, Hanneke ; CHIASSON, Guy ; LECLERC, Edith —
Les industries de staples ont dominé le secteur forestier québécois avec l’appui de l’État qui a concédé à de grandes entreprises exportant une matière ligneuse peu transformée l’exploitation quasi-exclusive des forêts publiques. Une nouvelle loi en 2013 modifie le régime forestier et suggère une transition du secteur vers une économie post-staples. Or, en examinant le rôle de l’État de la période menant à la loi et de celle suivant sa mise en place, une lecture plus nuancée du nouveau régime émerge. En s’appuyant sur deux typologies d’État, Ricardien et Schumpétérien, cet article dépeint une trajectoire non-linéaire du secteur forestier québécois. [R]
72.4077 BÉLAND, Daniel ; PRINCE, Michael J. ; WEAVER, R. Kent —
While much has been written about the politics of retrenchment, in a number of advanced industrial societies social policy expansion does occur today, which raises issues about how to study it in a post-retrenchment era. The present article explores the new politics of social policy expansion in Canada. Drawing on the work of Paul Pierson, we use an integrated framework that highlights the interaction of five factors: the availability of fiscal resources; the emergence of new social risks; the intensity and nature of partisan competition; the policy preferences of the main political parties; and the role of political institutions, especially federalism. Empirically, the article studies the politics of federal social policy expansion during the Harper (2006-2015) and Justin Trudeau (2015—) years, with a focus on three policy areas: child benefits, pensions and Employment Insurance. [R, abr.]
72.4078 BEREZA, Arkadiusz —
A deliberately organised system of legal aid financed by the State was introduced in Poland under the Act of 5.8.2015 and is based on the cooperation between local government units and legal professional self-government, under supervision by the bodies of public government which finance this task. The legislature uses for this purpose the solutions that are already known in administrative law, i.e. contract for the performance of a public task, grant for the performance thereof, an agreement between local government units and bodies of legal professional self-government organizations, agreements with third parties providing a public service. [R]
72.4079 BERGH, Andreas ; KÄRNÄ, Anders —
Recent micro-level studies have suggested that globalization — in particular, economic globalization and trade with China — breeds political polarization and populism. This study examines whether or not those results generalize by examining the country-level association between voteshares for European populist parties and economic globalization. Using data on vote-shares for 267 right-wing and left-wing populist parties in 33 European countries during 1980-2017, and globalization data from the KOF institute, we find no evidence of a positive association between (economic or other types of) globalization and populism. EU membership is associated with a 4-6-percentage-point larger vote-share for right-wing populist parties. [R]
72.4080 BERRY, Craig —
Pensions provision in the UK has been undergoing upheaval for several decades, as an already liberal regime has gradually been further liberalized, resulting in the rollout of defined contribution provision via the pseudo-compulsory automatic enrolment system. Yet, the system is dysfunctional, insofar as it replaces the institutional guarantors essential to pensions provision with hazy notions of individual responsibility. The ability of capitalism to reproduce itself is jeopardized as a result. Increasingly, the state, despite scaling back the state pension system, is intervening to subsidize and substitute for a marketized system. Despite the significant risk of poor outcomes for millions of savers in the automatic enrolment system, and the integral role of the state in private provision, pensions policy receives little attention in political debates, or by political scientists. [R, abr.]
72.4081 BERTSOU, Eri ; CARAMANI, Daniele —
Political representation theory postulates that technocracy and populism mount a twofold challenge to party democracy, while also standing at odds with each other in the vision of representation they advocate. Can these relationships be observed empirically at the level of citizen preferences, and what does this mean for alternative forms of representation? The article investigates technocratic attitudes among citizens following three dimensions — expertise, elitism, and anti-politics — and, using latent class analysis, identifies citizen groups that follow a technocratic, populist, and party-democratic profile in nine European democracies. We investigate differences in demographics and political attitudes among citizen profiles that are relevant to political behavior and conclude by highlighting the role that citizens’ increasing demands for expertise play in driving preferences for alternative types of governance. [R, abr.]
72.4082 BIGDAY, Maria —
The article looks at think tanks through the prism of a specific social space whose emergence is ascribable to both transnational processes and local social structures. Four processes are identified as shaping the institutionalization of the first think tanks in Belarus, founded as a tool for the “desovietization” of science and “democratization” of politics in the early 1990s: (1) the destabilization of relations between science and politics spurred by the Soviet perestroika beginning in 1986; (2) the autonomization of national elites and a political field in Belarus following the collapse of the Soviet Union; (3) the transformation of the labor market, including the crisis of state-supported research and academia, which ejected a large number of well-educated professionals; and (4) the intensification of transnational exchanges and the legitimization of references to Western practices. [R, abr.] [See Abstr. 72.3603]
72.4083 BLAIR, Christopher W. ; GROSSMAN, Guy ; WEINSTEIN, Jeremy M. —
Most forced migrants around the world are displaced within the Global South. We study whether and how de jure policies on forced displacement affect where forced migrants flee in the developing world. Recent evidence from the Global North suggests migrants gravitate toward liberal policy environments. However, existing analyses expect de jure policies to have little effect in the developing world, given strong presumptions that policy enforcement is poor and policy knowledge is low. Using original data on de jure displacement policies for 92 developing countries and interviews with 126 refugees and policy-makers, we document a robust association between liberal de jure policies and forced migrant flows. Gravitation toward liberal environments is conditional on factors that facilitate the diffusion of policy knowledge, such as transnational ethnic kin. [R, abr.]
72.4084 BOONE, Catherine —
Since 2000, many African countries have adopted land tenure reforms that aim at comprehensive land registration (or certification) and titling. Much work in political science and in the advocacy literature identifies recipients of land certificates or titles as ‘programme beneficiaries’, and political scientists have modelled titling programmes as a form of distributive politics. In practice, however, rural land registration programmes are often divisive and difficult to implement. This paper tackles the apparent puzzle of friction around rural land certification. We study Côte d’Ivoire’s rocky history of land certification from 2004 to 2017 to identify political economy variables that may give rise to heterogeneous and even conflicting preferences around certification. [R, abr.]
72.4085 BOUDREAU, Christian —
Based on the history of open data in Quebec, this article discusses the reuse of these data by various actors within society, with the aim of securing desired economic, administrative and democratic benefits. Drawing on an analysis of government measures and community practices in the field of data reuse, the study shows that the benefits of open data appear to be inconclusive in terms of economic growth. On the other hand, their benefits seem promising from the point of view of government transparency in that it allows various civil society actors to monitor the integrity and performance of government activities. In the age of digital data and networks, the state must be seen not only as a platform conducive to innovation, but also as a rich field of study that is closely monitored by various actors driven by political and social goals. [R]
72.4086 BRANDI, Clara —
By providing insights into the interaction between private-driven and public-driven governance initiatives in the context of the “Roundtable of Sustainable Palm Oil” (RSPO) and the “Indonesian Sustainable Palm Oil” (ISPO), this article sheds new light the interaction between private and public governance. It investigates how the relationship between the RSPO and the ISPO evolves over time and who and what drives this evolution. While the interaction between these standard schemes has initially largely been characterized by competition, it has become more collaborative and also coordinated in nature. This article argues that the experimentalist architecture of palm oil governance has fostered mechanisms for coordination across public and private certification schemes and has helped to join up the separate components of the regime complex through productive interactions. [R, abr.]
72.4087 BRETT, Peter —
Coup leaders often purport to restore constitutional order. During Burkina Faso’s 2014 ‘insurrection’, however, Blaise Compaoré’s opponents advanced detailed (international) legal arguments that significantly constrained their subsequent conduct. Theirs was to be a legal revolution. This article situates this stance within Burkina Faso’s distinctive history of urban protest, whilst emphasising under-analysed international sources for the insurrection. ‘Insurgent’ lawyers, it argues, used international instruments to reinvigorate longstanding activist attempts to reconcile constitutional rights with a language of popular justice promoted by the revolutionary regime of Thomas Sankara (1983-1987). After the insurrection, however, their emphasis on legality was used by Compaoré’s supporters to expose the transitional authorities’ double-standards. [R, abr.]
72.4088 BROMFIELD, Nicholas ; McCONNELL, Allan —
Australia and New Zealand are routinely presented as sharing more in common than the federal and unitary systems separating them. As two modernising Antipodean settler societies, their governing trajectories have embraced waves of public administration/management reform. Shared pathways seem matched by their relative, although precarious and fragile, early successes in the crisis challenges of COVID-19. This article contextualises and examines one crucial point of separation: two very different crisis governance routes to such outcomes. Australia’s federal variant of multi-level governance, more used to addressing diverse regional challenges than shared national threats, has been characterised by an evolving balancing act of multi-jurisdictional agendas and bureaucratic-political conflicts. By contrast, New Zealand’s unitary system of governance, wellversed in the centralisation of power, has produced lower levels of intergovernmental conflict. [R, abr.] [See Abstr. 72.3080]
72.4089 CAMMETT, Melani ; ŞAŞMAZ, Aytuğ —
In many developing countries, non-state actors, including those with religious or political affiliations, provide basic social services. Do politicized ethnoreligious divisions shape citizen choices of providers? Does service quality vary when patients visit in-group or out-group facilities? Building on studies of the “diversity deficit” and on out-group generosity, we focus on how the relationship between frontline service providers and citizens affects the quality of services. Among facilities run by sectarian organizations, citizens largely select into in-group providers, and report distinct reasons for the rare instances of choosing out-group versus ingroup centers. Furthermore, when visiting out-group facilities, service quality is inferior. Preliminary evidence indicates that shared social networks, which facilitate informal mechanisms of accountability, may account for the in-group advantage. [R, abr.]
72.4090 CARRERA, Eduard ; BRUGUÉ, Quim ; CASADEMONT, Xavier —
We are in a context where situations of poverty and social exclusion have spread, intensified and transformed. This context shows a more complex and diverse reality than the usual one; which, in turn, challenges the traditional ways of defining and implementing social policies. Although the debate is extensive, this article focuses on the emergence of two central phenomena to define the current social reality: the chronification of poverty and an increase ins social vulnerability. First, these two phenomena will be placed in a conceptual framework on social exclusion; next, thier empirical manifestation will be examined in a specific case: the city of Olot in the province of Girona). This will serve to assess the extent to which these new concepts (chronification and vulnerability) are useful to present the social reality of a specific community and, simultaneously, to observe how conceptual debates translate into practical challenges. [R]
72.4091 CARVALHO, Gabriela de ; SCHMID, Achim ; FISCHER, Johanna —
Typologies are a useful and widely employed instrument in comparative research, including the study of health care systems. This study analyses the effectiveness of extant classifications in representing health care systems globally, examining whether existing literature adequately helps to understand health care systems of the Global South. To this end, the study highlights key elements of health care systems in the Global South, in particular limited resources, segmentation and the involvement of non-domestic/international actors. In a further step, we conduct a systematic literature review of typological scholarship on health care systems, in which 42 classifications are identified and analysed regarding regional coverage, methods, as well as the criteria and categories they include. The results point to major limitations: First, there is a general lack of representation and systematic classification of health care systems of the Global South. Second, there is a bias as criteria for classification are developed inductively based upon health care systems of the Global North. [R, abr.]
72.4092 CHALMERS, Adam William ; MALIK, Tehminah Naz —
This paper [examines] financial industry lobbying efforts that result in specific regulatory rules being dropped from the regulatory agenda, or what we call ‘rule omission’. Critically, existing research either ignores ruleomission or characterizes it as the pinnacle of lobbying success. We argue that only in carefully mapping out industry preferences and tracking what happens to rules following their omission can we say something about the extent to which finance wins or loses in its effort to shape regulation. Our analysis is based on two in-depth case studies from the EU: (1) solvency rules in the Institutions for Occupational Retirement Provision Directive (IORPP II), where rule-omission does reflect a strong case of industry influence; and (2) short-selling rules in the Alternative Investment Fund Managers Directive (AIFMD), a case of rule-omission resulting in more stringent rules over industry activities. [R, abr.]
