Abstract
73.5765 AHLSKOG, Rafael ; OSKARSSON, Sven —
A core part of political research is to identify how political preferences are shaped. The nature of these questions is such that robust causal identification is often difficult to achieve, and we are not seldom stuck with observational methods that we know have limited causal validity. The purpose of this paper is to measure the magnitude of bias stemming from both measurable and unmeasurable confounders across three broad domains of individual determinants of political preferences: socio-economic factors, moral values, and psychological constructs. We leverage a unique combination of rich Swedish registry data for a large sample of identical twins, with a comprehensive battery of 34 political preference measures, and build a meta-analytical model comparing our most conservative observational (naive) estimates with discordant twin estimates. [R, abr.]
73.5766 ALBERT, Karen —
Civil wars are difficult to resolve through negotiated settlements. Rebel institutions are thought to make negotiations more successful. I show, however, that this positive association does not hold. Rather, rebel service provision is negatively correlated with successful negotiated settlements. The well-established literature on commitment problems suggests that negotiated settlements are not reached because governments end negotiations amidst fears of rebel growth from civilian support derived from service provision. I offer an alternative explanation — strategic stalling — based on rebel incentives to realize the full long-term benefits of service provision. Qualitative evidence shows that observable implications of strategic stalling are observed in the cases surveyed. [R]
73.5767 ALGER, Justin —
States have increased the pace and scale of conservation efforts in recent years as they strive to meet ambitious terrestrial and marine protected area targets. The ecological gains made in this push for protections, however, seem to be no better than if governments designated protected areas at random. Many critics point to states prioritizing quantity over quality of protections — rightly so — but this point does not fully explain the shortcomings of the global biodiversity network. The problem is more deeply rooted in the processes through which governments designate protected areas. Governments prioritize minimizing short-term commercial losses over maximizing long-term ecological gains in conservation policy processes, leading to two predominant types of protected area: residual and paper park. The causal mechanism driving these processes is how salient industry interests are in an area targeted for protections. [R, abr.]
73.5768 ALT, Suvi —
Apocalyptic discourses continue to be central to environmental movements, media representations and even establishment accounts of environmental politics. At the same time, ecological thinkers increasingly argue that the apocalypse is already here: We are already living at the end of the world. My aim is to problematise predominant notions of time and space in these discourses and, in doing so, to begin to chart the contribution of postcolonial theology to environmental political thought. I argue that conceptions of environmental apocalypse remain wedded to a particular modern, Western interpretation of the Christian apocalyptic tradition that privileges a linear notion of time over spatial analysis. Recovering space as the lost dimension of the end of the world contests received notions of environmental apocalypse and it calls for challenging the social, political, and material relations of power that constitute its place, thereby contributing to more equal and just environmental politics. [R]
73.5769 ANDERSON, Noel ; BAGOZZI, Benjamin E. ; KOREN, Ore —
Numerous explanations for why some civil wars last longer than others. Yet, the type of labor that state militaries recruit has remained unexplored in this context. We consider how a state’s military personnel system affects its ex post decision to keep fighting. We argue that conscription renders access to military labor relatively easy and, thus, less expensive. As military wages fall, war becomes less costly, the production of military power becomes more labor intensive, and the hazard of conflict-termination declines. In a volunteer force, in contrast, military labor is relatively scarce and, therefore, more expensive. Accordingly, war becomes more costly, the production of military power becomes more capital intensive, and the hazard of conflict termination rises. These effects are reinforced as a conflict persists, leading to an increased divergence in duration across conscripted and volunteer militaries. [R, abr.]
73.5770 ANDERSON, Sarah E., et al.—
Understanding differential policy costs across constituencies, and how they link to legislators’ policy preferences, can facilitate policy changes that solve pressing problems. We examine the role of policy costs on constituents by studying legislator support for taxing gasoline. Analysis of survey responses from US state legislators, as well as of their voting records, shows that legislators whose constituents would be most affected by an increased gas tax — those whose constituents have longer commutes — are more likely to oppose higher gas taxes. Separately estimating the impact of time spent driving to work versus using public transit shows that the effect of commute times comes from those who have long drives, not from those who ride public transit, highlighting how the policy costs to constituents is a major driver in legislators’ considerations. [R, abr.]
73.5771 ANGHEL, Veronica ; SCHULTE-CLOOS, Julia —
We still lack an understanding of the longer-term, potentially erosive consequences that COVID-19-specific anxieties may carry for citizens’ commitment to liberal democratic norms. we present evidence from an original experiment in which we manipulate individuals’ cognitive accessibility of their fears related to COVID-19. We implemented this experiment in Hungary and Romania — two cases where illiberal attitudes are most likely to amplify under conditions of fear — a year and a half after the outbreak of the pandemic. The results show that our intervention is successful in elevating respondents’ levels of worry, anxiety and fear when thinking about infectious diseases like COVID-19. However, these emotions do not carry secondary effects on individuals’ levels of right-wing authoritarianism, nationalism or outgroup hostility, nor do they affect preferences for specific discriminatory policy measures aimed to fight a potential resurgence of COVID-19. [R, abr.]
73.5772 ANSUÀTEGUI ROIG, Francisco Javier —
In this paper I analyse Tommaso Greco’s proposal regarding the relationship between Law and trust, focusing on some relevant points and showing its complex and multidimensional nature; and showing some consequences related to the concept of Law. [R]
73.5773 ANTOINE, Elise —
Little empirical analysis has been carried out to assess the impact of focusing events on politicisation within global and seemingly technical venues of policy-making. Building on existing studies, I conceptualise politicisation as a combination of three components: (1) issue salience, (2) actor expansion and (3) actor diversity. I test the impact of focusing events on the politicisation of one of the most pressing global policy issues of our age: internet regulation, specifically regarding global data protection and internet privacy rules. I use a systematic analysis of news media coverage over a 20-year period, resulting in an original dataset of 2,100 news articles. Controlling for different factors, my findings reveal that focusing events do contribute to politicisation in technical venues, in particular regarding the actors involved in debates. [R, abr.]
73.5774 AREVALO ROBLES, Gabriel Andrés, et al.—
Inter-American human rights justice is a phenomenon of transnational influence on the legal systems of national states. The growing interaction of the Inter-American Court with national judges and its work as interpreter of the American Convention on Human Rights (IACHR) has fostered excessive optimism that needs to be critically reviewed for the sake of a better understanding of transnational. To fulfill this task, this document will present the doctrinal discussions on justice, validity, and effectiveness of the IACHR through the scope, limits, and impact of the Inter- American judicial exercise. [R]
73.5775 ATTIA, Hana ; GRAUVOGEL, Julia —
Sanctions are among the most frequently used foreign policy tools to address human rights violations, but they can be highly politicized. Since the early 2000s, human rights sanctions have been increasingly triggered by standardized rankings of states’ performances. While research on economic statecraft suggests that coercive measures based on cross-national assessments may be less influenced by strategic considerations, scholarship on rankings highlights how standardized performance indicators can also be political. This paper investigates whether sanctions based on standardized human rights assessments are also influenced by senders’ strategic political and economic interests. Empirically, we examine the case of US human trafficking sanctions that combines universal rankings in the first stage and country-specific sanctions waivers in the second. [R, abr.]
73.5776 ATZENI, Claudia —
The concept of authoritarian liberalism formulated by Hermann Heller in 1932 has become a contemporary debate topic. Indeed, the European political and economic crisis of the last 10 years seems to perfectly replace the idea of a democratic withdrawal from the liberal economic order. In this article I am going to analyse the theoretical and conceptual level of authoritarian liberalism, and then dwell on the influence that it exercised on some forms of contemporary liberalism (such as ordoliberalism and neoliberalism) practiced both during the integration process and in the responses of institutions facing the European crisis. [R]
73.5777 AUGUST, Vincent —
I argue for an interpretive approach to digitalization research that analyzes the concepts, narratives, and belief systems in digitalization debates. I illustrate this methodological proposal by assessing the spread of network ideas. Many political actors and digitalization researchers follow network ideas, e.g., by claiming that the rise of a network society must lead to network governance. In contrast to this narrative, I argue that there are multiple visions of the digital society, each of which follows a specific pattern of epistemology, social imaginary, and political proposals. These competing self-interpretations must be investigated by digitalization research in order to map and evaluate different pathways into a digital society. For doing so, critical conceptual analysis draws on political theory, critical conceptual history, and the sociology of knowledge. [R, abr.] [See Abstr. 73.5789]
73.5778 AYDIN-CAKIR, Aylin —
Criticizing the insurance theory, this article asserts that to measure postconstitutional political uncertainty, one should consider not only the power distribution among the ‘political’ actors but the power distribution among all actors involved in the constitution-making process, including the public and civil society. Comparing the constitution-making processes of the constitutions of Egypt (2012) and Tunisia (2014), this study presents the duration of the constitution-making process as an alternative measure of power distribution among all actors. The theoretical framework asserts that the long constitution-making process increases the possibility of deliberation at the public level. That will help to develop trust among polarized political actors and improve political actors’ perception of the public as a credible control and constraint mechanism. This will ensure that the incoming government will respect the newly established institutions and lead to the establishment of an independent and powerful judiciary. [R, abr.]
73.5779 BAELE, Stephane J. ; JALEA, Diana —
Twenty-five years after its initial formulation, securitization theory is at a crossroads: attempts to critically scrutinize its achievements and shortcomings proliferate, concerns about the theory’s eurocentrism are articulated, and a heated row shakes the field following accusations of racism. In this unstable context, the present article systematically reviews a corpus of 171 securitization papers published in 15 major International Relations journals since 1995, identifying two major imbalances characterizing securitization theory research. First, rich theoretical development has not been matched by sustained efforts to strengthen empirical work; second, the theory has not been globally embraced, displaying instead a narrow, distinctly local anchoring. By shedding light on these two issues and their relationships, this review article aims to provide clear and actionable observations around which scholars could productively re-organize the ongoing debates and controversies. [R]
73.5780 BAKLANOV, Andrey —
The world oil and gas market is in a dire situation. It may deteriorate further if the West pursues its destructive policy. [R]
73.5781 BALLARD-ROSA, Cameron ; CARNEGIE, Allison ; SCHONFELD, Bryan —
Understanding the determinants of support for democracy remains at the heart of many puzzles in international and comparative political economy. A central but still unresolved topic in this literature is the conditions under which such support dissipates. To answer this question, this article focuses on distributional politics: since democratic leaders possess limited budgets but need to win elections, they often skew resources toward one politically influential sector, leading to more negative attitudes toward democracy among electorally ignored populations. In particular, we argue that governments often face a key political trade-off: whether to direct resources to the agricultural sector or to encourage urban development. After developing this argument in a formal model, we detail historical accounts that substantiate the mechanisms identified in the model. [R, abr.]