72.4093 CHEN Huirong —
Campaigns and bureaucratic institutions are two key modalities of national governance in China. Although previous studies have examined the relationship between campaigns and bureaucracy, how bureaucrats respond to campaigns and the effect of bureaucratic cooperation on state performance have not yet been sufficiently explored. This study seeks to develop a typology of bureaucratic responses to campaigns depending on various degrees of incentives and pressure derived from the said campaigns: substantive cooperation, performative cooperation, overzealous implementation, and bureaucratic inertia. Bureaucratic cooperation influences the effectiveness of the deployment of state bureaucracy, which transmutes into state performance. [R, abr.] [See Abstr. 72.4207]
72.4094 CHEN Ling ; ZHANG Hao —
A rich literature has noted political business cycles in democracies. We argue that in an autocracy with strong bureaucratic institutions, the pressure of evaluation and promotion has also generated political cycles of taxbreak policies. Furthermore, the timing and content of the evaluation have driven leaders to use tax breaks strategically to build economic performance, producing distributional consequences. Combining panel data of 1,510,153 firm-year observations, city-leader data from 1995 to 2007, and field interviews, we find that the tax-break rates dropped for most firms during mayors’ turnover years. [R, abr.]
72.4095 CHEN Ningning —
This paper explores the cultural politics of lineage landscapes in contemporary rural China. Drawing on a combined governmentality/translation approach and ethnographic fieldwork in rural Wenzhou, it examines how the state governs the production of lineage landscapes and how local lineages translate governmental technologies in complex ways. Empirical evidence reveals that the government develops diversified rationalities and modes of governance to direct the (re)construction of lineage landscapes. It is also found that local lineages are skilled at appropriating state discourses and practices as well as enrolling other (non-)human actors, thereby legitimizing their landscape projects of ancestral tombs and memorials. On the ground, they often displace state objectives with the production of their preferred landscape (for example, “chair” tombs). [R, abr.]
72.4096 CHIU Wen-Hsiang ; LIN Wen Cheng ; LIANG Chiung-Ju —
In order to achieve the goal of “non-nuclear homeland and realize the policy target that renewable energy accounts for 20% of power generation, the Taiwan government has actively promoted the integration of energy generation. Many small and medium-sized enterprises or start-up companies are faced with the challenge of financing their business expansion. This paper adopted document analysis method to seek more diversified financing channels compared with traditional ways of financing and lending from financial institutions, the combination of fintech and the power of the masses, such as crowdfunding, has become one of the emerging financial instruments for the development of green energy industry. Finally, the empirical result is compared main region about the community renewable energy projects and realized how to obtain renewable energy resources through new financing source. [R, abr.]
72.4097 CHO Seongha —
Concerns have been raised about weakening social cohesion in French society against the backdrop of economic slowdown over the last decade. To understand how economic conditions are associated with social cohesion, this study analyzes the correlations between individual and macroeconomic indicators and social cohesion attitudes as well as their crosslevel interaction. The results from pooled OLS regressions with year fixed effects using French European Social Survey data (2008-2018) show that individual economic strain is associated with lower social trust and with higher egalitarian and anti-immigrant attitudes. Cross-level interaction results suggest that strained individuals can have stronger egalitarian and anti-immigrant propensities under a macroeconomic downturn. [R, abr.]
72.4098 CHRISTENSEN, Darin ; HARTMAN, Alexandra C. ; SAMII, Cyrus —
We address a debate over the effects of private versus customary property rights on external investment. Despite political economists’ claims that external investors favor private property rights, other experts argue that customary systems enable large-scale “land grabs.” We organize these competing claims, highlighting trade-offs due to differences in legibility versus the ability to displace existing landholders under both systems. We study a natural experiment in Liberia, where law codifies parallel private and customary property rights systems. We use this institutional boundary and difference-in-differences methods to isolate differential changes in external investment under the different property rights systems following the global food crisis of 2007-2008. We find a larger increase in land clearing where private property rights prevailed, with such clearing related to more concession activity. [R, abr.]
72.4099 CODDOU Mc MANUS, Alberto —
Ius Constitutionale Commune in Latin America (ICCAL) is an academic endeavour that attempts to provide an account of the original Latin American path of transformative constitutionalism, comprising elements from national, transnational and international legal orders, and where the law is placed at the service of the normative trinity of constitutionalism, namely the rule of law, democracy and human rights. In this regard, ICCAL speaks of an Inter-American law that represents a new legal phenomenon, in a region where constitutionalist ideas have allegedly claimed new traction. In this article, I develop two main critiques that can be deemed challenges for an academic project that is still ‘under construction’, and provide an intellectual map of Latin American constitutionalism that could address these critiques and serve as a roadmap for studying potential Latin American contributions to debates around global constitutionalism. [R]
72.4100 COHEN-ALMAGOR, Raphael —
In France, secularism is celebrated in the public sphere. The paper makes general arguments about France’s changing identity and specific arguments about the burqa and niqab ban. It explains how French history shaped the ideology of secularism and of public civil religion, and how colonial legacy, immigration, fear of terrorism and security needs have led France to adopt the trinity of indivisibilité, sécurité, laïcité while paying homage to the traditional trinity of liberté, égalité, fraternité. While the motto of the French Revolution is still symbolically and politically important, its practical significance as it has been translated to policy implementation has been eroded. The emergence of the new trinity at the expense of the old one is evident when analyzing the debates concerning cultural policies in France in the face of the Islamic garb, the burqa and the niqab, which are perceived as a challenge to France’s national secular raison d’être. The French Republic has attempted to keep public space secular. Is the burqa and niqab ban socially just? [R, abr.]
72.4101 CORAM, Veronica —
Inheritance drives wealth concentration and economic inequality, meaning there is a strong case for wealth transfer taxation as an important element of government redistributive policy. In contrast to many OECD countries, Australia has not had estate or inheritance taxes for 40 years and little is known about contemporary public attitudes towards wealth transfer taxation. This paper draws on qualitative interviews investigating the attitudes of young adult and senior Australians towards wealth transfer taxation. Both groups supported the idea of reintroducing wealth transfer taxation in Australia, largely due to an almost universal absence of expectation that people would or should leave bequests to their descendants. [R, abr.]
72.4102 DAVIS, Roger —
Despite increased understanding of Indigenous environmental values, governments still fail to respectfully incorporate these values into environmental policy. Deliberative democratic theory can help to better understand this problem. First, by recognising Indigenous democracy as a distinct deliberative system and drawing attention to this ‘invisible’ democratic contribution to the larger democratic system. Second, the resistance of Indigenous environment policy to openly address Indigenous environmental values, can be understood as weakness in transmission between Indigenous peoples and the settler state. Third, Indigenous deliberative forums linked to the state may help overcome some of these barriers in environment policy. [R, abr.]
72.4103 DAVYDOVA-MINGUET, Olga —
This article discusses public and mediatized memory politics concerning World War II in Finland, particularly its transnational dimensions brought about by post-Soviet immigration from the former Soviet Union. Despite the ongoing multiculturalization of Finnish society, where Russian speakers have become the largest immigrant group, Finnish national identity is still constructed around the idea of national independence and its heroic defense. Finnish collective and public memory with its monuments and celebrations concentrates on the sacrifice the nation made for Finnish independence in the wars against the Soviet Union during 1939-1944. [R, abr.] [See Abstr. 72.4138]
72.4104 DESAI, Jay B. ; DESAI, Bharat H. —
India conducted Operation Shakti (Pokhran II) nuclear tests during 11-13 May 1998 that ushered her into the cherished nuclear weapons club. It was well calibrated decision to formally choose the nuclear path through the first peaceful nuclear explosion, Smiling Buddha (Pokhran I) that was conducted on 18 May 1974. It was significant that without joining the 1968 Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty, India managed to gatecrash into the nuclear weapons capability. It led to articulation of the No First Use (NFU) doctrine on 4 January 2003 (Ministry of External Affairs [MEA], 2003). In the wake of 16 August 2019 pronouncement of the Indian Defence Minister on possible review of the NFU, this article seeks to probe the question: does the NFU doctrine require any such review? [R, abr.]
72.4105 DIMITRUK, Kara ; DU PLESSIS, Sophia ; DU PLESSIS, Stan —
We examine the development of de jure property rights to land by assessing how accurately governments recorded borders of property. We use surveys of farm parcels from two historical states, the Republic of the Orange Free State (OFS) and the South African Republic (ZAR), which are in modern-day South Africa, and employ a descriptive analysis to infer how accurately maps represent parcels of property. We argue that differences in state administrative capacity explains differences in map accuracy and therefore the provision of de jure property rights to land. We find that maps of farms in the ZAR, which had lower administrative capacity, tend to be less accurate than maps of farms in the OFS. Comparisons with military maps compiled under a different administration provide evidence that the costs incurred from previous administrations can limit future attempts to accurately record property. [R, abr.]
72.4106 ĐORĐEVIĆ, Anđela ; ZUPANČIČ, Rok —
This paper analyses the measures introduced by the governments of Serbia and Kosovo in the north of Kosovo aimed at suppressing the spread of COVID-19. Northern Kosovo is an interesting case due to the existence of dual legal and administrative system — one run by the Serbian government in Belgrade, and the second one run by the Kosovo authorities in Pristina. Drawing from the theory of contested statehood, the authors argue that the institutions of both sides, who have been vying for power in this region for years, used almost all available means to demonstrate their respective „statehoods“ (ability to execute power) regardless of consequences this has had for the locals. [R, abr.]
72.4107 DUNLOP, Emily —
Education policy can embed ethnic inequalities in a country. Education in Burundi, with its historically exclusive political institutions and education, represents an important case for understanding these interactions. In this article, I interview twelve Burundians about how they experienced and perceived ethnicity and politics in their schooling from 1966 to 1993. I argue that education contributed to tangible and perceived social hierarchies based on ethnic inequalities. I show that this exclusion reflected both overt and covert policy goals, through proxies used to identify ethnicity in schools and through the exclusive nature of national exams at the time, which promoted members of the Tutsi minority at the expense of the majority Hutus. [R, abr.]
72.4108 FENG Kaidong ; JIANG Ziying —
This article studies state capacity in innovation policy from the perspective of government knowledge. In the market-oriented reform, the Chinese state has changed its way to coordinate technological development from the planning approach such as administrative orders and plan targets to the market approach such as innovation subsidy policies. Through case studies and regression analysis, this research finds that China’s state capacity in its innovation subsidy policies is highly limited in all because the government knowledge is too thin to achieve the state’s goals. However, its policy performance is different between the two categories of innovation subsidy policies. [R, abr.] [See Abstr. 72.4207]
72.4109 GALLAGHER, Julia, et al. —
There are striking differences between state buildings in Ghana and Côte d’Ivoire and in how citizens living in each country’s capital city think and talk about them. In this article, we explore the degree to which these buildings illustrate very different ideas of statehood in West Africa. We draw on art theories from West Africa to argue that architectural aesthetics rest on juxtapositions of beauty and the sublime and we suggest ways these help establish state meaning. We then apply our aesthetic approach to citizens’ evaluations of their state buildings in Ghana and Côte d’Ivoire and illustrate how differently the approach plays out, in Ghana where the state emerges as acclimatized and relatively robust and in Côte d’Ivoire where the state emerges as idealized and fragile. [R]
72.4110 GAO Xue, et al. —
Global coal use must be phased out if we are to minimize temperature increases associated with climate change. Most new coal plants are being built in the Asia Pacific and rely on overseas finance, with Indonesia and Vietnam the leading recipients. However, the politics of coal plant finance are changing, with many projects cancelled in recent years. This article explores the factors that led to coal plant cancellations in Vietnam and Indonesia. Based on new data of coal plant finance and elite interviews, we find fuel switching, public opposition, and national planning were the dominant reasons for cancellations in Vietnam, while Indonesia’s reasons were more diverse. Vietnam also had a larger number of cancellations than Indonesia, which has a more entrenched domestic coal mining sector. [R] [See Abstr. 72.3955]
72.4111 GIULIANI, Giovanni Amerigo —
Focusing on the welfare reforms promoted by the centre left-led governments (2014-2018) and the short-lived Lega-M5s government (2018-2019) in three policy areas — the labour market, family, and education policies — the article investigates the politics of social investment (SI) in post-crisis Italy. Relying on a multidimensional theoretical framework for analysing policy reforms, the article shows that SI expansion in Italy remains very uncertain. At the same time, the article demonstrates that such uncertain expansion of SI policies is primarily the consequence of a set of interlinked political and contextual variables. [R, abr.]
72.4112 GYŐRFFY, Dóra —
The paper evaluates the convergence paths of Central and Eastern European member states of the EU during the 2010s, when the main task for these countries was avoiding the middle-income trap — when wages are not so low anymore to compete with less developed countries, while innovation is not developed enough yet to compete with developed countries. Using various statistical indicators, the paper shows that while most countries in the region have been on a convergence path during the decade under analysis, not all succeeded in avoiding the trap. While some countries successfully implemented policies to step on the path of productivity- and innovation-led growth (Czechia, Slovenia, Estonia, and Lithuania), in several other states, growth was supported mainly by low costs and loose monetary conditions including significant transfers from the EU. [R, abr.]
72.4113 HAJNAL, György ; JEZIORSKA, Iga ; KOVÁCS, Éva Margit —
The present article aims to improve understanding of institution formation in (former) liberal-democratic polities characterized by autocratization tendencies. We examine how the critical juncture created by the COVID-19 pandemic was used, as well as the interplay between antecedent, structural conditions and the particular combinations of political agency and contingency. By comparing the two similar cases of Hungary and Poland — the two European Union countries that have progressed the farthest towards illiberal transformation — and using documentary and interview evidence, we conclude that: (1) whereas Hungary exhibited significant institutional changes, Poland did not; (2) these differences in institutional outcomes can be significantly attributed to differences in certain critical antecedent conditions; and (3) the ability of key political actors — Hungary’s Viktor Orbán and Poland’s Jarosław Kaczyński — to control their own political camp seems to have exerted an unmistakable effect as well. [R] [See Abstr. 72.3080]
72.4114 HAN Xiaorong —
This article concentrates on the formation rather than the implementation of China’s (PRC)’s policies toward Tibet in the early 1950s. In particular, it examines the three stages of information gathering and policy consultation in the PRC’s decision-making process regarding Tibet. It argues that before the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) entered Tibet, the PRC leaders showed genuine respect for their advisers and took their suggestions seriously, even though not all of these suggestions were politically correct from the Communist perspective, and the advisers were also independent and free enough to express their opinions. After the PLA entered Tibet, PRC officials and PLA officers became investigators who were organized to collect information either for decision-making or for justifying decisions that had already been made. [R, abr.]
72.4115 HARTMANN, Christof —
The article advances two related arguments with regard to term limit decisions in Sub-Saharan Africa. We should take a long-term perspective on term limit decisions and not describe and explain them as isolated events. Such a historical perspective reveals the remarkably stable patterns according to which some African countries have enforced effective term limits while others have established a tradition of circumventing them. Second, these stable term limit trajectories are shaped by the institutional legacies of different types of authoritarian regimes which had existed before 1990. Single-party authoritarian regimes have thus created a favourable institutional context for the enforcement of term limits, although through two different mechanisms. [R, abr.] [See Abstr. 72.4119]
72.4116 HASMATH, Reza ; HSU, Jennifer Y. J. —
The concept of global civil society arose out of a language, culture and definition influenced by mainstream Western political philosophy and discourse, and the behavior of Western NGOs that proliferated in the latter part of the 20th c. The recent rise of Chinese social organizations internationally —which were born, developed, and prospered in a domestic authoritarian institutional environment with varying values and norms than their Western counterparts — suggests a rethink of how global civil society is conceived. Namely, as Chinese social organizations internationalize, they ultimately export to host nations their best/worst practices, modes of operation, organizational behavior, and values and norms. [R, abr.]
72.4117 HEHIR, Aidan ; LANZA, Claudio —
In this article, we advance a framework that highlights the relational nature of rivalry emergence and its ongoing manifestations, before illustrating this framework in practice through an analysis of the rivalry between Serbs and Albanians over the issue of Kosovo. We argue that the locus of rivalry lies in the inherently social character of human desire and the destructive reciprocity elicited by human mimetic behaviour. The manner in which rivals portray their plight, and legitimise their cause, is, we argue, a function of their desire to acquire that which they imagine the other has. As such, rather than adhering to the conventional view that rivalries are characterised by difference, we argue that rivals share a set of common goals/desires. Thus, though rivalries are characterised by mutual antipathy — and the attendant devotion to constructing self-serving myths — this is but a superficial manifestation of an underlying mimetic dynamic. [R, abr.]
72.4118 HERKE, Boglárka —
The literature on single mothers’ welfare deservingness tend to point to an undeserving public image of single mothers. This negative perception is often explained by the identity gap between middle-class voters and poor single mothers, which is partly fuelled by conservative family values in mainstream society. This study investigates the issue in Hungary, where the government has strongly promoted traditional family ideals and significantly increased the support for affluent two-parent families in the past decade. First, the study explores the public image of single mothers based on open-ended and closed-ended survey questions. Second, it measures the perceived deservingness of the group based on five criteria (control, attitude, reciprocity, identity, and need) (van Oorschot 2000) by using the same open-ended question data and a series of other survey data. [R, abr.]
72.4119 HEYL, Charlotte ; LLANOS, Mariana —
Presidential term limits have been a crucial institutional feature of the third wave of democratization. They are meant to safeguard democracy by promoting alternation in office and preventing the personalization of power. However, since the 1990s term limits have been subject to frequent contestation by incumbents. This process has often been considered a sign of autocratization because it involves the weakening of other constitutional constraints, such as courts and legislatures. Latin America and sub-Saharan Africa are focal points of these trends, despite their different histories of presidentialism and diverging types of term-limit rules. Term-limit contestations have attracted the attention of scholars working with a global perspective as well as with a regional or country-specific one too. In this article, we argue that bringing together the regional scholarship on Latin America and sub-Saharan Africa can generate new both empirical and theoretical insights. We further present our findings on institutionalization, the power of precedence, incumbent-centred strategies and approaches to protect presidential term limits. We also show that despite frequent reforms, term-limit rules have persisted until today in the majority of constitutions found in the two regions. [R] [Introduction to a thematic issue of the same title. See Abstr. 72.3103, 3224, 3230, 3254, 3499, 3683, 3708, 4115, 4120]
72.4120 HEYL, Charlotte ; LLANOS, Mariana —
In this article we take a longitudinal view on presidential-term-limit reforms in Latin America and sub-Saharan Africa since the third wave of democratization. Many countries in the two regions (re-)introduced term limits at this time as a democratic safeguard against personal rule and power abuses. Since then, term limits have been contested by a plethora of reform attempts. Such reforms are commonly seen as a risk to democracy since stable institutions are considered essential for democratic consolidation, while term-limit eliminations are associated with processes of autocratization. From the literature on democratic consolidation, institutionalization and presidential-term-limit reforms we distil theoretical expectations on term-limit-reform paths across time and examine how they relate to the evolution of the political regime. To empirically investigate reform paths across regions we apply the research method of sequence analysis. [R, abr.] [See Abstr. 72.4119]
72.4121 HOBAN, Iuliia —
This essay critically examines how the militarization of childhood(s) takes place in the Luhansk and Donetsk People’s Republics. The intensification of hostilities in Eastern Ukraine in mid-2014 has had a profound impact on local populations, particularly children. While no systematic recruitment and participation of children in conflict has been reported, childhood has become what Agathangelou and Killian would characterize as a ‘site for displacement and maneuvering for militarization.’ Drawing on feminist methodologies, I examine processes of the militarization of children’s everyday lives. This article investigates a range of ways in which authorities of proto-states in the Donbas region address children as participants and potential collaborators in the processes of militarization. In my analysis, I examine how war and preparation for it are simultaneously co-constituted by the geopolitical — legitimation of new proto-states — and everyday practices, such as engaging with school curricula, visiting museums, and (re)inventing historical narratives. [R, abr.]
72.4122 HOWLETT, Michael ; RAYNER, Jeremy —
Scholarship in recent years…has focused attention on the idea of replacing patchworks of public policies in specific issue areas with more coordinated or ‘integrated’ policy strategies (IS). In theory, such strategies should display a judicious mix of policy goals and means which can produce policy outcomes matched to specific large-scale problem contexts. Empirical work on such strategies, however, has shown the resilience of pre-existing policy elements often leading to reform failures and/or suboptimal outcomes from such efforts. This article examines a case study of large-scale policy reform efforts in the area of Integrated Land Management (ILM) in Western Canada which reveals the role played by policy clientelism in blocking efforts to enhance policy integration in this area. [R, abr.] [See Abstr. 72.3544]
72.4123 HUANG Biao ; WIEBRECHT, Felix —
A growing number of studies have paid attention to the dynamic nature of vertical government interactions in authoritarian China. Yet, less attention has been paid to the question of why higher-level governments play different roles in diverse cases of innovation adoptions. Building on the extant literature, this study introduces the concept of innovation copyright, that is, the perceived ownership of the innovation, to explain the different roles of higher-level government involvement in innovation adoption. A comparative case study of policy innovations in China highlights that if higher-level governments perceive that they own the innovation copyright, they act as proactive facilitators, and if higher-level governments perceive that the innovation copyright belongs to local governments, they are involved as political backers. [R, abr.]
72.4124 HUANG, Xian —
Much research on contentious politics focuses on the origins and dynamics of contention or the impact of contention on policy change. Although some studies have delved into the state reactions to contention, relatively little is known about the outcome or effectiveness of state responses, especially in non-democratic settings. This paper attempts to fill this gap and to uncover the policy feedback effect in non-democratic settings by studying the Chinese state’s repression of violent incidents targeted at healthcare personnel and facilities (yinao). I argue that without comprehensive healthcare reforms to tackle the root causes of yinao, state repression of yinao generates unintended adverse outcomes, causing the doctor–patient relationship to deteriorate. [R, abr.]
72.4125 HUGHES, Sara —
Flint’s drinking water crisis has brought renewed — and needed— attention to the importance of safe drinking water in the US. The Flint water crisis was the result of a confluence of factors operating at multiple scales in time and space. I draw out more explicitly the role of policy, and specifically rationalized policy, in incentivizing and allowing the mistakes and decisions that most proximately led to the Flint water crisis. I build on and extend existing analyses of the Flint water crisis, drawing on thirteen semistructured interviews and publicly available reports, testimony, newspaper articles, and secondary data. My analysis brings to the fore the particular vulnerability to the marginalizing effects of rationalized policy and its implementation of poor and minority communities in the US, and it reveals the stickiness and entrenchment of these rationalized policies. [R, abr.]