73.5782 BANDYOPADHYAY, Subhayu ; SANDLER, Todd —
The paper examines how two targeted countries strategically deploy their counterterror forces when lobbying defense firms influence counterterror provision. For proactive measures, lobbying activities in a single targeted country lessen underprovision, raise overall counterterrorism, and reduce terrorism. Welfare decreases in the lobbied country but increases in the other targeted country owing to enhanced free riding. Lobbying influence on the targeted countries’ welfare is tied to terrorists’ targeting preferences and how the lobbied government weighs citizens’ welfare. Lobbying in both targeted countries may result in the first-best equilibrium. International policy coordination may lead to less efficient outcomes than the noncooperative equilibrium. [R]
73.5783 BARANSKI, Andrzej ; HAAS, Nicholas ; MORTON, Rebecca —
Pork barrel politics has long attracted controversy; difficult to prove and vigorously denied by those accused of it, the practice is nevertheless defended by others who argue that pork facilitates compromise. We design a novel field-in-the-lab experiment to study how legislators bargain over pork and real-world policy. We first introduce a new incentivized method to measure subjects’ ideological peak preferences and attitudinal strength. Subjects then bargain over a two-dimensional agenda: a donation to a political interest group and the division of a sum of money. Consistent with our theoretical model, we find that subjects trade monetary and policy considerations. Subjects who are in the ideological majority and who prefer status quo policies extract better bargains, but minorities gain most from the possibility of compromise afforded by two dimensions. [R, abr.]
73.5784 BARBEHÖN, Marlon —
Inequality is contingent upon interpretation and evaluation in which observable differences are not only treated as differences but transformed into inequalities. Narratives are of crucial importance here as they enable to reduce social complexity and to ascribe a certain meaning to ambivalent social phenomena. This contribution investigates the logic of these narrative transformations by focusing on the category of the middle class which, due to its symbolic architecture, features a specific narrative performativity. By analysing German media coverage, the contribution reconstructs the narratives in which “the middle class” is entangled and how these narratives establish a symbolic order of inequality and accompanying ideas about “rational” ways of welfare state governing. In sum, these narratives establish a collective knowledge about inequality and how it could be governed. [R, abr.] [See Abstr. 73.5991]
73.5785 BAUM, Markus —
The article pursues two goals: Starting out from debates on the relationship between digitalization and neoliberal capitalism, it first examines to what extent neoliberalism, understood here as political philosophy, and the digital mentality of solutionism have merged in theory and practice. In order to prepare the way for an adequate discussion of the current digitization process in political science, the claim is to highlight contradictions between the two, which have not been taken into account so far. In a second step, the text criticizes the digitization process of neoliberal societies in the tradition of republicanism. The core of this process is defined as the datafication of a variety of social areas. In focusing its systemic dynamization effects as well its specific rationality, the text discusses the freedom-threatening erosion of judgement and action potentials. [R] [See Abstr. 73.5789]
73.5786 BECKER, Irene ; SCHMIDT, Tanja ; TOBSCH, Verena —
In numerous studies, since the 1980s and again after the turn of the millennium an increase and consolidation of social inequality in Germany have been found. In the recent past, with favourable macroeconomic framework conditions, there have been phases of an approximate stabilization of the indicators. These results are predominantly based on the distribution of income or wealth, partly on consumption data, indicators of deprivation or multidimensional constructs. In addition, they refer to common, but empirically unfounded delimitations of poverty and affluence. With the following analysis, the distribution measurement is further developed in both respects, with the focus on material participation. [R, abr.] [See Abstr. 73.5991]
73.5787 BEISER-MCGRATH, Janina ; BEISER-MCGRATH, Liam F. —
Recent research has shown that interaction effects may often be nonlinear J. Hainmueller, J. Mummolo, and Xu [”How much should we trust estimates from multiplicative interaction models? Simple tools to improve empirical practice”, Political Analysis 27(2), Apr. 2019: 163-192; Abstr. 69.596]. As standard interaction effect specifications assume a linear interaction effect, that is, the moderator conditions the effect at a constant rate, this can lead to bias. However, allowing nonlinear interaction effects, without accounting for other nonlinearities and nonlinear interaction effects, can also lead to biased estimates. Specifically, researchers can infer nonlinear interaction effects, even though the true interaction effect is linear, when variables used for covariate adjustment that are correlated with the moderator have a nonlinear effect upon the outcome of interest. We illustrate this bias with simulations and show how diagnostic tools recommended in the literature are unable to uncover the issue. [R, abr.]
73.5788 BELL, Andrew M. ; GIFT, Thomas —
We hired a well-known market research firm whose surveys have been published in leading political science journals, including JEPS. Based on a set of rigorous “screeners,” we detected what appears to be exceedingly high rates of identity falsification: over 81 percent of respondents seemed to misrepresent their credentials to gain access to the survey and earn compensation. Similarly high rates of presumptive character falsification were present in panels from multiple sub-vendors procured by the firm. Moreover, we found additional, serious irregularities embedded in the data, including evidence of respondents using deliberate strategies to detect and circumvent one of our screeners, as well as pervasive, observable patterns reflecting that the survey had been taken repeatedly by a respondent or collection of respondents. [R, abr.]
73.5789 BERG, Sebastian ; STAEMMLER, Daniel ; THIEL, Thorsten —
The introductory contribution to this special issue addresses the conditions and possibilities of political theory’s engagement with digital developments. The motivation is the growing interest in questions of political theory arising from the digital transformation, as well as the acknowledgement that digitalisation not only changes politics, but conversely that politics also shapes digitalisation. The article identifies three pitfalls of previous engagement: The narrowing of the subject of “digitalisation” to the topic of the “internet” and, thereby, to the aspect of communication, the disregard for the technicality of the digital, and the insufficient recognition that (digital) technology is political. To avoid these pitfalls, the research perspective of the digital constellation is presented. The digital constellation serves as an epistemological guide that helps to structure theoretical reflection on the interrelationship between digitalisation and political questions. [R, abr.] [First article of a thematic issue of the same title. See also Abstr. 73.5777, 5785, 5834, 5883, 5893, 5896, 5897, 5924, 5948, 5982, 5983, 6031, 6806, 6909]
73.5790 BERGQUIST, Parrish, et al.—
Few contemporary crises have reshaped public policy as dramatically as the COVID-19 pandemic. In its shadow, policymakers have debated whether other pressing crises — including climate change — should be integrated into COVID-19 policy responses. Public support for such an approach is unclear: the COVID-19 crisis might eclipse public concern for other policy problems, or complementarities between COVID-19 and other issues could boost support for broad government interventions. In this research note, we use a conjoint experiment, panel study, and framing experiment to assess the substitutability or complementarity of COVID-19 and climate change among US and Canadian publics. We find no evidence that the COVID-19 crisis crowds out public concern about the climate crisis. [R, abr.]
73.5791 BESSONOVA, Evguenia —
This study shows that productivity trends in Russia are similar to those in other countries where technology leaders enjoy productivity growth, with a gap increasing between them and other companies. The survival analysis suggests that the most efficient firms quit the market at a faster rate than other companies do. Survival functions of the least efficient firms do not always differ significantly from those of other enterprises. Additional financial support from government contracts helps firms in all efficiency groups survive but this effect is stronger for laggards. The shift of gains from the public procurement system towards low productive firms leads to the distorted allocation of resources in the economy and, in the long run, may undermine economic growth by allowing inefficient companies to stay in the market significantly longer than would be the case in a more competitive environment. [R, abr.]
73.5792 BESTVATER, Samuel E. ; MONROE, Burt L. —
Sentiment analysis techniques have a long history in natural language processing and have become a standard tool in the analysis of political texts, promising a conceptually straightforward automated method of extracting meaning from textual data by scoring documents on a scale from positive to negative. However, while these kinds of sentiment scores can capture the overall tone of a document, the underlying concept of interest for political analysis is often actually the document’s stance with respect to a given target — how positively or negatively it frames a specific idea, individual, or group — as this reflects the author’s underlying political attitudes. In this paper, we question the validity of approximating author stance through sentiment scoring in the analysis of political texts, and advocate for greater attention to be paid to the conceptual distinction between a document’s sentiment and its stance. [R, abr.]
73.5793 BHARDWAJ, Ankit —
What characterizes the relations amongst actors engaged in decarbonization? I posit that no single characteristic can satisfactorily explain the heterogeneous politics of reducing emissions and propose the concept of styles as the patterned ways in which actors relate to each other to decarbonize. Based on qualitative fieldwork, I compare two projects for a national policy mandating the use of low-carbon technologies — India’s Smart Cities Mission — and find variation in their styles. In Rajkot, local state, business, and policy elites with a variety of interests converged to impose decarbonization on a site used by herders as pasture. In Davanagere, local industry, workers, state bureaucrats, and experts independently bargained over a plan that accommodated livelihoods in a puffed rice manufacturing district. I theorize styles as a systematic heuristic to capture variation in the politics of reducing emissions and identify surprising coalitions for decarbonization. [R]
73.5794 BIEBRICHER, Thomas —
Since the late 1990s endeavours in American discourse were undertaken to differentiate between genuinely conservative narratives explaining and/or justifying socio-economic inequality from neoliberal patterns of explanation and make the case for the superiority of the former. Prominently, Lawrence Mead and Christopher Beem argue with regard to the results of the workfare reforms of the mid 1990s in the US, that inequality cannot be adequately accounted for by a lack of equality of opportunity that could be ameliorated by social democratic recipes, nor could it be effectively curtailed by setting the right incentives, which would be the crucial neoliberal technique in tackling this problem. Rather, the origin of poverty and entrenched socio-economic inequality in most cases lay in the fact that the poor simply lost control of their lives, lacking indispensable values such as motivation, discipline, responsibility etc. [R, abr.] [See Abstr. 73.5991]
73.5795 BIGMAN, Akiva ; LEBEL, Udi —
Modern case studies are presented to show how the idea of war in Western societies is legitimized through an ethical script by which war and warfare result in few losses to both sides. A Post-War Ethical Discourse model is used to describe the prevalent postwar condition of casualty aversion, by which modern leaderships attempt to convince the public of the need to justify the idea of military empowerment and to legitimize the idea of war, through technological revolutions and doctrines aimed at assuring that the next war will be more precise and more ethical, distancing soldiers from the battle field and thereby resulting in less casualties to both sides. The paper illustrates this condition by analyzing events that took place after World War 1, World War 2 and the Vietnam War, as well as an Israeli case study. [R] [See Abstr. 73.5852]
73.5796 BISBEE, James ; ZILINSKY, Jan —
The link between objective facts and politically relevant beliefs is an essential mechanism for democratic accountability. Yet the bulk of empirical work on this topic measures objective facts at whatever geographic units are readily available. We investigate the implications of these largely arbitrary choices for predicting individual-level opinions. We show that varying the geographic resolution — namely aggregating economic data to different geographic units — influences the strength of the relationship between economic evaluations and local economic conditions. Finding that unemployment claims are the best predictor of economic evaluations, especially when aggregated at the commuting zone or media market level, we underscore the importance of the modifiable areal unit problem. Our methods provide an example of how applied scholars might investigate the importance of geography in their own research going forward. [R]
73.5797 BJØRNSKOV, Christian ; SCHRÖDER, Philipp J. H. —
We consider a framework in which freedom of the media can alleviate barriers to trade, while in the absence of trustworthy market information, firms optimally withhold part of their export activity and opt for testing-the-waters strategies. We employ data on export flows among a large group of Western and Latin American countries combined with the Freedom House measure of press freedom to examine the main theoretical implication. In a standard set-up of gravity equations, we find evidence that the effects are partially conditional on the political institutions of the importing country: press freedom is strongly associated with trade with autocracies. [R]
73.5798 BLANCHET, Alexandre ; LANDRY, Normand —
This article examines Quebecers’ attitudes towards welfare recipients and looks at the variation in the level of monthly assistance that Quebecers are willing to give them as a function of the recipient profile. Specifically, the article aims to study the influence of the ability to work as a merit-based heuristic structuring Quebecers’ opinions. Our results indicate that Quebecers believe that social assistance recipients should receive monthly supports below what they consider to be the minimum income necessary to cover basic needs. Quebecers’ views on the appropriate level of assistance to be provided to people benefiting from social assistance are also strongly structured by the issue of employability and the perception that individuals are in control of their situation. [R, abr.]