72.4126 INCE, Onur Ulas —
Recent literature on racial capitalism has overwhelmingly focused on the Atlantic settler-slave formation, sidelining the history of European imperialism in Asia. This article addresses this blind spot by recovering the aborted project of British settler colonialism in India through the writings of its most prominent advocate, John Crawfurd. It is argued that Crawfurd’s vision of a liberal empire in India rejected slavery and indigenous dispossession yet remained deeply racialized in its conception of capital, labor, and value. Crawfurd elaborated a “capital theory of race,” which derived racial categories from a civilizational spectrum keyed to the capitalist organization of production. His proposals accordingly revamped the conventional terms of colonization by representing India as overstocked with labor but vacant of capital and skill that only European settlers could provide. [R, abr.]
72.4127 JEFFERY, Renée ; TIMILSINA, Bikram —
For more than a decade, Nepal has been undergoing a process of re-democratisation, its third transition to democracy since the 1950s. Among the key pillars of the new democratic regime has been the establishment of constitutionally guaranteed judicial independence. Focusing on the role of the Supreme Court in defining, overseeing, and adjudicating Nepal’s transitional justice process, this article considers the extent to which judicial independence and empowerment have been achieved in Nepal’s ongoing democratic transition. It argues that despite institutional measures designed to protect judicial independence and efforts by members of the Supreme Court to exercise independence in their judgments, Nepal’s redemocratisation process has seen the erosion of judicial independence. [R, abr.]
72.4128 JERMANOVÁ, Tereza —
In 2014, Tunisia’s National Constituent Assembly (NCA) almost unanimously approved the country’s first democratic constitution despite significant identity-based divisions. Drawing on the Tunisian case, the article explores the role of an inclusive constitution-making process in fostering constitutional agreement during democratization. Emerging studies that link different process modalities to democracy have so far brought only limited illumination to how inclusive processes matter, nor were these propositions systematically tested. Using process tracing, and building on original interviews gathered in Tunisia between 2014 and 2020, this article traces a causal mechanism whereby an inclusive constitution-making process allowed for a transformation of interpersonal relationships between political rivals. It demonstrates that more than two years of regular interactions allowed NCA deputies to shatter some of the prejudices that initially separated especially Islamist and non-Islamist partisans and develop cross-partisan ties, thus facilitating constitutional negotiations. [R, abr.]
72.4129 JEZIERSKA, Katarzyna —
This article explores the image and reputation of think tanks in their reciprocal relationship with their environment. The aim is to unravel the logic of think tanks’ institutional identity formation in the largely understudied context of Poland. How do Polish think tanks present themselves and how are they (re)presented by others? To answer these questions, the Goffmanian microsociological framework and positioning theory are adjusted to a study of institutions. The analysis of original interview and media data reveals that Polish think tanks project an image of and are perceived by the media as being weak. I argue that this image and reputation of weakness should primarily be explained by think tanks’ and the media’s perceptions of the political field, which confine the possible identity and positioning of think tanks. [R] [See Abstr. 72.3603]
72.4130 JING Yijia —
The COVID-19 pandemic has imposed a challenge to state capacities on all countries of the world and a genuine test of their abilities of opportunity management. In comparison, China has managed to promptly get the pandemic under effective control and firmly enhanced domestic support for the government. This article argues that China’s successful opportunity management was firmly shaped by its institutional settings, governing structures, and actor strategies. While the noncompetitive regime, unitary government, performance legitimacy, and high citizen trust afforded strong political commitment, China’s crisis management experiences and capacities facilitated quick and effective coordination. Further, top leaders made use of the crisis to demonstrate accountable leadership and push forward a grand reform agenda. The nature and functioning of these pro-success factors are inherently rooted in the unique Chinese context. [R] [See Abstr. 72.3080]
72.4131 JOYCE, Paul —
The UK government’s leaders initially believed that it was among the bestprepared governments for a pandemic. By June 2020, the outcome of the collision between the government’s initial confidence, on the one hand, and the aggressiveness and virulence of COVID-19, on the other, was evident. The UK had one of the worst COVID-19 mortality rates in the world. This article explores the UK government’s response to COVID-19 from a public administration and governance perspective. Using factual information and statistical data, it considers the government’s preparedness and strategic decisions, the delivery of the government response, and public confidence in the government. [R] [See Abstr. 72.3080]
72.4132 KARV, Thomas —
The democratic performance is declining across a number of Central and Eastern European Member States of the European Union, this while regime support has seemingly been steadily increasing. This dual development leads to questions regarding whether the democratic performance actually matters for regime support within a region consisting of countries that are still being considered as relatively new democracies. The findings from this study shows that there is a negative connection between higher levels of democratic performance and regime support within the countries in this region during the period of 2004-2019. Nonetheless, higher levels of democratic performance are still related to higher levels of regime support across the region. [R]
72.4133 KETTELL, Steven ; KERR, Peter —
This article examines the politicising and depoliticising effects of the various stories that were deployed by the UK government in its response to the coronavirus crisis during its daily press briefings over a 2-month period between 16 March and 16 May 2020. We identify four key narratives: (1) unprecedented government activism; (2) working to plan; (3) national security, wartime unity and sacrifice; and (4) scientific guidance. Through a quantitative and qualitative study of the deployment of these narratives, we attempt to further recent theoretical insights on depoliticisation by noting that the COVID-19 crisis produced a particular type of crisis moment in which the government was forced to respond in ‘real time’ to a set of circumstances which were rapidly changing. [R, abr.]
72.4134 KEUDEL, Oleksandra ; CARBOU, Olena —
We investigate the sources of the organizational power of think tanks in Ukraine as a case of a limited access order (LAO), a social order where privileged individuals maintain discretionary access to societal resources, functions, and institutions. To accomplish this goal, we apply Thomas Medvetz’s analytical concept of a “boundary organization,” which allows us to highlight the hybridity and flexibility of think tanks and thus understand their methods of gaining political access in an LAO. The analysis of interviews with senior representatives of nongovernmental think tanks in Ukraine in 2016–2017 demonstrates that Ukrainian think tanks are resourceful and find indirect ways of influencing politics. These organizations publish their reports in the media and deliver assessments of Ukraine’s international commitments to the country’s donors, thereby indirectly influencing the policy process in the country. [R, abr.] [See Abstr. 72.3603]
72.4135 KIM Sung Eun ; PELC, Krzysztof J. —
The US’s Trade Adjustment Assistance (TAA) program seeks to help workers transition away from jobs lost to import competition. By contrast, trade remedies like antidumping seek to directly reduce the effect of competition at the border. Though they have very different economic effects, we show that trade adjustment and protectionism act as substitutes. Using the first geo-coded measure of US trade protectionist demands, we show that controlling for trade shocks, counties with a history of successful TAA petitions see fewer calls for trade protection. This effect holds when we confine our analysis to the steel industry, a heavy user of antidumping duties. And though they are both means of addressing import exposure, the two policy options have distinct political effects: in particular, successful TAA petitions carry a significant electoral benefit for Democratic candidates. [R, abr.] [See Abstr. 72.3671]
72.4136 KLÁSKOVÁ, Markéta ; CÍSAŘ, Ondřej —
What is the role of think tanks in Europeanization of national public spheres? To address this question, our paper explores the performance of think tanks in the immigration debate in the Czech Republic. Employing political claims analysis (PCA) and treating think tanks as boundary organizations active in multiple fields, we compare the levels of Europeanization of political claims made by think tanks with other actors. Our data-set includes 2,374 political claims made on broadcast public TV in the period from April 2015 to March 2016. According to our quantitative data, Czech think tanks chose the discursive strategy of Europeanization more often than any other actor represented. Thus, think tanks have the potential to support Europeanization of national public spheres. However, their representation in media coverage is relatively low. [R, abr.] [See Abstr. 72.3603]
72.4137 KRAWATZEK, Félix —
This article compares how Latvia and Belarus have represented their involvement in World War II over time and undertakes an analysis of how young people today perceive of this aspect of their country’s history. Of particular interest is the extent to which young people are prepared to admit the existence of collaboration and whether a persona of moral authority is able to shift how young people assess the need for critical engagement with history. To that end, the study relies on an original survey generated in early 2019, which also enquired into questions related to historical memory. I argue that young Belarusians are, on average, more prepared to acknowledge collaboration than young people in Latvia and that the involvement of a moral authority shifts assessments of history in a decisive way in Belarus only. [R, abr.] [See Abstr. 72.4138]
72.4138 KRAWATZEK, Félix ; SOROKA, George —
Across Eastern Europe how the past is remembered has become a crucial factor for understanding present-day political developments within and between states. In this introduction, we first present the articles that form part of this special section through a discussion of the various methods used by the authors to demonstrate the potential ways into studying collective memory. We then define the regional characteristics of Eastern Europe’s mnemonic politics and the reasons for their oftentimes conflictual character. Thereafter we consider three thematic arenas that situate the individual contributions to this special section within the wider scholarly debate. [R, abr.] [First of a series of articles on “Here to stay: the politics of history in Eastern Europe”, edited by the authors. See also Abstr. 72.3484, 3630, 4039, 4103, 4137]
72.4139 KRNIĆ, Rašeljka ; ADAMOVIĆ, Mirjana ; RADAČIĆ, Ivana —
Different ideological positions determine models or policies aimed at regulating prostitution, respectively persons who engage in prostitution, organize prostitution or seek services in that domain of social life. In this paper, we present the views of relevant experts on prostitution policies in the Republic of Croatia. The conclusions of the paper are based on a qualitative research conducted in semi-structured interviews on a sample of 15 experts from different fields (ministries, government offices, independent state bodies, parliamentary committees and civil society organizations) in whose scope of regulation is the phenomenon of prostitution or related problems. Interviewees most often place prostitution either in the discourse of violence and exploitation or sexual labor. [R, abr.]
72.4140 KUHLMANN, Sabine, et al. —
This cross-country comparison of administrative responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in France, Germany and Sweden is aimed at exploring how institutional contexts and administrative cultures have shaped strategies of problem-solving and governance modes during the pandemic, and to what extent the crisis has been used for opportunity management. The article shows that in France, the central government reacted determinedly and hierarchically, with tough containment measures. By contrast, the response in Germany was characterized by an initial bottom-up approach that gave way to remarkable federal unity in the further course of the crisis, followed again by a return to regional variance and local discretion. In Sweden, there was a continuation of ‘normal governance’ and a strategy of relying on voluntary compliance largely based on recommendations and less — as in Germany and France — on a strategy of imposing legally binding regulations. [R, abr.] [See Abstr. 72.3080]
72.4141 Le GALÈS, Patrick —
Following in the footsteps of a number of comparative studies on statehood in Europe, this article highlights, interprets, and attempts to explain the dynamics governing the reconfiguration of the British State in the wake of Brexit. These dynamics have operated against a decade-long backdrop of austerity and then the explosion of the Covid-19 pandemic. Leaving the EU raised a number of existential questions for the United Kingdom. This article will first describe the consequences of Brexit on the institutions, government, and policies of the United Kingdom, with the latter’s exit from the EU leading to the country’s “de-Europeanization” — or at the very least, to another kind of Europeanization. Secondly, this process has produced a re-nationalization of political authority, with power increasingly being centralized in England to the detriment of other territories and the judicial system as a whole. [R, abr.] [See Abstr. 72.3054]
72.4142 LENG Tse-Kang ; CHEN Rung-Yi —
The governance of cultural development and cultural industries in China has become an area of increasing academic interest in recent years. Here, we seek to understand the dynamics and uniqueness of the impacts of Red Culture and cultural governance in the city of Shanghai. The authors have selected the dimension of the political economy of museums to demonstrate how local authorities tread a difficult path, balancing multiple policy goals, including market incentives and ideological indoctrination, in the context of culture development. The case study of Shanghai demonstrates how museums reflect the renewal of party-state identity and market utilities. This article also examines what history means to this city today, and how historical elements are utilized in the course of urban transformation. [R]
72.4143 LI Tao ; MO Kun —
Access to college is critical for social mobility in China. Using a detailed college admission database that includes essentially all four-year public universities from 2005 to 2013, we demonstrate that Chinese universities preallocate more admission seats to provinces that happen to fall under the leadership of their alumni. Moreover, we demonstrate that the identified admission favoritism constitutes a political exchange between public universities and their powerful alumni in the sense that (1) universities and the connected provinces tend to sign formal partnership agreements; and (2) university leaders who sign formal partnership agreements receive indirect personal gains in terms of career advancement in the party-state bureaucracy. Our article provides causal evidence that social connections facilitate powerful government insiders’ collusion and capture of public resources in a weak institutional environment. [R]
72.4144 LI Yanwei —
Chinese central government in the past few years has embraced the expansion of various sharing economy initiatives. However, the expansion of these initiatives has given rise to public concerns. Central government in turn has adopted different strategies to address them. In this article, we investigate the question of how central government in China governed the two most popular sharing economy initiatives: ridesharing and bike sharing. An analytic framework is constructed, consisting of three government strategies: monitoring, developing frameworks, and managing processes, and two governance styles: go-alone and collaborative. Our study has found that central government generally applied two different strategies, namely, monitoring and developing frameworks, to govern these two sharing economy initiatives. Moreover, a go-alone governance style dominated the processes of governing ridesharing, whereas a collaborative governance style dominated the processes of governing bike sharing. [R, abr.]
72.4145 LIN, Erin —
How does past political violence impact subsequent development and practices, long beyond the life of the regime that perpetrated violence? Prior research focuses on physical destruction without much attention to weapons left behind in conflict zones. I contend that unexploded ordnance create direct and imminent threats to rural livelihoods. Individuals respond by shortening time horizons and avoiding investment in activities for which there is an immediate security cost but a distant return. Short-term adjustments in agricultural methods accumulate to long-term underdevelopment and poverty. In Cambodia, I find that the historic bombing of high-fertility land, where impact fuses hit soft ground and were more likely to fail, reduces contemporary household production and welfare. Counterintuitively, the most fertile land becomes the least productive. [R, abr.]
72.4146 LINDSEY, Summer —
How does armed conflict affect attitudes that tolerate violence against women? This article examines the effects of armed violence on preferences for punishing crimes against women using original quantitative data from 80 focus groups across 20 villages in Democratic Republic of Congo and a matched pair design. Challenging unidirectional logics within theories of violence against women, the data reveal that local exposure to armed violence increases how severely men prefer to punish rape while decreasing how severely men and women prefer to punish domestic violence. Building inductively, I develop a theory of protective masculine norms to account for armed conflict’s gendered and crime-specific effects. When armed violence heightens demand for local male protection, crimes perceived to pose a community threat are affected differently from “private” crimes. [R]
72.4147 LIU Jingnan —
This article attempts to estimate the effects of informal political coalitions on China’s private investment. Theoretically, the party-state clients of China’s supreme leaders are expected to have stronger incentives to foster economic growth. One way of doing so is to encourage private investment by reducing its political risks. Analysis of provincial-level panel data from 1993 to 2017 shows that personal connections — based on shared experience in the same work unit — between provincial leaders and the Chinese Communist Party’s incumbent supreme leader significantly increase the growth rate of private investment. This suggests that informal institutional relations may assist the development of China’s private economy by partially compensating for the weaknesses of formal rule-of-law institutions. [R]
72.4148 LIU Yuchen —
How does strong state capacity in an authoritarian regime translate into police power? Do states with strong capacity enforce totalitarian level policies in all areas equally? This article uses an examination of frontline police work in three provinces in China to show that policing is enforced unequally by issue area, and that high degrees of variation exist even within the same policing agenda. Two factors are vital to explain the mode of daily frontline policing: political pressure (either oral or via written directive) and individual incentives (including promotion, pay, and sense of pride). The results indicate a typology of four policing modes: zealous, deceptive, selective, and lazy policing. [R] [See Abstr. 72.4207]
72.4149 LOVEC, Marko ; KOČÍ, Kateřina ; ŠABIČ, Zlatko —
This article builds on the criticism of the international socialisation narrative which mistakenly represents compliance as socialisation and recognises agency only to the extent it fails to comply. It pertains to the argument that such a narrative can lead to stigmatisation which reinforces social orders characterised by specific hierarchies of power and spatial relations. The example of EU member states from Central Europe (CE) that went from ‘star pupils of norm-adoption’ to ‘misbehaving children of Europe’ serves as a case study. [R, abr.] [See Abstr. 72.3997]
72.4150 LYONS, Jeffrey ; FOWLER, Luke —
Questions of whether to enforce COVID-related mask mandates are complex. While enforced mandates are more effective at controlling community spread, government imposed behavioral controls have met significant opposition in conservative states, where a political bloc on the right is skeptical that COVID presents a significant and immediate threat. The authors conduct a split sample survey in order to examine how inclusion of a fine provision attached to mask mandates affects support. The survey was conducted in Idaho (a Republican dominated state) at a time when a mask mandate was a central debate. Unsurprisingly, respondents were more supportive of a mask mandate if a fine was not included. Further investigation indicates this is primarily a result of shifting Republican attitudes, which highlights the complex political situation in conservative states as leaders consider best mechanisms for battling COVID. [R]
72.4151 MALEJACQ, Romain ; OLSSON, Christian —
La délégation de la violence en contexte de guerre civile est souvent lue comme une érosion de l’État au profit d’acteurs non-étatiques incontrôlables. Nous soulignons ici les limites de cette lecture à partir d’une analyse du conflit afghan, en particulier de l’arbitrage qui a eu lieu sous l’administration Karzai entre l’accroissement des effectifs militaires pro-gouvernementaux et leur contrôle. Nous montrons non seulement que la présence de troupes internationales a considérablement affecté cet arbitrage, mais aussi que, contrairement aux interprétations dominantes, celui-ci révèle une volonté d’appropriation du processus de formation de l’État par ses élites plus qu’un recul de l’État lui-même. [R]
72.4152 MARKANTONATOU, Maria —
His paper provides an analysis of the lockdown politics implemented in Greece during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 and 2021. It argues that Greece’s pandemic politics deepened the crisis of the familistic social model that resulted from the austerity policies of the last decade. Although caring for the family became a high priority during the pandemic, resources for families and households did not increase. Likewise, while “essential” workers were much praised by officials, their wages and working conditions hardly improved. The COVID-19 pandemic crisis management in Greece has two peculiarities: First, the country entered the pandemic after a painful decade of austerity, interrupting the fragile, long-awaited economic recovery. Second, given the inadequate state of the public healthcare system after a decade of austerity, the lockdowns in Greece were among the strictest in Europe. Rather than being the result of state preparedness, these lockdowns can be interpreted as an acknowledgment of state failure. [R]
72.4153 MAYKA, Lindsay —
Governments throughout the world invoke human rights ideas to motivate policy reforms. What impact do rights-based frames have on the policy process? I argue that rights-based frames can generate new resources and institutional opportunities that restructure battles over public policy. These resources and opportunities can both initially legitimate state interventions that violate rights, while also creating openings to hold governments accountable for abuses committed by the state in the name of human rights. I develop this argument by analyzing a militarized security intervention in Bogotá, Colombia, which the local government framed as necessary to stop the commercial sexual exploitation of children — yet yielded new rights violations. This article reveals the material consequences of human rights discourses in battles over policing and urban planning. [R]
72.4154 McMULLIN, Caitlin ; ROY, Michael J. ; CURTIN, Maeve —
We compare the development of the third sector in Scotland and Quebec, which have developed ecosystems that distinguish them from the liberal non-profit regimes of the UK and Canada. We employ an institutional logics framework to consider how the rules, practices, values and beliefs of these ‘stateless nations’ have formed unique structures and identities of the third sector that diverge from their broader national context. Our model demonstrates how the development of the welfare state and approaches to implementing social policy, government-third sector relationships, civic nationalism and solidarity interact in an iterative process to create distinct third sectors. [R]
72.4155 MEIER, Henk Erik ; GARCÍA, Borja ; KONJER, Mara —
During the German divide, the two Germanys developed quite different elite sport systems. After reunification, the expensive and compromised East German state sport system was dismantled and the West German neo-corporatist policy approach to elite sport prevailed. The neo-corporatist approach is characterized by a large number of veto-players which constantly bargain over influence and scarce resources. Globalization and the diffusion of East German policy approaches have increased the competitive intensity in international sport and made the neo-corporatist approach increasingly anachronistic. Declining competitiveness has inspired several initiatives of the federal government to reform elite sport policymaking. So far, German elite sport seems to represent a policy domain where neocorporatism resists the pressures of globalization. [R]
72.4156 MENCÜTEK, Zeynep Şahin —
How do host states attempt to speed up returns of refugees before peacebuilding and the lack of official arrangements with the home state? Building on the conceptual framework, which coalesces governing practices, strategic narratives, and issue linkages, the article explains the early stages of policy formulation and discourses on refugee returns. Empirically, it draws from Turkey’s return initiatives targeting Syrians since 2016. It argues that the Turkish government seeks to advance in (1) practices promoting self-organized voluntary returns of a small number of refugees and (2) the preparation of ground for mass repatriation and resettlement back to Northern Syria. The strategic return narrative has 2-fold target audiences and aims. While keeping the domestic constituency stands as the main motivation by conveying the message of ‘Syrians are returning’, legitimizing unilateral cross-border interventions targets the international audience. [R, abr.]
72.4157 MENÉNDEZ GONZÁLEZ, Irene —
Standard theories in comparative political economy predict that labor market insiders oppose redistribution to poorer, often informal, labor market outsiders. In contrast, I argue that not all insiders oppose redistribution to outsiders. Extending recent work emphasizing the importance of economic insecurity for insiders, I argue that exposure to risk leads to greater polarization regarding preferences for non-contributory social policy between low- and high-skilled insiders. I test implications of this logic using a survey experiment from a nationally representative sample in Argentina and complement this with analysis of observational data for 16 Latin American countries. I find strong evidence of polarization regarding preferences over social protection among low- and high-skilled insiders. The experiment reveals that low (high)-skilled insiders primed about the risk of becoming outsiders become more supportive of transfers to outsiders (insiders). [R, abr.]
72.4158 MIŞCOIU, Sergiu ; KAKDEU, Louis-Marie —
We explore the topic of clientelism in Cameroon as a species of a wider phenomenon affecting Central and Western Francophone Africa. Our argument is that, despite repeated efforts of reinforcing the local power structures, we have witnessed a process of centralization of clientelism: the new networks are shaped around the ‘Creatures’, who are the President Paul Biya’s formal or informal appointees and play the role of nodal elements relying the rest of the chain to the central command. This happened on the expenses of the locally dispersed and more autonomous clientelist groups. [R, abr.] [See Abstr. 72.3544]
72.4159 MOLE, Stuart —
In the international campaign against apartheid, the Commonwealth is often cited as clashing repeatedly with its former imperial master, the United Kingdom, whether on sport, arms sales or sanctions against South Africa. Yet little attention is paid to the quite different role a united Commonwealth was able to play in South Africa’s transition from apartheid, following the release of Nelson Mandela from prison in February 1990. This article uses new archival evidence to assess the impact of the Commonwealth’s role alongside other forms of international assistance during the period. [R]
72.4160 MOON, M. Jae, et al. —
Korea and Japan, neighboring democratic countries in Northeast Asia, announced their first COVID-19 cases in January 2020 and witnessed similar patterns of disease spread but adopted different policy approaches to address the pandemic (agile and proactive approach versus cautious and restraint-based approach). Applying the political nexus triad model, this study analyzes and compares institutional contexts and governance structures of Korea and Japan, then examines the differences in policy responses of the two Asian countries. This study first reviews the state of COVID-19 and examines changes in the conventional president-led political nexus triad in Korea and the bureaucracy-led political nexus triad in Japan. [R, abr.] [See Abstr. 72.3080]
72.4161 MOSCHELLA, Manuela ; VERZICHELLI, Luca —
How did the Italian political system respond to the challenges and opportunities of implementing the European Recovery and Resilient Facility? The paper answers this question by charting the research agenda that guides the contributions collected in this issue. In particular, the paper sets out two major research goals. (1) It introduced the tenets for a systematic examination of the process of formulation of the policies adopted within the Italian National Recovery and Resilience Plan. (2) We advance a theoretical framework to interpret how the Italian recovery and resilience policies are likely to affect domestic and European politics. More precisely, the paper specifies the potential channels and mechanisms through which “akes politics” during such a particular and delicate critical juncture. [R]
72.4162 MOSCOVITZ, Hannah —
This article pursues a novel endeavor by anchoring the study of nationbranding in the context of multinational federal systems. Through an examination of the manner in which international education strategies are used to cultivate images of “nation” in Canada and Quebec, the study underlines how the “politics of recognition” at the heart of Canada/Quebec relations play out in the international education sphere. The results point to the significance of policy effectiveness for the “politics of recognition,” contributing to the literature on majority-minority tensions, which tends to highlight the symbolic role of policy control as opposed to the realization of said policies. The research also sheds light on the potential interplay between the political autonomy of minority nations and their symbolic recognition. [R, abr.]