73.5799 BLANDO, Giovanni —
This article critically analyzes the concept of ‘positive’ or ‘healthy secularism’ supported by the church hierarchy underlying its confusion with the sociological concept of secularization and its incompatibility with two fundamental values of the Constitutional State: freedom and equal concern and respect. [R]
73.5800 BLOCK-LIEB, Susan —
Global scripts — the rules, norms, and standards in international texts, and the tacit assumptions that surround and give meaning to them — exist on numerous issues (finance, trade, economic development, climate change, education, human rights, and gender equality), at every level of engagement (international, national, local), and at every phase of recursive norm construction and contestation. Case studies involving global scripts appear across a wide range of scholarship — considering sociological, anthropological, or sociolegal perspectives, or on international political economy, international organizations, international relations, or law and development — but because they are focused on one piece of the puzzle at a time, variation exists regarding the definition of global scripts, the distinction between legal and policy scripts, and how explicitly scripts get articulated through and with reference to law. [R, abr.]
73.5801 BLUMENAU, Jack ; HICKS, Timothy ; PAHONTU, Raluca L. —
The onset of the COVID-19 pandemic constituted a large shock to the risk of acquiring a disease that represents a meaningful threat to health. We investigate whether individuals subject to larger increases in objective health risk — operationalized by occupation-based measures of proximity to other people — became more supportive of increased government healthcare spending during the crisis. Using panel data that track UK individuals before (May 2018-December 2019) and after (June 2020) the outbreak of the pandemic, we implement a fixed-effect design that was pre-registered before the key treatment variable was available to us. While individuals in high-risk occupations were more worried about their personal risk of infection and had higher COVID-19 death rates, there is no evidence that increased health risks during COVID-19 shifted either attitudes on government spending on healthcare or broader attitudes relating to redistribution. [R, abr.]
73.5802 BOYLE, Kaitlin M. ; ROGERS, Kimberly B. —
Social psychological theories provide useful tools for identifying interpretive processes that affect individual mental health outcomes. In this paper, we use the affect control theory of self (ACT-Self) to examine the relationship between depressive symptoms and global feelings about the self — self-sentiments — that are evoked by the constellation of identities, traits, moods, characteristics, and roles we hold and have held. We examine this relationship in two separate longitudinal studies conducted with undergraduates (N = 147) and doctoral students (N = 178) at a university in the Southeastern US, which employ different measures of depressive symptoms (the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale and Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale Short Form, respectively). We present key findings about links between depressive symptoms and evaluation (goodness), potency (powerfulness), and activity (liveliness). [R, abr.] [See Abstr. 73.5898]
73.5803 BRENTON, Scott ; BAEKKESKOV, Erik ; HANNAH, Adam —
We trace the evolution of understandings and applications of policy capacity through a meta-analysis of studies in the policy and administrative sciences that focus on definitions or conceptualizations of capacity, capability or competency, political resources and the functioning of policy systems, and variables or mechanisms leading to outcomes. We critique and disentangle common operationalizations, such as policy success and failure, to enable more complete assessments of whether the state’s policy capacity has diminished in recent times, as often is suggested. Previous research has concentrated on two key properties of the “supply” of policy responses, namely sufficiency and changes over time and across contexts. We argue that there needs to be more consideration of societal demands on governments or governance systems and the (dis)equilibrium between demand and supply generation. [R, abr.]
73.5804 BUSEMEYER, Marius R. ; TOBER, Tobias —
How does technological change affect social policy preferences across different institutional contexts? In this paper, we argue that individuals who perceive high levels of technology-related employment risks prefer passive policies like unemployment benefits over active measures like retraining in order to satisfy the need for immediate compensation in the case of job loss. At the same time, general support for passive (active) policy solutions to technological change should be significantly lower (higher) in countries where generous compensation schemes already exist. As the perception of technology-related employment risks increases, however, we expect that social policy preferences among high-risk individuals should converge across different welfare state contexts. We use novel data from a diverse set of 24 OECD countries that specifically measure preferred social policy solutions to technological change in a constrained choice scenario. [R, abr.]
73.5805 CAMERON, Maxwell A., et al.—
Competition among parties is a central feature of democratic politics, but extreme partisanship can undermine democratic practices and institutions. We report the results of a formative curricular intervention involving reflective discussions designed to avoid hyper-partisanship in a training program for anyone — including university students — with political aspirations. The opportunity was provided by an annual Institute for Future Legislators at the University of British Columbia. The program offered weekend boot camps, followed by a parliamentary simulation held in the chambers of the provincial legislature. Data were collected from questionnaires and facilitated reflective discussions. [R, abr.]
73.5806 CAMPOS-CASTILLO, Celeste ; SHUSTER, Stef M. —
Despite growing research on false information, a theoretical framework to organize findings is lacking. We use affect control theory to fill this need and introduce the affect-based credibility rating for interpreting the effectiveness of rhetorical strategies in discrediting the source of falsehoods. The rating quantifies the difference in connotations between the labels used to characterize the source and an ideal, credible source. Successful discrediting amplifies the difference. We use the rating to compare rhetorical strategies for discrediting opponents as sources during rival information campaigns about the Equal Rights Amendment. We show claiming the opponent is spreading disinformation rather than misinformation (stating the opponent is spreading falsehoods deliberately, rather than unwittingly) appears more effective at discrediting, particularly when disinformation claims allege more sinister motives for lying. The new rating helps organize findings by enabling direct comparisons between strategies, thereby contributing toward efforts to detect and discredit falsehoods in media. [R] [See Abstr. 73.6006]
73.5807 CASEY, Justin S. ; DOLAN, Lucas —
The immediate post-Cold War era was defined by the material and ideological dominance of the US. Thirty years on, challenges to both types of dominance proliferate. What explains the systemic change currently underway? The conventional wisdom of a shift to bipolarity or multipolarity ignores the possibility of changes within unipolarity. Recent instability is better explained by the decreased dominance of liberal-democratic ideology and the re-emergence of ideological competition. Building on Raymond Aron’s analysis of homogeneous and heterogeneous international systems, we propose a typology exploring the intersections of systemic distributions of power and ideological topographies. Homogeneous topographies operate on a principle of collusion, reducing uncertainty while promoting restraint, transnational society, and gatekeeping against challenger ideologies. Applying this framework, we reappraise the 1990s as a unipolar-homogeneous moment. [R]
73.5808 CHACKO, Priya —
Luke Cooper’s Authoritarian Contagion draws attention to the politics of protection proffered by contemporary ethno-nationalist authoritarian rulers. This article argues that the origins of this protectionist politics lies in neoliberal projects, which promoted conservative social hierarchies, such as those associated with gender, race and class, to further capital accumulation. These neoliberal projects led to anti-democratic governance and the concentration of wealth and power, trends that contemporary authoritarian leaders claim to challenge but, in fact, consolidate and intensify in the name of protecting an ethnically-defined people. [R]
73.5809 CHATURVEDI, Neilan S. ; GUERRERO, Mario A. —
Can faculty advising ease the postgraduation stress for political science majors and help them pick a career after graduation? Faculty advisors have increasingly become the norm, yet Collins, et al. find that there is wide disparity on career preparation offered to political science students across institutions in the United States. In this paper, we seek to answer how faculty advising can impact student confidence in their options after graduation. We examine the student perception of faculty advising at a large, public university. Participants in the study were recruited from the political science program with an approximate enrollment of 400 majors. Using data from 167 students, we found not only that the number of meetings with a faculty advisor improves the student’s level of knowledge about possible jobs after their graduation but also that they improve the student’s level of knowledge about graduate school, be it a master’s degree program, PhD program, or law school. More importantly, however, we found that the quality of advising mattered more in how students viewed these options. [R]
73.5810 CHEESMAN, Nick —
Law and order denotes a negative form of peace secured among the members of a given social or political order. Minimally, it is an appeal to restore public order to conditions classed as disorderly, or to defend it against potential or articulated threats. But what counts as public disorder, and why is it a problem for any given social or political order? Although social and political scientists tend to concur that it is determined by tradition and convention, for some, the fact of disorder is sufficient for them to back projects for law enforcement and order maintenance. Others emphasize that facts about disorder are themselves socially made. Law and order is not a neutral category for interpretation of disorder, let alone for intervention. It is an ideological or discursive construct that itself warrants scrutiny. For still others, it is not just an element of ideology but a component in the technology of neoliberal government, which needs to be studied in terms of its functions and structural effects. [R, abr.]
73.5811 CHRISTENSEN, Love —
Political actors face a trade-off when they try to influence the beliefs of voters about the effects of policy proposals. They want to sway voters maximally, yet voters may discount predictions that are inconsistent with what they already hold to be true. Should political actors moderate or exaggerate their predictions to maximize persuasion? I extend the Bayesian learning model to account for confirmation bias and show that only under strong confirmation bias are predictions far from the priors of voters selfdefeating. I use a preregistered survey experiment to determine whether and how voters discount predictions conditional on the distance between their prior beliefs and the predictions. I find that voters assess predictions far from their prior beliefs as less credible and, consequently, update less. [R, abr.]
73.5812 CIZMAR, Anne M. ; HOLT, Benjamin Tyler —
Reading is critical to success in college. Faculty members often decry students who come to class without reading, and unprepared for the lessons of the day. Yet, relatively little empirical research assesses how to best stimulate collegiate reading and what types of reading assessments provide the best student learning outcomes. This paper assesses two common ways of assessing reading compliance and learning — reading quizzes and Course Preparation Assignments (CPAs) — using a randomized trial in a large introductory political science course. The data show that students are more compliant with completing the reading quizzes vs. the CPAs, and that students prefer completing the reading quizzes to the CPAs. Data from the 2020 Assessing Critical Reading Techniques study demonstrate little substantive difference between the two groups on the measured learning outcomes through either the exams or the papers. These findings provide empirical support that traditional methods of reading checks or assessments can provide value to the student learning process. Implications for instructors across different course formats are discussed. [R]
73.5813 CLAYTON, Katherine ; HORRILLO, Jordan ; SNIDERMAN, Paul M. —
Political scientists often use measures such as the Brief Implicit Association Test (BIAT) and the Affect Misattribution Procedure (AMP) to gauge hidden or subconscious racial prejudice. However, the validity of these measures has been contested. Using data from the 2008-2009 ANES panel study — the only study we are aware of in which a high-quality, nationally representative sample of respondents took both implicit tests — we show that: (1) although political scientists use the BIAT and the AMP to measure the same thing, the relationship between them is substantively indistinguishable from zero; (2) both measures classify an unlikely proportion of whites as more favorable toward Black Americans than white Americans; and (3) substantial numbers of whites that either measure classifies as free of prejudice openly endorse anti-Black stereotypes. These results have important implications for the use of implicit measures to study racial prejudice in political science. [R]
73.5814 COCKBURN, Patrick Joseph Luke —
For several decades, public political discourses on ‘welfare dependency’ have failed to recognise that welfare states are not the source of economic dependence, but rather reconfigure economic dependencies in a specific way. This article distinguishes four senses of ‘economic dependence’ that can help to clarify what is missing from these discourses, and what is at stake in political and legal decisions about how we may economically depend upon one another. While feminist, republican and egalitarian philosophical work has examined the problems of dependence on states, in families and in markets, the present approach adds a further dimension to our cultural and political concerns with economic dependence: it argues that it is reasonable and useful to consider the economic dependence of the economically powerful. [R, abr.]
73.5815 COSTELLO, Róisín Á. —
This article interrogates the normative coherence of the label of ‘digital constitutionalism’. In particular, I argue that the use of the label ‘constitutionalism’ in digital contexts often conflates the practical realities of existing contractual governance models with the superficial appeal of constitutional structures. As a result, the label is misleading in both normative and qualitative terms as it obscures the true nature of the governance architectures to which it is applied, which are more appropriately understood as implementing a distinct genre of ‘private policy’. [R]
73.5816 CROSS, Ben —
Alison McQueen’s study of the historical role of apocalyptic ideas in realist political theory cautiously proposes the ‘redirection’ of apocalyptic thought as a plausible alternative to its rejection. Apocalyptic redirection, so understood, uses apocalyptic language to describe potential future catastrophes in order to inspire drastic action to prevent them. Although McQueen acknowledges that apocalyptic redirection may have certain risks, she suggests it may be an appropriate response to the crisis of climate change. I show that this use of the discourse of apocalyptic redirection is ideologically problematic. I argue that it involves conflating the interests of those who are at least moderately materially comfortable with the interests of humanity as a whole. I also draw on the 2019 ‘Stop Adani Convoy’ in Australia as a case study. [R, abr.]
73.5817 CYNK, Karolina —
Natural environment is a quiet but grave victim of every war. The purpose of this article is to present the way selected governmental departments communicate environmental issues to their citizens during the war in Ukraine. For this purpose, qualitative research has been carried out. The analysed material consisted of messages posted on the websites of the ministries in the period from February 24 to April 1, 2022: Ukraine, Poland, Slovakia, Hungary, Romania and Moldova. The comparative analysis has shown that, while the Ukrainian ministry consistently posted information about the damage suffered by the environment, and not only in Ukraine, but also throughout Europe, the ministries of the countries neighbouring with Ukraine — with the exception of the Slovak ministry — did not provide information about the consequences of war for the environment. [R]
73.5818 DAHL, Adam —
This essay argues that delimiting the settler colonial analytic to colonial legacies in the “Anglo-world” risks disavowing its congruent relationship with other colonial ideologies such as those of the Spanish imperial world. In examining Alexis de Tocqueville’s comparisons of Anglo- and Spanish American colonization alongside Latin American writers like Lorenzo de Zavala and Domingo Faustino Sarmiento, it shows how they occupied a common discursive terrain in grappling with the prospects for democracy in the new world. For Tocqueville, the failure of Spanish American democracy compared to the US stems from the different systems of land colonization at work in each context. Sarmiento and Zavala provide different accounts of American colonization that exhibit both intersections with and departures from Tocqueville. [R, abr.]
73.5819 DAOUST, Jean-François —
The COVID-19 pandemic was, and continues to be, extraordinary in many ways, forcing governments around the world to implement equally extraordinary preventive measures, some of which were highly restrictive. However, such preventive measures were not sufficient per se to contain the spread of the virus through non-pharmaceutical (e.g., stay-at-home orders, recommendations about face-mask usage) or even pharmaceutical (i.e., a vaccine) interventions: to be effective, citizens had to comply with the guidelines implemented by the state. Social scientists, in particular behavioralists, have thus been playing a prominent role in the management of the pandemic. How have the governments around the world generated compliance with COVID-19 preventive measures? In this article, I first review who was more prompted to comply with preventive measures. I then move to presenting the commonly used explanations to make sense of levels of compliance. [R, abr.]
73.5820 DEPLEDGE, Duncan —
Defence has a carbon problem. The strengthening of net-zero emissions targets in response to the deepening climate crisis is forcing militaries to find answers to the question of how to wield force effectively within the constraints of a net-zero world. This article introduces the concept of ‘lowcarbon warfare’ as a means of capturing recent developments, the extent to which they dovetail with existing concerns regarding the business of war in the twenty-first century, and the prospect of significant changes to how militaries operate in the years ahead as the global energy transition unfolds. The article demonstrates that the pursuit of low-carbon warfare will not be easy owing to the practical challenges of transitioning militaries away from fossil fuels. Moreover, low-carbon warfare will not mitigate all the ethical and environmental concerns associated with military deployments up to and including war. [R, abr.]
73.5821 DIERMEIER, Matthias ; NIEHUES, Judith —
This paper examines the extent to which narratives, disseminated through the media, contribute to the decoupling of the legitimacy of welfare state entitlements and actual need. For this purpose, a qualitative and quantitative sentiment analysis of the coverage of inequality and poverty in the online portal of the Bild-Zeitung is conducted. While reports on the elderly, the sick and the unemployed largely reflect the widespread welfare deservingness hierarchy and entail a strong merit-based justice narrative, articles with reference to immigrants reveal a more ambivalent picture. Refugees constitute an exception to the deservingness hierarchy due to their particular characteristics as well as the institutional setting. Accordingly, people with a refugee background are portrayed as “honest” and “highly motivated”, immigrants from Eastern Europe are defamed as “poverty migrants” who are only drawn to Germany for the sake of social benefits. [R, abr.] [See Abstr. 73.5991]
73.5822 DIONNE, Kim Yi —
This paper describes a relatively new active learning approach — Design Thinking — and its adoption in two comparative politics courses. I draw on my experience using Design Thinking in political science courses to offer instructors another pedagogical tool in the active learning toolkit. I outline the rationale for adopting a Design Thinking approach and offer concrete examples of everyday design challenges and semester-long design projects for political science instructors interested in both low- and high-intensity options to replace or supplement sage-on-the-stage techniques and other active learning approaches. The article concludes with a discussion of potential benefits as well as barriers to implementation and what resources institutions of higher learning could provide to support Design Thinking courses. [R]
73.5823 DORFF, Cassy ; GALLOP, Max ; MINHAS, Shahryar —
Building on recent developments in the literature, this article addresses a prominent research question in the study of civil conflict: what explains violence against civilians? We use a novel computational model to investigate the strategic incentives for victimization in a network setting; one that incorporates civilians’ strategic behavior. We argue that conflicts with high network competition — where conflict between any two actors is more likely — lead to higher rates of civilian victimization, irrespective of the conflict’s overall intensity or total number of actors. We test our theory in a cross-national setting using event data to generate measures of both conflict intensity and network density. Empirical analysis supports our model’s finding that conflict systems with high levels of network competition are associated with a higher level of violence against the civilian population. [R]
73.5824 DOUGLAS, Gordon C. C. —
This study is about the struggle for legitimacy in place among a group of people often assumed to have neither. It examines the roll of informal placemaking and community-building in struggles for settlement among people experiencing homelessness. It does so through ethnographic observation, photo-documentation, and participatory action research at three sites in Oakland, California, on which unhoused people (and some housed members of the surrounding community) have demonstrated bold forms of grassroots placemaking on public land. [R, abr.]
73.5825 DRISCOLL, Amanda ; NELSON, Michael J. —
Although court-curbing proposals are frequent in diverse political and institutional contexts, there have been few efforts to examine the electoral costs of interbranch aggression. Drawing upon vignette and conjoint experiments, we find some evidence that the public will punish incumbents for attacks on courts. However, the size of the effect varies: it is largest among individuals who hold the court in high esteem and can be mitigated by copartisanship with the proposer. Moreover, once information about partisanship and issue positions is available to respondents, the effect of supporting court curbing is smaller than other considerations. These results have implications for the public’s willingness to safeguard the institutional separation of powers via the electoral connection and suggest that politicians may engage in activities that erode democracy without a broad loss of public support. [R, abr.]
73.5826 DUTTA, Sayak —
Boundary studies as a sub-discipline of political geography has undergone several momentous transformations during its evolution. The classical period was predominantly concerned with demarcating the ideal boundary for achieving a stable geopolitical order. This changed during the latter part of the 20th century when scholars began contemplating the role of boundary as a social force. Postmodern understanding of boundaries concerned itself with questions of identity and the narratives of boundary. The focus on territory and territoriality marks another departure from contractual boundary between states to a more cultural notion. In stark contrast to the spatial perception of boundary and territory stands the stream of literature exploring social boundaries investigating the symbolic boundaries that facilitate the social differentiation between various groups of people. [R, abr.]
73.5827 DUUS-OTTERSTRÖM, Göran —
The climate justice literature typically endorses a moral right to produce subsistence emissions, but this right appears problematic considering how urgent it has become to reduce all emissions. It seems that we are currently facing a dilemma between respecting people’s right to subsistence and keeping emissions within a reasonably safe budget. This article argues, however, that there is no reason why a moral permission to produce subsistence emissions must be accompanied by an exemption from responsibility. Even when we are dealing with subsistence emissions, we can demand that people correct for having emitted if they can do so without jeopardizing their own vital interests. This reduces the tension between the right to produce subsistence emissions and avoiding very significant climate change. [R, abr.]