72.4163 MPOFU-WALSH, Sizwe —
This article introduces the concept of ‘obedient rebellion’ to explain the African NWFZ’s early conception. ‘Obedient rebellion’ is an attitude of ambivalence toward global nuclear order. To newly-decolonizing African states, the African NWFZ symbolized both post-colonial anti-nuclear solidarity and nuclear responsibility; it represented both ‘obedience’ to — and ‘rebellion’ against — global nuclear order. This ambivalence, between ‘obedience’ and ‘rebellion’, paradoxically accommodated multiple conflicting audiences simultaneously, thereby stabilizing the zone. The African NWFZ’s ambiguous meanings made it viable, even though those meanings conflicted. The zone’s early conception offers insight into the complex, contending forces that continue to bind the world’s NWFZs — and indeed nuclear order itself — to the present. NWFZs epitomize the tensions which stabilize nuclear order: between sovereign equality and nuclear inequality; between local solidarities and global loyalties; and between contestation and compromise. [R, abr.] [See Abstr. 72.3984]
72.4164 MÜLLER-MAHN, Detlef ; KIOKO, Eric —
This article focuses on the impact of COVID-19 in Africa, describes its effects for ongoing research, and asks how it may impact African studies. In Africa, as elsewhere in the world, the pandemic is changing the way people think about the future. The crisis gives rise to a feeling of uncertainty, while casting doubt on future orientations based on forecasts and planning. This scepticism does not concern the African continent alone, but it is here that the call to open a fresh perspective on the future is expressed most emphatically. COVID-19 reinvigorates the question of how African futures are imagined and shaped in relation to the world at large. [R, abr.]
72.4165 MWAMBARI, David —
The academic canon on post-1994 Rwanda focuses the mostly on politics around this official memory that has evolved into hegemonic memory and on how it has been mobilized to promote a selective memory of the past. Using observation, semi-structured interviews, and secondary sources, this article examines vernacular memory practices of mourning the wartime missing in Rwanda. Through the concepts of ‘multidirectional’ and ‘traveling’ memory, this study examines how survivors of these interconnected violent histories that unfolded in two different countries claim multifaceted Agaciro (dignity, self-respect, and self-worth) through two different memory approaches. The article argues that while actors in official memory approach claim Agaciro through borrowing from another global hegemonic memory, respondents in this study created vernacular avenues to remember their missing loved ones. [R, abr.]
72.4166 NEL, Philip —
African attitudes to income inequality have hardly been studied. As a result, we may have been missing a crucial part of the answer to the question why Africa is so unequal. This paper presents evidence that, across all self-identified class categories, African respondents in 16 African states, representative of all the regions of the continent, are on average considerably more tolerant of inequality than respondents from 43 comparable developing and transition countries. The aim of the paper is to try and explain these differences. It concludes that (1) a modified version of Albert Hirschman’s notion of the ‘tunnel effect’ and (2) religious devotedness in the African context provide explanations for the observed variation between African respondents and their counterparts elsewhere. [R, abr.]
72.4167 NEUPERT-WENTZ, Clara ; KROMREY, Daniela ; BAYER, Axel —
Traditional political systems (TPS) are an important part of the political landscape in Africa. They govern subnational communities and differ from nation states, both in their institutional set-up as well as in their legitimacy. Yet, we have little comparative knowledge on these political systems and, in particular, whether they can be described as democratic. In this article, we analyse the democraticness of TPS based on a new expert survey. Using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), we show that the more than 140 ethnic groups we analyse vary meaningfully in their democraticness. Measures of public preference input and of political process control contribute particularly to a latent measure of democraticness. Furthermore, we find some indication for regionally interdependent institutions, with slightly more democratic systems in Southern Africa and less democratic systems in West Africa. Yet, no such interdependence exists between the state and the group level. Finally, we find that more hierarchically organized political systems, kings, and chiefs, as well as those organized in segments, are on average less democratic, while the presence of elders is associated with higher levels of democraticness. [R]
72.4168 NINOW, Leon ; THUNECKE, Georg ; WAGNER, Manuel —
This paper investigates the tax avoidance behavior of German stateowned enterprises (SOEs). Based on firm-specific data of state-owned and private firms from the period between 2004 and 2013 obtained from the Orbis database and public share reports (Beteiligungsberichte), it employs propensity score matching to analyze whether SOEs differ from private firms in their use of aggressive tax planning. Furthermore, a range of theories stemming from the Political Science and Economics literature that could explain SOEs’ tax planning behavior are tested using fixed and random effects regressions. Results suggest that German SOEs engage in aggressive tax avoidance. This tax avoidance is positively affected by the total public share, the number of public shareholders and the relative power of the biggest private shareholder within the SOE. [R, abr.]
72.4169 O’BRIEN, Derek —
This article examines the operation of the principle of responsible government in the Commonwealth Caribbean both in relation to the prorogation of parliament and parliamentary motions of no confidence. It identifies several instances of prorogation that have occurred in the post-independence era which were incompatible with the principle of responsible government because they were intended to avoid the government being held to account by parliament. It also examines the ways in which an incumbent government might seek to frustrate motions of no confidence and how the courts and other key constitutional actors should respond in such circumstances. [R]
72.4170 PAN Fenghua ; ZHANG Fangzhu ; WU Fulong —
China is witnessing a growing trend towards financialization by the state. Drawing on the concept of state-led financialization, this study is the first to explore how the government-guided investment fund (GGIF) has evolved and spread throughout the country. The promotion policies and practices of the central government have laid the key foundation for the development of GGIFs, while local governments have quickly adopted this new financial tool, resulting in its widespread take up. State-owned enterprises are heavily involved in the operation of GGIFs, indicating that this market-oriented tool has largely failed to attract capital from the private sector. This study shows that state-led financialization in China has strengthened rather than weakened the influence of the state in the economy, which is not the case in most Western economies. However, the limitations and risks of the GGIF are also related to the dominant role of the state in GGIF operations. [R]
72.4171 PARRADO, Salvador ; GALLI, Davide —
Italy and Spain were the first countries affected by the shift of the pandemic epicentre from east to west. The rapid spread of the virus in allegedly similar social settings, the relatively high numbers of cases and casualties, and the adoption of drastic containment measures were similar in the two countries during the first wave of the pandemic. Both countries are enmeshed in an unstable political equilibrium at the centre, governed by recently established national political coalitions that have continuously been called into question and exposed to significant public debt. The two countries differ in the role of the executive vis-a-vis the legislative, and the tensions between central coordination and regional centrifugal forces. To improve the understanding of how the pandemic has influenced decisionmaking and crisis management, this article explains the relevance of institutional veto points, as well as differences between the two countries.. [R, abr.] [See Abstr. 72.3080]
72.4172 PATTYN, Valérie ; MATTHYS, Joery ; VAN HECKE, Steven —
Like many Western European countries, Belgium and the Netherlands have been strongly hit by COVID-19. Almost simultaneously, the virus spread, caused a relatively high number of infections and severe lockdown measures were imposed; however, at the same time, the crisis management response has been sufficiently different to justify a systematic comparative analysis. We start with the premise that decisions made on the basis of incomplete information show the true nature of governments’ response to a crisis, which is conditioned by legacies arising from the past and organizational cultures, existing and new governance structures, and strategies used by specific actors. We show that the difference in crisis management echoes the countries’ different types of consociationalism, though also that Belgian federalism and Dutch decentralism impeded a truly coherent response. [R, abr.] [See Abstr. 72.3080]
72.4173 PAULSON-SMITH, Kaden ; TRIPP, Aili Mari —
unprecedented extent. African countries have on average more constitutional provisions addressing women’s rights than any other region of the world. This longitudinal cross-national study shows that constitutional reforms in African contexts are increasingly evident in the areas of gender equality, customary law, discrimination, violence against women, gender quotas, and citizenship rights, and they sometimes reflect gender-inclusive language. By analysing a novel data-set of constitutional reforms across all African countries over 68 years (1951-2019), this article identifies four critical junctures when the adoption of women’s rights reforms arose, namely (1) after independence, particularly in Muslim-majority countries; (2) after political opening in the 1990s; (3) after the end of major civil conflicts; and (4) after the 2011 Arab uprisings. [R, abr.]
72.4174 PENU, Dennis Amego Korbla —
Why do federal arrangements become extinct, and how? In Africa, the conventional expectation is that this would come about through overthrows of the constitution such as through coup d’états. However, using a not-sowell-known federal experiment in Ghana, this study demonstrates gradual “defederalization” through various constitution reviews across sixty-three years. Using evidence from diverse documentary sources and combining gradual change with critical juncture/path-dependence analyses, the study shows that the abolishment of regional autonomies in 1959 was possible, despite constitutional safeguards, because of political developments that weakened veto possibilities for defenders of the constitution’s quasi-federal features. Subsequently, defenders of federalism missed an opportunity in 1968 to reinstate those features, which consequently sealed the fate of Ghana’s federal experiment and has led to defunct regional autonomy. [R, abr.]
72.4175 PIAO Long ; JUNG Kwangho —
There has been a debate on how the state-driven anticorruption movement during the Xi Jinping administration has influenced state-owned enterprises (SOEs). Research has examined the relationship between corruption and economic development at the country level in Asia and has found paradoxically that economic growth and high corruption levels can coexist. However, the “Asian paradox” that appears at the country level may be a transitional phenomenon of the short term. Not many researchers have empirically compared individual firm-level performance before and after a strong anticorruption drive, drawing on relevant comparison groups. This study tests whether Xi’s 2012 anticorruption campaign improved SOEs’ performance. [R, abr.]
72.4176 PING Szu-Ning ; WANG Yi-Ting ; CHANG Wen-Yang —
This article focuses on China’s resource-related development projects, which have been considered controversial due to the relative lack of conditionality. By distinguishing between vertical and horizontal dimensions of political accountability, the study finds that China’s resource-related projects are particularly detrimental to the accountability of recipient countries’ horizontal (legislative and judicial) institutions. These projects are often delivered to resource-rich countries, in the form of packaging access to resources and infrastructure construction, to improve China’s own energy access. Local officials may be tempted to weaken horizontal institutions so that the projects can be implemented quickly. Nevertheless, these projects have little effect on vertical accountability, as China has less intention and capacity to fundamentally restrain electoral competition in recipient countries. [R, abr.]