73.5828 DYLONG, Patrick ; KOENINGS, Fabian —
We examine how news outlets’ communication of macroeconomic information affects policy support during the COVID-19 crisis. In our survey experiment based on a representative sample from Germany, respondents are exposed to an expert forecast of GDP growth. Individuals either receive no information, the baseline forecast, or real-world media frames of the same forecast. We find that positive framing of economic growth increases policy support. This effect is stronger for respondents with more pessimistic macroeconomic expectations. Negatively framed economic news are perceived as more credible and hence less surprising in times of recession, not translating into political opinion. [R]
73.5829 DZUNG Bui, et al.—
This paper investigates the effect of information about cross-country ratings of the government’s and the public’s reaction to the COVID-19 pandemic on consumers’ macroeconomic expectations and sentiment. We conduct consumer surveys with randomized control trials (RCTs) in two waves in Thailand and Vietnam. The information treatments have the strongest effect when the information shown contradicts consumers’ prior beliefs. In the first survey, conducted when the first lockdown was eased, treatment effects are stronger in Vietnam, causing more optimistic expectations and sentiment. In the second survey, conducted at the start of the second wave of infections, treatment effects are stronger in Thailand, causing a more pessimistic outlook. [R]
73.5830 EGAMI, Naoki ; YAMAUCHI, Soichiro —
While a difference-in-differences (DID) design was originally developed with one pre- and one posttreatment period, data from additional pretreatment periods are often available. How can researchers improve the DID design with such multiple pretreatment periods under what conditions? We first use potential outcomes to clarify three benefits of multiple pretreatment periods: (1) assessing the parallel trends assumption, (2) improving estimation accuracy, and (3) allowing for a more flexible parallel trends assumption. We then propose a new estimator, double DID, which combines all the benefits through the generalized method of moments and contains the two-way fixed effects regression as a special case. We show that the double DID requires a weaker assumption about outcome trends and is more efficient than existing DID estimators. We also generalize the double DID to the staggered adoption design where different units can receive the treatment in different time periods. [R, abr.]
73.5831 EGAN, Edward J. —
This paper advances a framework for making rudimentary need, impact, and cost–benefit assessments of municipal high-growth high-tech entrepreneurship policy. The framework views ecosystem support organizations like accelerators, incubators, and hubs as components in a city’s venture pipeline. A component’s pipeline size, raise rate, and cost per raise measure its performance. In total, the framework consists of eight objective and reproducible measures based on quantities and qualities of venture capital investment and 16 definitions of related terms-of-the-art. These measures and definitions are illustrated in 26 real-world policy examples, which assess initiatives in Houston and St. Louis over the last 20 years. The examples reveal an enormous variation in welfare effects, and some policies appear welfare destroying. [R, abr.] [See Abstr. 73.5856]
73.5832 EGELAND, Kjølv —
Policymakers and scholars have in recent years paid increasing attention to the climate-security nexus. However, discussions have been overwhelmingly focused on the security implications of climate change, neglecting the question of the climate implications of alternative approaches to security. On closer inspection, security policies can impact global warming in at least four ways. First, security apparatuses produce direct greenhouse gas emissions. Second, security policies can condition domestic decarbonisation efforts by competing, to a greater or lesser extent, with green transition efforts for public investment. Some policies will also be more likely than others to foster climate-friendly technological spillovers. Third, security policies can affect spending priorities in other states, thus shaping decarbonisation efforts overseas. Finally, security competition can influence the wider climate for environmental cooperation. [R, abr.]
73.5833 ELDER, Elizabeth Mitchell ; HAYES, Matthew —
A growing body of research uses names to cue experimental subjects about race, ethnicity, and gender. However, researchers have not explored the myriad characteristics that might be signaled by these names. We introduce a large, publicly available database of the attributes associated with common American first and last names. For 1,000 first names and 21 last names, we provide ratings of perceived race; for 336 first names, we provide ratings on 26 social and personal characteristics. We show that the traits associated with first names vary widely, even among names associated with the same race and gender. Researchers using names to signal group memberships are thus likely cuing a number of other attributes. We demonstrate the importance of name selection by replicating Christopher DeSante’s “Working Twice as Hard to Get Half as Far.” [R, abr.]
73.5834 ELLERICH-GROPPE, Niklas —
The concept of solidarity is an essential but controversially discussed normative reference point for the German welfare state, that is challenged by processes of digitalization. The article explores the question of how solidarity as a structural characteristic and as a practice of the welfare state is affected by the digital transformation and how it can nevertheless be brought to the fore in the welfare state in the digital constellation. [R] [See Abstr. 73.5789]
73.5835 ENGEL, Christoph ; WEINSHALL, Keren —
The law is permanently under construction. Most legal change is intentional. A legislator, a court, or one of the law’s subjects hopes to better achieve a purpose by switching from one rule, one interpretation, or one remedy to the next. Yet empirically, legal innovation tends to be a process that takes time. At the macro level, the diffusion path is often S shaped: It does not start immediately and levels off after a while. This article links legal innovation to diffusion research and discusses micro processes that have the potential to generate the observed diffusion paths. [R]
73.5836 EYERMAN, Ron —
Applying Jurgen Habermas’ distinction between the three knowledge interests guiding scientific research, this article identifies three approaches to ‘trauma’, a clinical approach, rooted in a medical model, a literary approach, rooted in psychoanalysis, and a cultural sociological approach. After elaborating on each of these perspectives, and the various forms through which trauma is represented aesthetically, the three are applied in an analysis of the film “Quo Vadis, Aida?”. It is argued that although they entail different notions of trauma, the three are not mutually exclusive and can be combined in a rich understanding of aesthetic representation. [R] [See Abstr. 73.5868]
73.5837 FISCHER, Kyle ; CHAUDHURI, Ananish ; ATKINSON, Quentin D. —
Political conservatives’ opposition to COVID-19 restrictions is puzzling given the well-documented links between conservatism and conformity, threat sensitivity, and pathogen aversion. We propose a resolution based on the Dual Foundations Theory of ideology, which holds that ideology comprises two dimensions, one reflecting trade-offs between threatdriven conformity and individualism, and another reflecting trade-offs between empathy-driven cooperation and competition. We test predictions derived from this theory in a UK sample using individuals’ responses to COVID-19 and widely-used measures of the two dimensions – ‘right-wing authoritarianism’ (RWA) and ‘social dominance orientation’ (SDO), respectively. Consistent with our predictions, we show that RWA, but not SDO, increased following the pandemic and that high-RWA conservatives do display more concerned, conformist, pro-lockdown attitudes, while high-SDO conservatives display less empathic, cooperative attitudes and are anti-lockdown. [R, abr.]
73.5838 FISCHER-KOWALSKI, Marina —
This article combines a brief overview of the theoretical approach of the Vienna School of Social Ecology with a report on the results of a longterm study on the coincidence of countries’ first access to fossil fuels with social revolutions. The theoretical approach views societies in a systemtheoretical perspective as hybrids of materiality and meaning, with “social metabolism” and “colonization of nature” as key links. Historical changes in the energy metabolism of societies are viewed as key drivers of change in social organization, distinguishing broadly between foraging and agrarian societies, both solar based energetically, but distinct by the latter applying elaborate colonization technologies that allow for higher energy returns at the price of a higher labor burden, the emergence of cities, and land-based steep social hierarchies. Finally, we report on a series of studies on the coincidence of countries’ access to fossil fuels as allowing a transition to industrial societies, again on a much higher energy level. [R, abr.]
73.5839 FISUNOGLU, Ali, et al.—
Measuring the ability of governments to implement policy remains one of the most significant questions of political science. This paper presents the latest iteration of the Relative Political Capacity (RPC) dataset and introduces the Absolute Political Capacity measure. It then investigates the trends in political performance measures across time and space, and different political and economic characteristics. Covering 168 countries from 1960 to 2018, the RPC offers a comprehensive measure of state capacity that allows direct comparisons to be made across countries from all levels of development and will help researchers explore different dimensions of capacity and power. [R]
73.5840 FOMIATTI, Renae, et al.—
Until the recent introduction of direct-acting antiviral (DAA) medications, the only available hepatitis C treatments were lengthy and onerous interferon-based therapies, with relatively weak success rates. While experiences of interferon-based treatment have been well documented, there is a need to better understand how the experiences of the ‘old’ treatments shape contemporary treatment experiences. This article uses the concept of ‘post-crisis’ developed in critical scholarship on HIV/AIDS, and recent theorisations of ‘curative time’, to explore the relationship between contemporary treatment experiences and the legacies of interferon-based therapies. In mobilising these concepts, we trouble linear temporal logics that take for granted distinctions between the past and present, old and new, and cure and post-cure, and draw attention to the fluidity of time and the overlapping co-constitutive terrains of meaning that shape treatment experiences. Drawing on 50 interviews with people affected by hepatitis C, we argue that the curative imaginary of DAA treatments — that is, the temporal framing applied to hepatitis C in which cure is expected and assumed — is shaped by the logic of crisis. [R, abr.]
73.5841 FRANCIS, Linda E. ; ALINOR, Malissa —
Affect control theory (ACT) has the potential to extend dominant understandings of adaptation to bereavement. Using narratives from bereaved caregivers, we assessed attributions they made about the death of a loved one from cancer. We transformed these attributions into actor-behavior-object events along the evaluation, potency, and activity dimensions of ACT. After creating hypothetical baseline deflections for events, we simulated the attributions as events in INTERACT. We found eight emergent categories of resolutions that caregivers used to make sense of the death: caregivers redefined the event to align with their sentiments about the deceased or the death. We also found racial differences in the attributions. White caregivers were more likely to blame themselves or others for the death of their loved one, while black caregivers were more willing to admit their deceased loved one’s faults.[R, abr.] [See Abstr. 73.5898]
73.5842 GAO Yingying ; JANSSEN, Marijn ; ZHANG Congcong —
The past decade has witnessed a rapid development of open government data practices and academic research. However, there is no systematic survey of existing research to understand the evolution of open government data. Such research can facilitate knowledge transfer within and across domains, and foster learning for countries in the early stages of open government data development. This study quantitively extracted the evolution trajectory of open government data based on the main path analysis method and then analysed the underlying motivations. The results show that open government data research went through four main phases and that the open government data movement has spread towards developing countries and smart cities. Different challenges and issues faced by the researchers in each phase drove the evolution of open government data research. [R, abr.]
73.5843 GARCIA HOLGADO, Benjamin ; SÁNCHEZ URRIBARRI, Raúl —
A growing body of literature on the role of courts in democratic backsliding claims that court-packing weakens liberal democracy. However, this is not necessarily the case. The goals of the actors who produce court-packing help to explain why the co-optation of the judiciary can have a substantial negative effect on liberal democracy in some (although not all) cases. In this respect, we distinguish two types of court-packing. First, policy-driven court-packing occurs when politicians manipulate the composition of courts in order to assure a quick implementation of policies. Although this tends to negatively affect judicial independence, it is not per se a first step towards regime change. Second, regime-driven court-packing happens when politicians alter the composition of the courts with the goal of eroding democracy. In this case, court-packing’s negative effect on judicial independence has a systemic negative effect on different dimensions of liberal democracy. [R, abr.]
73.5844 GARCÌA INDA, Andrès —
What is the relationship between Law and Trust? And how can the Law promote an “adequate” social trust? Tommaso Greco’s book on La legge della fiducia offers an answer to such questions and proposes a review of “legal machiavellianism”, understood as the classical legal paradigm, based on mistrust. In this work, from the reading of that book, some reflections are raised on the relationship about Law and Trust, and a critique of Greco’s “principled” approach is made. [R]
73.5845 GARCIA RUIZ, Carmen Rocío —
The concepts of humanitarian intervention and responsibility to protect have been formulated aiming to provide an adequate response to an old question: how to respond to violations of rights committed by states on their own subjects. Based on the formulation of the just war or the very conception of humanity, it underlies the difficult relationship between three of the structural principles of Public International Law: sovereignty, use of force and protection of human rights. This article analyzes the evolution of both concepts, the differences between them and the obstacles that hinder their effective application. [R]
73.5846 GETACHEW, Adom —
This review essay surveys the contributions of the new edited volume African American Political Thought: A Collected History. The thinkerbased approach to the study of African-American political thought advanced in the volume highlights the ways in which thinkers reformulate the central political questions of the intellectual tradition and constitute the canon through the citation and invocation of earlier figures. It also draws attention to the rhetorical, strategic, and tactical dimensions of their political thought. The volume sets a new standard for study of African-American political thought and makes a persuasive case for the tradition’s important contributions to political theory broadly. However, by tying its significance too closely to its interventions within American political thought, the volume inadvertently minimizes the global resonances of African-American political thought. [R]
73.5847 GIFT, Thomas ; LASTRA-ANADÓN, Carlos X. —
Foreign students are one of the most significant immigrant categories in many North American and Western European countries. Yet, as their numbers have swelled, many governments have experienced increasing pressures to cap their entry. This is true despite the sizable benefits that foreign students bring to host countries, and despite standard political economy concerns about immigrants — that they take away jobs or abuse public entitlements — not applying to foreign students. We field a nationally-representative survey experiment in the UK, one of the top destinations for foreign students, to examine potential activators of public support for capping the number of foreign students. Results show that support for caps is most activated when citizens are primed to think about foreign students competing with domestic students for scarce admissions slots at universities. [R]
73.5848 GORYACHEV, Yury ; ZAKHAROV, Vladimir ; OMELCHENKO, Yelena —
Unfortunately, we currently see the leadership of a umber of Western countries turning away from the UN Charter principles and international legal documents aimed at the sustainable development of equitable and quality education for all. [R]
73.5849 GRAY, Thomas R. ; SMITH, Daniel S. —
One widely derided aspect of autocratic regimes is that they frequently feature nepotistic systems for political organization and management of power transfers, with inexperienced or unqualified individuals taking power solely because of their familial relation to the prior ruler. Such systems are thought to be more unstable and ineffective, reducing desirable outcomes for autocratic leaders, as well as the states they govern. We argue that this characterization ignores several important features of autocratic governance: rulers must constantly negotiate with other elites and rely on political networks based around loyalty and agreed-upon divisions of power, spoils, and prestige. We find evidence from the backgrounds and tenures of Roman emperors that dynastic relation to the previous ruler explains the likelihood of an emperor surviving in office without deposal as well as their effectiveness while in office. [R, abr.]
73.5850 GREEN, Jon, et al.—
Politics and science have become increasingly intertwined. Salient scientific issues, such as climate change, evolution, and stem-cell research, become politicized, pitting partisans against one another. This creates a challenge of how to effectively communicate on such issues. Recent work emphasizes the need for tailored messages to specific groups. Here, we focus on whether generalized messages also can matter. We do so in the context of a highly polarized issue: extreme COVID-19 vaccine resistance. The results show that science-based, moral frame, and social norm messages move behavioral intentions, and do so by the same amount across the population (that is, homogeneous effects). Counter to common portrayals, the politicization of science does not preclude using broad messages that resonate with the entire population. [R]
73.5851 GURRUTXAGA, Igor Ahedo ; ALVAREZ MUGURUZA, Iraide ; GÓMEZ ETXEGOIEN, Cata —
Analyzing gender inequalities when teaching political science can be an opportunity. Making inequalities visible in the classroom using students’ personal experiences can help teachers generate co-responsible practices which are necessary in a context where group work is increasingly important. Moreover, revealing gender inequalities through the students’ daily work can help them to understand a key element of the discipline: that politics needs to go beyond private views of social problems, in order to reach collective solutions. In this article, starting with five discussion groups, we give students a voice, to reveal how female students in the classroom take on private and reproductive roles that increase the work they do and affect the evaluation they receive. We have used this diagnosis to design a teaching sequence, implemented in 4 groups between 2018 and 2022, that aims to make gender inequalities visible in work relationships between peers as a first step toward students interpreting and managing these relationships politically. [R]
73.5852 GUSHPANTZ, Tzippi —
Involvement of senior commanders in bribery and sex scandals and deviations from ethical values and norms in operational units raises questions regarding the effectiveness of the learning mechanisms of ethics education in military colleges. The digression of those who are supposed to be role models from the professional and ethical point of view led to a series of studies on the subject. The review reveals that despite the establishment of an educational framework, there is still a lack of a clear strategy for the management of ethics education. The studies are mainly based on memorization and compliance with rules, and the methods do not properly develop critical thinking, nor do they impart applied knowledge on how to design an ethical organizational culture. The existing evaluation processes do not measure the effectiveness of the ethical programs on changing the ethical climate in the units. [R, abr.] [First article of a thematic issue on "Military ethics — The Israeli case", edited by the author. See also Abstr. 73.5795, 5923, 6192, 6934, 6991]
73.5853 HALE, Christopher ; SIROKY, David —
Why do states engage in irredentism? Expanding on previous scholarship, this article advances a new theory with rationalist microfoundations that accounts for the incentives of both elites and citizens to support irredentism in democracies and dictatorships. Our model suggests irredentism is more likely when it enables political elites to provide a specific mix of private goods, public goods, and welfare transfers to citizens who desire them at the lowest tax rate. This leads to the prediction that irredentism is most likely in majoritarian democratic electoral systems and military dictatorships, and least likely in proportional electoral systems and single-party dictatorships. We test and find supportive evidence for these expectations using a comprehensive dataset covering all observed and potential irredentist cases from 1946 to 2014. [R]
73.5854 HAMMER, Dominik —
Modern eugenics, as it developed in the second half of the 19th c., represents a synthesis of revolutionary-utopian, social-reformist and individual approaches, which emerged to help overcome what was seen as the crisis of modernity. The idea of individual human breeding selection quickly turned into programs for the forced sterilisation of people deemed socially undesirable. These forced sterilisation programmes were carried out in authoritarian and totalitarian regimes as well as in liberal democracies. However, the claims of future decline and the promises of salvation not only motivated eugenicists of all stripes, but they also inspire transhumanists, whose goal it is to overcome the limitations of the human body through new technologies. This article presents the central arguments of the eugenicist and transhumanist movements and traces their development and historical context. [R, abr.]
73.5855 HANG Duong —
Culture has long been recognized and conceptualized as an important and indispensable influencing factor in policy transfer. However, inadequate attention has been devoted to the study of culture in this area of scholarship. Using qualitative data, mainly from interviews with policymakers and policy-takers in Vietnam, this paper examines the relevance of culture in Vietnam’s merit-based policy transfer. It indicates how the conceptualization of culture is significant to policy transfer analysis. It also shows that culture at all levels — macro, meso, and micro — can influence both the policy transfer process and the outcomes. At the same time, it contends that despite this important role, culture acts more as a joint-influencing factor than a sole determinant in policy transfer. [R, abr.]
73.5856 HANNIGAN, Timothy R., et al.—
Ecosystems are typically evaluated and understood using standard visible material metrics, such as new products, patents, startups, VC funding, jobs, and successful exits. Yet emerging entrepreneurial ecosystems (EEEs) provide many possibilities for members not signaled by such visible markers. Consequently, policymakers may have a difficult time making informed decisions about incentives and regulations to foster economic growth through ecosystem emergence. To address this methods and measurement issue, we conceptualize emerging systems using both cultural and material approaches to develop a comparative typology and apply it to an emerging regional ecosystem growing around artificial intelligence (AI). [R, abr.] [Part of a thematic issue on "Uncommon methods and metrics for local entrepreneurial ecosystems". See also Abstr. 73.5831, 6013]
73.5857 HARDEN, Jeffrey J., et al.—
Research on the diffusion of political decisions across jurisdictions typically accounts for units’ influence over each other with (1) observable measures or (2) by inferring latent network ties from past decisions. The former approach assumes that interdependence is static and perfectly captured by the data. The latter mitigates these issues but requires analytical tools that are separate from the main empirical methods for studying diffusion. As a solution, we introduce network event history analysis (NEHA), which incorporates latent network inference into conventional discrete-time event history models. We demonstrate NEHA’s unique methodological and substantive benefits in applications to policy adoption in the American states. Researchers can analyze the ties and structure of inferred networks to refine model specifications, evaluate diffusion mechanisms, or test new or existing hypotheses. [R, abr.]
73.5858 HAREL, Alon ; SHINAR, Adam —
What legitimates constitutions? One standard answer is that constitutions are legitimate only if they represent the people they govern. This article identifies two different conceptions of representation. Representation can be grounded either in the consent or the will of the citizens or when the constitution reflects the ‘real’ identity of the members of the nation. Alternatively, it is sometimes stated that the constitution is legitimate because it promotes justice or, more generally, is grounded in reason. While constitutions are typically grounded both in claims to represent the people and in claims concerning the justness and wisdom of the constitutional provisions, we establish that there are two types of constitutions: constitutions that are primarily representational (e.g. the US Constitution) and constitutions that are primarily reason-based (e.g. the German Constitution). We also show that this distinction has important ramifications for how constitutions are drafted and ratified, and how they operate. [R, abr.]
73.5859 HEIMER, Carol A. ; DAVIS, Clay —
Although epidemics are generally understood as lying within the domain of biomedicine, legal and social arrangements play crucial roles in determining whether or not infectious disease outbreaks grow into epidemics and even pandemics. Yet epidemics are challenging terrain for legal regulation. Because epidemics cross political borders and span jurisdictional boundaries, funding for epidemic prevention, preparedness, and response is always inadequate and coordination is difficult. Because epidemics require rapid and nimble responses, governments and international organizations often declare states of emergency, thereby evading some of the usual strictures of law. And because they involve massive uncertainty and rapidly evolving health crises, they require legal actors to work more quickly and with lower standards of proof than is common in law and to intrude on the turf of medical and scientific professionals. [R, abr.]