72.4177 PLUWAK, Anita —
In recent decades, public disagreements over artistic expression have emerged as a key feature of contemporary democratic culture. This has also been the case in the formerly communist countries of East and Central Europe such as Poland where persistent arts controversy has become a central component of the postcommunist era. This article explores the characteristics of postcommunist Poland’s arts conflicts, how they relate to other models of contemporary arts controversy, and what might be deemed their specific “postcommunist” qualities. It also looks into the evolution of how arts controversy has been understood and interpreted in Poland after 1989. [R, abr.]
72.4178 POTTER, Philip B. K. ; WANG Chen —
Autocracies are widely assumed to have a counterterrorism advantage because they can censor media and are insulated from public opinion, thereby depriving terrorists of both their audience and political leverage. However, institutionalized autocracies such as China draw legitimacy from public approval and feature partially free media environments, meaning that their information strategies must be much more sophisticated than simple censorship. To better understand the strategic considerations that govern decisions about transparency in this context, this article explores the Chinese Communist Party’s (CCP) treatment of domestic terrorist incidents in the official party mouthpiece — the People’s Daily. Drawing on original, comprehensive datasets of all known Uyghur terrorist violence in China and the official coverage of that violence, the findings demonstrate that the CCP promptly acknowledges terrorist violence only when both domestic and international conditions are favorable. [R, abr.]
72.4179 RICART-HUGUET, Joan —
Political elites tend to favor their home region when distributing resources. But what explains how political power is distributed across a country’s regions to begin with? Explanations of cabinet formation focus on short-term strategic bargaining and some emphasize that ministries are allocated equitably to minimize conflict. Using new data on the cabinet members (1960-2010) of 16 former British and French African colonies, I find that some regions have been systematically much more represented than others. Combining novel historical and geospatial records, I show that this regional political inequality derives not from colonial-era development in general but from colonial-era education in particular. I argue that post-colonial ministers are partly a byproduct of civil service recruitment practices among European administrators that focused on levels of literacy. [R, abr.]
72.4180 ROSA, Paolo ; CUPPULERI, Adriana —
This paper analyses the military behaviour of Russia from 1992 to 2010. The method used is a combination of the dyad analysis introduced by Stuart Bremer in 1992 and the analysis of unit-level variables, which is distinctive of foreign policy analysis. We empirically test a set of hypotheses about the determinants of Russia’s military behaviour in the post-Cold War period by considering the impact of changes of international variables — relative power, the presence of military alliance pacts, the territorial salience of the dispute — and state-level variables — the degree of democracy/autocracy and regime vulnerability. A bivariate and a multivariate analysis are carried out to explain the separate and joint impacts of independent variables. [R]
72.4181 RUDRA, Nita ; NOORUDDIN, Irfan ; BONIFAI, Niccolò W. —
This special issue explores why the globalization backlash is roiling rich industrialized countries. But why is the backlash less salient in developing ones? In this piece, we challenge scholars to consider why the backlash has not diffused widely to the developing world. We argue support for globalization depends on citizens’ expectations of future economic mobility. This is high in the early phases of globalization which encapsulates many developing economies. Since information about globalization’s effects is limited, observed mobility of some sustains optimism that the new economic order will allow everyone to prosper. Over time, unrealized expectations of mobility for less-skilled workers puncture this optimism. Such workers in rich countries are long past the honeymoon phase of globalization and confronting realities of stagnant incomes and job precarity. [R, abr.] [See Abstr. 72.3671]
72.4182 SALAZAR-MORALES, Diego Alonso —
This article, building on the emerging theoretical corpus of “reputation theory” provides an alternative explanation about how successful policies are obtained in contexts of bureaucratic weakness and volatile politics. The argument is that politicians choose to intervene in delivering successful policies based on how contributable such policies are to construct their political reputations. The findings suggest that in both countries, less tenured politicians face higher incentives to build their reputations, so they choose to deliver better policies to accumulate “successful experiences” as vitae for electoral purposes. Tenured politicians, in turn, opt for inaction or strategic delivery, to preserve their already won political reputations. The article brings evidence from the education sector of Peru and Bolivia, a sector that has been at the core of these countries’ priorities for decades. [R, abr.]
72.4183 SCHAAF, Steven D. —
Under what conditions will authoritarian courts issue decisions that constrain state actors? This study breaks new ground in authoritarianism research by explaining when authoritarian states are — and are not — held accountable to legal norms. I leverage evidence from interviews with Jordanian and Palestinian legal actors, original data on judicial decisions, and two years of fieldwork shadowing judges as they conducted business in the courthouse. I find that courts in Jordan and Palestine are hardly regime pawns, as judges routinely prioritize their own interests above those of regime elites. My results also demonstrate that lawsuits revealing instances of intra-state disunity are particularly good vehicles for expanding judicial authority over state activity and, further, that appellate courts are uniquely less capable of constraining state actors. [R]
72.4184 SCHLEGEL, Rogerio ; ARIAS VAZQUEZ, Daniel —
In federations and other regionalised arrangements, the search for co-operation may lead to a hierarchical alignment where the centre concentrates policy decision-making power. The use of conditional grants to build this kind of co-ordination can disguise its rather coercive character when optout clauses are counteracted by fiscal constraints that virtually force subnational adherence. Previous accounts on recentralisation in Latin America have overlooked this feature, particularly by mistakenly identifying the transfer of fiscal resources and responsibilities with authority over policies. The article adopts a configurational approach, focused on mechanisms, to reassess two Brazilian programmes redesigned in the 1990s and 2000s – the Fundamental Education Fund (Fundef) and the Basic Health Care Programme (Programa de Atenção Básica, PAB). [R, abr.]
72.4185 SCHUHN, Laura —
By 2017 at the latest, with that year’s blockade of Qatar driven by the Saudi, Bahraini, Egyptian, and Emirati leaderships, the fragility of the concept of an epistemic community of Arab monarchies, as described by Sean Yom in 2014 in this journal, has come to the fore. In this light, this essay advocates a shift in this concept toward a different type of “discursive formation,” which may advance our understanding of authoritarian clustering in the context of this debate. Taking Twitter as a proxy for an epistemic (online) community, this study analyzes the activities of Gulf elites on the site between 2017 and 2020 and identifies a significant subcluster within the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) states consisting of Saudi, Bahraini, and Emirati accounts. [R, abr.]
72.4186 SIGMAN, Rachel —
Much of the literature on clientelism views the distribution of state jobs in the same way it does other forms of clientelist exchange: as a mechanism of political mobilization. Despite its prevalence, this perspective does not account for the services that job recipients frequently provide to their political principals beyond the one-time exchange of political support. Drawing on extensive data from Benin and Ghana, including a comprehensive database of minister biographies, surveys of bureaucrats, administrative data, and elite interviews, this article argues that leaders distribute and manage state jobs in ways that enable them to extract and control state money for political financing. Whether incumbent leaders extract state resources themselves, delegate to elite party agents, or co-opt and coerce bureaucrats to divert money to the party shapes which jobs they distribute politically and to whom. [R, abr.]
72.4187 SON Byunghwan —
Do presidential approval ratings affect exchange rates? The empirical purview of the vast literature on this topic has been confined to the run-up to elections. The importance of approval ratings in non-election periods has therefore been under-studied. Examining daily data on the exchange rate of the Korean won during the presidency of Park Geun Hye, we find that the won weakened (1) when Park’s ratings were low and (2) when they bounced back unexpectedly from a low level. This finding explains why Park’s impeachment did not lead to a serious panic in the won market. It seems that well before the impeachment, the exchange rate already reflected the market’s concerns about the uncertainty in the government. [R]
72.4188 STEVENS, Daniela —
We only partially understand the rise of subnational North American governments as carbon-pricing pioneers because fewer than half of the jurisdictions that consider a carbon-pricing policy (CPP) implement one. This article contributes to the literature on CPPs that relies on political economy dynamics and power relations to explain not only policy outcomes but also the lack thereof. Using a qualitative comparative analysis of fifty-four cases, the article shows that subnational governments that have officially considered a CPP tend to implement it if the visible and local co-benefits of mitigation help them bear the political and economic costs of pricing emissions. [R, abr.]
72.4189 STEWART, Megan A. ; KITCHENS, Karin E. —
How do political actors create and institutionalize revolutionary social transformation, and what are the consequences of their efforts? We provide a framework for understanding the conditions under which revolutionary social transformation unfolds and becomes institutionalized over time. We argue that a direct consequence of social transformation and the institutionalization thereof, however, is violence against the revolution’s beneficiaries which can likewise endure over the long-term. We test our arguments using historical, county-level data on post-US Civil War Reconstruction and we supply both quantitative and qualitative evidence for our mechanisms. We ultimately demonstrate that social transformation and violence are often causally linked, not mutually exclusive outcomes, thereby expanding our understanding of how social orders are created and maintained. [R]
72.4190 SUROWIEC, Paweł —
Focusing on the “state” rather than the “nation,” this article explores the interplay between nation-branding and Poland’s soft-power statecraft. Contextualized by Poland’s European orientation in foreign affairs, this Bourdieusian study focuses on the field of diplomacy and statecraft, particularly its communicative practices for the articulation of soft power. Aided by policy documents and campaign artefacts, this analysis of interviews (n=45) with state actors and newcomers to the field, nation branders, traces their actions, and unfolds the effects of their practices on soft power statecraft. The central argument emerging from the analysis of findings rests on the cultural conditions and ideological effects of nationbranding on the field. [R, abr.]
72.4191 TOLOUDIS, Nicholas —
Prevailing theories of fascism reject the proposition that fascism offers a distinct outlook on political economy. Contemporary fascist political parties, I argue, belie this claim. Neofascism has constructed a distinct approach to political economy in response to a unique circumstance: fighting for power in parliamentary democracies whose histories include the overcoming of democracy by fascists. Understanding fascist political economy mean re-conceiving it as an every-day practice of movement building. I use Greece’s Golden Dawn as a case study. Making use of a previously untapped resource — the Golden Dawn’s regularly published on-line newspaper — I show how the party connected its organizing activities with its ideology during its 2012-2014 ascendance. [R, abr.]
72.4192 TRANTIDIS, Aris —
The article explores the conditions under which incumbent leaders in initially competitive political systems manage to offset democratic resistance and establish an authoritarian regime. Autocratisation — the transition from a competitive political system to a regime dominated by a single political force — is a challenging effort for an incumbent and involves interventions in three ‘arenas’ to achieve (1) public legitimation, (2) institutional reforms increasing political repression and (3) mass-scale co-optation. Focusing on Slovakia and Belarus in the 1990s, where autocratisation efforts failed and succeeded respectively, the article finds that co-optation plays a catalytic role in helping the incumbent pass institutional reforms and escalate repression without risking de-legitimation. In Belarus, co-optation engulfed society and the economy whereas, in Slovakia, a socio-economic environment with greater autonomy from government limited the scope for co-optation. [R, abr.] [See Abstr. 72.3084]
72.4193 TURSKA-KAWA, Agnieszka ; CSANYI, Peter ; KUCHARČIK, Rudolf —
The pandemic COVID-19 became a challenge for both societies and governments. While most countries and citizens reacted similarly to the unknown strength of the virus at the start of the pandemic, the situation in each country began to vary more and more each month. Poland and Slovakia are interesting cases in this context. One year after the WHO declared a pandemic, these countries are experiencing one of the worst crises in history. In Poland, despite the initial social mobilisation, after a very short time, many government decisions ceased to be perceived as protecting citizens. In the first period of the pandemic, the Slovak government coped with the situation much better, which changed significantly in the autumn of 2020. [R, abr.]