73.5860 HEISE, David R. —
This essay presents theoretical constructs for characterizing the causal structure of social actions and developing a multi-level theory of action relating to accomplishment of goals via social organizations. Focal concepts include: action schemes, mobilization, internal and external fulfillments, power schemes, macroactions, effective actions, and purposeful actions. Additionally, an overview is provided of a methodological procedure for analyzing narratives in order to specify causal linkages among actions and thereby delineate action schemes. Some possibilities for future developments are noted. [R] [See Abstr. 73.6006]
73.5861 HENDLEY, Kathryn —
This article assesses the usefulness of Fraenkel’s concept of the dual state for understanding the role of law under authoritarianism. The concept, reframed as legal dualism, helps make sense of legal systems in which law matters most, but not all, of the time. A review of other analytical frameworks social scientists use to study authoritarian law reveals that they focus on the predilection of authoritarian leaders to manipulate law and courts to advance their interests. They pay little attention to how mundane disputes are handled. Only legal dualism contemplates multiple narratives of law that are a reality in contemporary authoritarian regimes. [R]
73.5862 HIRSCH, Alexander V., et al.—
We develop a model in which a lobbyist’s value derives from his ability to selectively screen which clients he brings to a politician, thereby earning the politician’s trust and preferential treatment for his clients. Lobbyists face a dilemma, as their ability to screen also increases their value to special interests and the prices they can charge. A lobbyist’s profit motive undermines his ability to solve this dilemma, but an interest in policy outcomes — due to either a political ideology or a personal connection — enhances it, which paradoxically increases his profits. Using a unique data-set from reports mandated by the Foreign Agents Registration Act, we find that lobbyists become more selective when they are more ideologically aligned with politicians, consistent with our prediction. [R, abr.]
73.5863 HOCTOR, Tom —
In 2018, academies accounted for 72% of all English secondary schools, compared to 6% in 2009. English academy schooling conforms to marketizing trends in international education reform, but Conservative politicians have also attempted to promote particular moral values. This article analyses the tensions between neoliberalism and neoconservatism and applies this analysis to a concrete debate taking place within the Conservative Party in the 2000s and 2010s. It uses arguments made by an illustrative group of Conservative politicians to explore and analyse the tension between these two reform trends. The aim of this article is twofold. Firstly, it will present the key arguments which were marshalled by a selection of thinkers affiliated with the Conservative Party in favour of educational reform. It will do this by analysing Conservative articulations of the failure of state education; the role of the consumer and the relationship between democracy and the market. Secondly, it will explore the degree to which marketizing and traditionalist impulses in education reform should be considered complimentary or contradictory. [R, abr.]
73.5864 HOEY, Jesse ; SCHRÖDER, Tobias —
Bayesian affect control theory is a model of affect-driven social interaction under conditions of uncertainty. In this paper, we investigate how the operationalization of uncertainty in the model can be related to the disruption of social orders — societal pressures to adapt to ongoing environmental and technological change. First, we study the theoretical tradeoffs between three kinds of uncertainty as groups navigate external problems: validity (the predictability of the environment, including of other agents), coherence (the predictability of interpersonal affective dynamics), and dependence (the predictability of affective meanings). Second, we discuss how these uncertainty tradeoffs are related to contemporary political conflict and polarization in the context of societal transitions. To illustrate the potential of our model to analyze the socio-emotional consequences of uncertainty, we present a simulation of diverging individual affective meanings of occupational identities under uncertainty in a climate change mitigation scenario based on events in Germany. [R, abr.] [See Abstr. 73.6006]
73.5865 HÖFFE, Otfried —
How do modern ("western") societies manage not to break apart, despite immense challenges, but still hold together, even if sometimes only "with groans and moans," and in many areas and respects bring forth impressive flourishing, economic, scientific, technical and cultural, even social and political well-being? In answer to this question, the essay concludes that modern societies do not break apart even in crisis situations, not only in spite of religious and ideological neutrality, but precisely because of it. With their characteristic openness and flexibility, they have a potential for innovation, including the capacity for self-correction, that — in contradiction to popular theories of disintegration — enables them to hold together, even if not without certain fractures and tensions. [R]
73.5866 HOLDEN, Richard ; MALANI, Anup —
This article examines the implications of Distributed Ledger Technology (a.k.a. blockchain) for several areas of law. While cryptocurrencies have received much attention, the implications of DLT are potentially far reaching. DLT raises interesting and important questions relating to rules of evidence, surrounding issues like hearsay and authentication. The advent of initial coin offerings has implications not only for how firms are financed but also for securities law in regulating such offerings. Cryptocurrencies themselves (e.g., Bitcoin) have raised serious issues for tax avoidance and taxation law. Relatedly, the rise of cryptocurrencies raises issues regarding the relationship between private and nationally issued currencies, and even the role and efficacy of monetary policy. [R, abr.]
73.5867 HOLLAND, Alisha C. —
In much of the world, public transportation infrastructure is sorely needed. Political economy models suggest that provision lags because uneven access and use of public transit fragments political coalitions. Yet, traditional survey techniques tell us little about who supports valence issues, such as mass transit. I instead adopt a novel survey approach from economics designed to elicit preference intensity. I then sample households at different distances from a subway project in Bogotá, Colombia. Contra conventional expectations, I find little evidence that local geography shapes preferences. Those who use public transit the least and pay the most for its construction — the upper class — are its strongest supporters. An experiment and focus groups suggest that middle- and upperclass groups want others to take public transportation to reduce congestion and shorten their commutes. [R, abr.]
73.5868 HOMER, Sean —
Historical events, however terrible, are not in and of themselves traumatic. For a trauma to emerge at the level of a collectivity, ‘social crises must become cultural crises’ (Alexander, et al., 2004, p. 10). For an historical event to become a cultural trauma, it must be socially mediated and represented, a trauma narrative must be constructed. Consequently, there is always a gap between the traumatogenic event and its representation, this gap creates the space for the ‘trauma process’. Unlike trauma theory, therefore, cultural trauma places the weight of analysis not on the historical event as such but on the narrative struggle that constitutes and sustains that event as a cultural trauma. Thus, we have a series of interrelated terms: history, trauma, narrative and memory, that pivot around an absent presence, a traumatogenic event. It is the nature of that traumatogenic event that I explore in this paper. First, I will set out my theoretical differences from trauma theory and then attempt to square the circle between a non-pathological conception of trauma in cultural trauma theory and my own commitment to psychoanalysis. [R, abr.] [First of a series of articles on "Cultural trauma and politics of memory". See also Abstr. 73.5836, 5963, 6010]
73.5869 HONG Ji Yeon ; LAI Ruilin ; KARACA, Ilker —
This paper explores the link between political institutions and the size of global bank loans received to fund project finance (PF) transactions, a commonly used funding method for domestic infrastructure construction. We theorize that lenders’ political risk assessments lead to a prioritization of political predictability over other institutional features of host countries. This indicates that, all else being equal, full democracies and politically closed regimes have advantages in attracting global PF capital, while hybrid regimes are least likely to receive global funds for similar projects. Using the global PF deals reported by the DealScan database and data on political institutions and economic indicators, we show that the relationship between host country regime type and global bank loans is indeed U-shaped. [R, abr.]
73.5870 HOPKINS, Vincent ; LAWLOR, Andrea —
Much of political science rests on assumptions about how policy makers and citizens behave. However, questions remain about how public policy can improve the government-citizen relationship. In this research note, we present behavioural insights (BI) as one way to address this gap. First, we argue that BI can be strategically used both to alleviate administrative burdens and to enhance citizen experience. Second, we argue that BI interventions can assist in several stages of the policy process, strengthening causal inferences about policy efficacy. Third, we present original data from Canada’s ongoing experimentation with BI across multiple jurisdictions and areas of public policy. We conclude by acknowledging the myriad pathways through which BI research can engage with public policy to support the enhancement of citizen-oriented service delivery. [R]
73.5871 HORZ, Carlo M. ; MARBACH, Moritz ; STEINERT, Christoph V. —
Authoritarian rulers fend off revolutions by stimulating the economy. However, expanding the economy can also increase environmental pollution. If citizens value clean air and water, worsening pollution has the potential to galvanize large segments of the society against the regime — which increases the risk of a revolution. While the literature has documented how concerns over the environment upend politics in democracies, we know relatively little about the effects of these concerns in authoritarian regimes. We analyze environmental pollution as an overlooked threat to authoritarian rulers. Using unique data from Communist East Germany and exploiting variation in thermal inversions to instrument for pollution levels, we find that pollution causes both individual and collective expressions of regime dissatisfaction. Our findings suggest that rulers face a trade-off between growing the economy and worsening pollution. [R]
73.5872 HOWARD HARDING, Lauren —
This paper presents a case study in student led syllabus design, geared to support diverse learning styles and to enhance student engagement. In this case, students in an Honors American Government Course participated in designing their own syllabus for the semester. This was done through a written survey in which students were able to select their preferred learning method, combination of assignments and activities, accountability mechanisms, testing structure and level of active learning. The tabulation of student responses resulted in a student designed syllabus that reflected a diversity of learning styles and a combination of passive and active learning mechanisms including traditional lecture, readings and research-based writing assignments, as well as debate, simulation and small group discussion, tailored to the preferences of the class. Student evaluations showed a high level of satisfaction with the student led syllabus design as well as with the course overall. Student participation in syllabus design allowed for differences in learning styles to be reflected in the structure of teaching mechanisms, assignments and activities, resulting in enhanced student “buy in.” [R, abr.]
73.5873 HUBER, Laura —
Despite conflict’s violent and deleterious impacts, scholarship increasingly demonstrates that women’s political rights at the macro-level increase after conflict. However, relatively less is understood about how conflict impacts women’s security at the micro-level, especially regarding how it impacts men’s and women’s attitudes toward intimate partner violence. While conflict can challenge traditional gender roles that justify wife beating, it also promotes hypermasculinity, normalizes violence, and leads to backlash against women in an attempt to re-establish traditional gender hierarchies. International actors, particularly through aid, moderate the impact of conflict on attitudes toward wife beating by encouraging progressive gender roles and increasing socio-economic development. Using Demographic Health Survey data in Uganda, this analysis compares the influence of conflict and international aid at the microlevel on approval of wife beating. [R, abr.]
73.5874 HUW, Dylan ; GIOE, David V. ; GROSSFELD, Elena —
Autocratic leaders rely on intelligence machineries for regime and personal security. They often manage large, powerful, unaccountable organisations, which they hold close. But, despite their close relationship with — and reliance upon — intelligence, autocrats also frequently struggle to use it to enhance decision-making and foreign policy, and consequently suffer avoidable intelligence failures. This article argues that Russia’s invasion of Ukraine in February 2022 is illustrative of this broader, though understudied, pattern of autocratic mismanagement of strategic intelligence. The invasion was both spurred and accompanied by a catastrophic intelligence failure, the responsibility for which rests with Vladimir Putin, the arbiter of a system with limited capacity to offer dispassionate strategic assessments. His failure is characteristic of autocratic regimes assessing foreign developments, including Putin’s Soviet predecessors.. [R, abr.]