72.4194 U, Ieong Meng ; Xiangning, Wu —
This paper examines how Macau, with a different political and legal system under the “one country, two systems” principle, fits into China’s securitization and what impact that has on its local governance. We argue that in recent years Macau’s legal system has gradually transformed into a means of social control. Through case files related to the Assembly and Demonstration Law drawn from the Court of Final Appeal, we demonstrate that although Macau is unlike Hong Kong, where dissidents are subject to severe repression, Beijing’s emphasis on national security has weakened the checks-and-balances function of Macau’s legal system and substantially narrowed the scope of freedom of speech, even though it is nominally guaranteed and protected by the Basic Law. [R]
72.4195 VOZAB, Dina ; MAJSTOROVIĆ, Dunja —
This paper shows changes in the normative expectations of journalism through an analysis of articles published in Croatian scientific journals about journalism in three time periods: socialism, the transition period, and the period of democratic consolidation. Using qualitative content analysis we identify a total of fifteen themes related to journalism (journalistic norms, regulation, sensationalism, investigative journalism, journalism and PR, organizational aspects, war reporting, technological aspects, gender and journalism, media freedom, democratic aspects, economic aspects, journalism education, the function of journalism in a political system, and the history of journalism) and nine normative roles for journalists ( gatekeeper, social-political worker, public sphere promoter, watchdog, commercial role, emancipatory role, neutral disseminator, advocacy role, defender of democracy). [R, abr.]
72.4196 VRIES, Michiel S. de ; SOBIS, Iwona —
This paper proposes a framework to analyze the varying understanding of democratic developments. Based on the theory of frame-analysis, it distinguishes six brackets within which democratic developments can be interpreted. This framework is applied to identify the nature of international rankings of domestic democracy and to compare the framing of developments in Polish democracy in reports on democratic developments from international organizations. The conclusion is that sense-making of democratic developments in general varies enormously, and that this is also visible in the international rankings of democracy. Democratic developments in Poland are also assessed in different ways, resulting in varying claims about the nature of the developments in Poland. [R]
72.4197 WANG Jing —
This article examines the roles digital technologies have played in propelling the shifts in modes of financial governance which have been led by the Chinese Communist Party and enacted by a wide spectrum of regulative actors. Based on analyses of the laws, policies and regulations surrounding digital financial technologies, or so-called fintechs, as well as indepth interviews with government officials and fintech business executives, I argue that the proliferation of fintechs challenged the existing regulatory schemes defined by the Central Bank and the State Council. This forced a reconsideration of the Chinese government’s hegemonic strategies in governing the rapidly changing financial industries. While digital technologies have been promoted to accomplish the goals set by the Party for financial marketization and modernization, a set of institutions including regulatory, organizational and normative rules have been developed to strengthen the Party’s control over the digitization of finance. [R, abr.]
72.4198 WANG Yuan —
Why do infrastructure projects that are similar in nature develop along starkly different trajectories? This question sheds light on the varying state capacity of developing countries. Divergent from structural explanations that stress external agency and institutional explanations that emphasize bureaucratic capacity, I propose a political championship theory to explain the variance in states capacity of infrastructure delivery. I argue that when a project is highly salient to leaders’ survival, leaders commit to the project; leaders with strong authority build an implementation coalition, leading to higher effectiveness. I trace the process of the Standard Gauge Railway in Kenya and Addis-Djibouti Railway in Ethiopia, relying on over 180 interviews. This research highlights the individual agency within structural and institutional constraints, a previously understudied area in state capacity. [R]
72.4199 WENJUAN Nie —
Would existing norms be vulnerable to degeneration due to the noncompliance behavior of some members, especially that of norm entrepreneurs? Standard accounts of norm studies focus on the negative influences of norm noncompliance on norm diffusion. This article starts with a critical thinking about norm noncompliance and argues that norm noncompliance, as well as norm compliance, constitutes a normal and necessary part of our social system. It develops hypotheses on why and how norm noncompliance leads to norm diffusion. To illustrate this argument, it takes free trade norms as a case to explore the different attitudes held by the United States, EU, and China. [R, abr.]
72.4200 WIRATMAJA, Nyoman ; SAWITRI, Made Yaya —
As a country with a diversity of languages, religions, ethnicities and cultures, Indonesia is particularly vulnerable to the hostile play of identity politics. Lies produced during the Post-Truth period exploit many emotional sentiments and provoke interest groups to act based on primordial impulses that support certain political interests. The negative turbulence related to identity politics due to the chaotic circulation of hoaxes and misinformation is feared to lead to a Post-Democratic situation. Taking the case study of the two most influential elections in Indonesia: the 2017 Jakarta provincial election and the 2019 presidential election, this paper will explore how the Post-Truth phenomenon incorporates the issue of identity politics to generate a Post-Democratic situation in Indonesia. Secondary data analysis from the news and social media will be employed to further explain how identity politics is distorted in the media, and how it can generate social and political turbulence. [R]
72.4201 WONG, Tom K. ; SHKLYAN, Karina ; SILVA, Andrea —
As Congress remains gridlocked on the issue of comprehensive immigration reform, immigration policy debates, particularly with respect to interior immigration enforcement, are increasingly taking place at state and local levels. Scholarship on immigration federalism has focused on federal and local governments, while states are passing laws that tighten or delimit cooperation with Immigration and Customs Enforcement (i.e., “sanctuary policies”). Simultaneously, cities are passing laws contradictory to state policy. We examine how these state and local enforcement ambiguities affect undocumented immigrants’ trust in the efficacy of sanctuary policies. Using California as a case, we embedded an experiment in a survey of undocumented immigrants and find trust in sanctuary policies decreases when cities seek to opt out of statewide sanctuary laws. [R, abr.]
72.4202 XIN Huang —
This commentary mainly points out the values and problems of the translation of Chinese ethnic classics by using the literature method. The conclusions are: Chinese ethnic classics are the essence and core of traditional Chinese culture, the translation and dissemination of Chinese ethnic classics is the impetus for inter-cultural communication, and even a kind of “literary diplomacy” and “cultural diplomacy,” which is the business card of the Chinese ethnic culture to the outside world. In view of the current problems such as low volume, poor quality in translated Chinese ethnic classics, and indirect-faithfulness in translation, this commentary with theoretical study makes some new thinking from the five aspects: translation talent, translation principle, communication method, communication effect, and sustainable research, which is expected to provide reference for the translation and dissemination of ethnic classics in the world. [R]
72.4203 YASUDA, John K. —
The regulator’s existence under authoritarianism is a precarious one. They must carefully address the regime’s desire for safer food, stable financial markets, and cleaner air without antagonizing politically favored firms or generating social unrest. At the same time, they face reputational pressures from their international counterparts to implement global best practices at home. This article highlights how enterprising officials have quietly sought to expand their authority in the context of an authoritarian regulatory state. By focusing on aviation, financial services, food safety, and environmental protection in China, I highlight how agencies, responding to domestic bureaucratic competition and embeddedness in global networks, have led to the emergence of four distinct types of regulatory authority: regulatory command, subversion, coordination, and ensnarement. [R]
72.4204 YEN Nguyen Thi Hong ; DUNG Nguyen Phuong —
Climate change is becoming the largest crisis that humans have ever faced and a major challenge to the socio-economic and prosperous development of almost every country in the world, especially developing countries. According to the Report of the 2019 Long-Term Climate Risk Index of Germanwatch, Vietnam is rated as one of the most vulnerable countries in the world to the impacts of climate change due to factors such as its geographic location, economic development model and population density. The negative impacts of climate change have become barriers for Vietnam in implementing socio-economic development policies, sustainable development goals and human rights, including the right to a healthy environment. This article focuses on clarifying the legal basis as well as the direct challenges of climate change in ensuring the right to a healthy environment in Vietnam. [R, abr.]
72.4205 YERRAMSETTI, Srinivas —
Public policies designed to advance governance reform without the corresponding legal frameworks that secure democratic values can exacerbate the power imbalance between the government and the policies’ targets. This article discusses India’s post-liberalization changes through the governance paradigms of New Public Management and technocracy. Using the case of Direct Benefits Transfer reform, it traces the emergence of technocracy as a governance paradigm. It discusses the implications of technocracy’s complementarity with contemporary populism for the restructuring of social citizenship. [R, abr.]
72.4206 YILMAZ, Ihsan ; SHIPOLI, Erdoan —
Several studies have analysed different aspects of Turkey’s authoritarianisation under the AKP rule. However, there is still a gap in this literature with regards to the role of instrumentalization of narratives and discursive strategies in this authoritarian turn which has been successfully engineered by the AKP. This article addresses this gap and shows how securitizing narratives based on fear, trauma, nostalgia, ontological insecurity, grievances, and conspiracy theories have been used by President Erdoğan and his AKP as psycho-political tools of authoritarianisation. It argues that these tools have shown to be useful in securitizing the opposition to consolidate power, change the governing structure, and take other extraordinary measures, while legitimizing these acts for the public. [R, abr.]
72.4207 ZHANG Changdong —
State capacity and state power are two related but different concepts; both have reattracted more and more attention in comparative politics and Chinese politics in recent years. Integrating new theoretical developments, this introductory article clarifies and refines these two concepts by linking them with the Weberian and Tocquevillian theories of state accordingly. The Weberian discussions lay the foundation of state capacity, specifically meaning utilizing state organizing ability and bureaucratic system to implement governmental functions. Viewed from the Tocquevillian perspective, state power refers to how a state’s organizational configurations shape society and how a state’s overall patterns of activities shape social actors’ behavior and demands, therefore state capacity. Based on these theories, the five articles in this special issue are categorized into two groups: in the Weberian perspective group, two articles examine state capacities in different policy domains (policing and innovation), and one examines how campaigns interact with bureaucratic institutions to shape state capacities; in the Tocquevillian perspective group, the two articles examine state power, that is, how state configurations and patterns of activities shape social actors’ political demands and participations. [R, abr.] [Introduction to a thematic issue. See Abstr. 72.3656, 3833, 4093, 4108, 4148]
72.4208 ZHENG Zhenqing —
How has mainland China promoted economic policy to facilitate the cross– Taiwan Strait economic integration in the past decades? This question informs some critical political-economic ways of thinking that have driven the Taiwan-related policy-making process in the mainland. Based on interviews with policy actors and business people, this paper explores the evolution of economic policy by empirically identifying two political-economic logics: developmentalism in the policy’s economic components and pan-functionalism in its political intentions. Consequently, we are able to discern the driving force behind the unidirectional “integrated development” since 2018, which has evolved from the symbiotic status of developmentalism and pan-functionalism to a strengthened functionalism with developmentalist color fading. This paper furthers the discussion of the strengths and weaknesses of Taiwan-related economic policy with a focus on the mainland side. [R, abr.]
72.4209
Introduction by David GOMEZ, pp. 539-545. Articles by Jane WILKINSON, “Building more common wealth in a climate changed world”, pp. 546-563; Ian DOUGLAS, “Climate change and the increasing vulnerability of the poor in the Commonwealth”, pp. 564-574; Hita UNNIKRISHNAN and Harini NAGENDRA, “Building climate resilient cities in the global South: assessing city adaptation plans in India”, pp. 575-586; Carl WRIGHT, “Local government leading climate action”, pp. 587-596; Geeji M. THARANATH,, et al., “Consequences of climate change in aquaculture and mitigation measures — lessons from Kerala, India”, pp. 597-605.
72.4210
A symposium with Kristina ANDELOVA; Wendy BRACEWELL, Irena Grudzińska GROSS; Krzysztof JASIEWICZ; David OST; NINA WITOSZEK.
72.4211
Articles by R. KMITA,, et al. ; Kristina SPOHR; Corinna KUHR-KOROLEV; Dejan DJOKIĆ; Gwendolyn SASSE; Timm BEICHELT; Christoph CORNELISSEN.