73.5875 IAKOVLEV, Gennadii —
This paper investigates why some attempts at pacted transitions from non-democratic rule fail, while others succeed. It determines the composition of opposition organizations that enable pacting. The paper draws on a data-set compiled by the author comparing forty-five attempts at negotiations. The qualitative comparative analysis shows that those negotiations that include the opposition with strong organizational capacity succeed and end up with democratization. This strong organizational power of the opposition can be drawn from trade unions or the Catholic Church participating in negotiations, even if the initial regime is personalistic. [R]
73.5876 IDE, Tobias —
A qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) investigates how major climaterelated disasters shape the dynamics of ongoing armed conflicts. Quantitative and qualitative data are presented for twenty-one cases across Africa, Asia, and the Middle East. After climate-related disasters, 29 percent of these armed conflicts escalated, 33 percent de-escalated, and 38 percent did not change. Furthermore, only countries highly vulnerable to disasters experienced changes in conflict dynamics. Armed conflicts tend to escalate when the disaster induces shifts in relative power, whereby one conflict party (usually the rebels) subsequently scales up its military efforts. But if at least one conflict party is weakened by a disaster and the other lacks the capability to exploit this change, armed conflict intensity declines. [R, abr.] [See Abstr.73.6826]
73.5877 IORDĂCHESCU, George, et al.—
Illegal wildlife trade (IWT) is commonly identified as one of the drivers of global biodiversity loss and has gained increasing attention from national governments, conservation NGOs, international institutions and the private sector. We argue that analyses of drivers and dynamics of IWT within Europe must evaluate the overlooked interconnections between legal and illegal trades. In this brief commentary, we develop a new conceptual lens that brings together cutting-edge theories of political ecology and green criminology. We apply this to the European IWT context, to deconstruct the power dynamics and inequalities that underlie environmental harms caused by green-collar crime. We use the dynamics of illegal trade in brown bears, eels and songbirds as illustrative examples, and consider three cross-cutting issues that shape the trade: consumption, uncertain scientific knowledge and legislative frameworks. [R]
73.5878 JACKSON, Stewart —
Existing narratives surrounding the failure of the CPRS in 2009 have particularly centred on the nature of ALP negotiations with other parties. The article discusses reasonably effectively the strong bipartisan nature of many of the votes taken within the Senate, and when dissecting the events leading to the defeat of the CPRS Bill seeks to suggest that the often-bipartisan nature of voting is indicative of the normality of negotiations over the CPRS. However, this requires some unpacking, and does not take into account the reality of the vote on the day and the structure of bipartisanship. It also leaves aside the at-times virulent campaign by leading members within the Australian Labor Party and the reality of parliamentary negotiations. I will consider those issues here. [R] [See also Abstr. 73.5942, 5955]
73.5879 JAFFE, Rivke ; PILO, Francesca —
In response to broader political and corporate tendencies towards ‘techno-solutionism’, critical studies of security technology highlight the threat that security technologies pose to civil rights and democratic accountability. This article argues for a slightly different perspective: rather than taking claims of technological efficacy at face value, it explores the multiple ways in which security-related technology so frequently fails to deliver its — confidently anticipated or feared — effects. A focus on sociotechnical failure can offer more comprehensive, on-the-ground understanding of the technopolitics of security. We suggest that these politics may lie precisely in the blurring of concepts of failure and success, as ‘prototyping’ and experimentation become an increasingly powerful logic of urban governance. This argument is developed through an analysis of security interventions in Jamaica, a context characterized by high levels of violent crime. The article focuses on three technologies that have been adapted to security-related purposes: a communication channel connecting police and private security guards, a public–private CCTV network, and a smart electricity grid. [R, abr.] [See Abstr. 73.5938]
73.5880 JONES, Joseph L. —
This reflection focuses on my experiences teaching political science through a black worldview suggested by Dr. Mack H. Jones. In 1971, Dr. Mack H. Jones challenged black political scientists to subvert the efforts of white political scientists by creating an alternative frame of reference that focused on African American and African communities in the discipline. Moreover, Dr. Jones was the founder and chief visionary for the political science Ph.D. program at Atlanta University (now Clark-Atlanta University-CAU), which created an academic program by which every subfield was taught through the material conditions of black people in the U.S. and around the world. As an alum of CAU, I describe my efforts to answer Dr. Jones’ call through my teaching at various Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCU) by recounting how I integrate the black experience in my political science courses by highlighting race, class, and gender in my teaching. [R]
73.5881 JORDAN, Soren ; PAUL, Hannah L. ; PHILIPS, Andrew Q. —
Machine learning models, especially ensemble and tree-based approaches, offer great promise to legislative scholars. However, they are heavily underutilized outside of narrow applications to text and networks. We believe this is because they are difficult to interpret: while the models are extremely flexible, they have been criticized as “black box” techniques due to their difficulty in visualizing the effect of predictors on the outcome of interest. In order to make these models more useful for legislative scholars, we introduce a framework integrating machine learning models with traditional parametric approaches. We then review three interpretative plotting strategies that scholars can use to bring a substantive interpretation to their machine learning models. For each, we explain the plotting strategy, when to use it, and how to interpret it. [R, abr.]
73.5882 JUN Zhao —
This study offers the first investigation on the normative processes through which Chinese form impressions of others in social interaction. Using affect control theory and its archived sentiment data from China, I estimate the Chinese impression formation models with a new Bayesian method. I then compare the Chinese models to the impression formation dynamics in US English. Results show cross-cultural commonality in the affective processing of cultural concepts, with determinants of impression formation processes being largely universal. Findings also reveal two cultural variations that align with patterns uncovered by comparative crosscultural research: (1) the Chinese models show less rigidity in the definition of situation and (2) across two cultural models, the balance term has opposite effects on actor and behavior evaluation. To explore the implications of the impression models, I present a series of simulations, illustrating the predictive power of affect control theory as well as the impact of different cultural rules on social interaction. [R] [See Abstr. 73.6006]
73.5883 KALINKA, Irina —
Personalization and censorship are two key concepts that make sense of how content-curation takes shape online. Yet, they are (de)politicized in decidedly different ways in popular discourses. Censorship is already widely understood as a governing gesture that tries to influence what content is publicly available. Personalization — the focus of this paper — is, in contrast, not often considered an overreach of platform power that decides who gets to encounter what, when, and how. To counteract such a reading, this paper argues that personalization algorithms structure digital public appearance by defining its conditions of possibility through code, categorization, curation, and distribution. This represents the power to “partition the sensible”. In other words, personalization algorithms can distinguish between political signal, that which is relevant to all, and noise, that which can be filtered out as irrelevant interference or niche interest. [R, abr.] [See Abstr. 73.5789]
73.5884 KANE, John V. ; VELEZ, Yamil R. ; BARABAS, Jason —
Respondent inattentiveness threatens to undermine causal inferences in survey-based experiments. Unfortunately, existing attention checks may induce bias while diagnosing potential problems. As an alternative, we propose “mock vignette checks” (MVCs), which are objective questions that follow short policy-related passages. Importantly, all subjects view the same vignette before the focal experiment, resulting in a common set of pre-treatment attentiveness measures. Thus, interacting MVCs with treatment indicators permits unbiased hypothesis tests despite substantial inattentiveness. In replications of several experiments with national samples, we find that MVC performance is significantly predictive of stronger treatment effects, and slightly outperforms rival measures of attentiveness, without significantly altering treatment effects. Finally, the MVCs tested here are reliable, interchangeable, and largely uncorrelated with political and socio-demographic variables. [R]
73.5885 KANG, Susan, et al.—
In this editorial, we consider the ways in which liberal constitutionalism is challenged by and presents challenges to the climate crisis facing the world. Over recent decades, efforts to mitigate the climate crisis have generated a new set of norms for states and non-state actors, including regulatory norms (emission standards, carbon regulations), organising principles (common but differentiated responsibility) and fundamental norms (climate justice, intergenerational rights, human rights). However, like all norms, these remain contested. Particularly in light of their global reach, their specific behavioural implications and interpretations and the related obligations to act remain debatable and the overwhelming institutionalization of the neoliberal market economy makes clear and effective responses to climate change virtually impossible within liberal societies. [R]
73.5886 KELLY, Chelsea Rae —
Using qualitative and quantitative data from two experimental studies, this research separately evaluates the effects of deflection level (is this event affectively normative) and institutional concordance (do the components of this event obey the guiding parameters of social institutions) in the assessment of social events. Online-administered surveys gathered data for a 3-condition experiment in an undergraduate sample (N = 74) and a 4-condition experiment in a non-undergraduate quasi-nationally representative sample (N = 507). Results from linear mixed models and ANOVAs show that (1) both concordance and low deflection are significant predictors of event assessment ratings, (2) when controlling for concordance, event deflection level remains a statistically significant predictor, and (3) deflection and concordance have a significant and positive interaction effect. Qualitative data patterns and a visualization of predicted probabilities from a multinomial logit model further suggest that (4) cognitive work in respondents’ assessments — transforming high-deflection events into low-deflection events through contextualized reinterpretations in accord with institutional domain parameters — follow affect control theory principles. [R, abr.] [See Abstr. 73.6006]
73.5887 KERN, Florian G. ; MUSTASILTA, Katariina —
Shared qualitative data — such as interview or focus group transcripts — can be used for secondary qualitative data analysis (SQDA). Yet, much archived qualitative data remains unused after primary analysis. Applications and guidance on how to employ SQDA are rare. We use an example application of SQDA studying informal institutions and resilience in Sub-Saharan Africa to show: First, SQDA depends on how primary researchers share ‘raw’ qualitative data and additional documentation to understand primary context. Second, deductive and inductive uses of SQDA require varying engagement with primary data. Third, current practices of participant consent often do not consider potential SQDA. Fourth, SQDA is not less time-consuming than primary data research but offers different benefits, such as expanding the comparative sample of cases or avoiding research fatigue of studied communities. [R, abr.]
73.5888 KHALILI, Laleh —
In what ways does humanitarianism uphold racial capitalism? The article draws on and expands Cedric Robinson’s arguments about the relationship between humanitarianism and racial capitalism in his Black Marxism. It does so by focusing on the Mission to Seafarers in the countries of the Persian/Arabian Gulf. The Mission has worked alongside state institutions and businesses, both before and after independence from Britain, to facilitate maritime trade through these Arabian ports. In the context of seafarer exploitation, these institutions — the extractive, the governing and the caring — need to ensure worker productivity to facilitate racial accumulation of capital. I argue that the Mission acts as part of the structure of political economic order to produce a racially striated, capitalist politics of care to individuated and atomised seafarers, acting to conciliate conflicts between seafarers and shipowners, maintain seafarer productivity and diminish the possibility of collective mobilisation. [R]
73.5889 KIKUTA, Kyosuke —
How do rebels choose among available tactics during civil war? How do they substitute one tactic for another? Although previous studies address these questions, they narrowly focus on the presence or absence of substitution. Differentiating the varieties of substitution, however, is critical. How rebels respond to their tactical environment — including weather conditions — depends on the type of substitution. I formally derive three types of substitution and test them by exploiting weather-induced exogenous variation in rebels’ tactical costs for ground and marine violent activities. The analysis of daily panel data in 31 coastal conflict countries indicates that rebels substitute violent ground activities for maritime piracy but not vice versa. This asymmetry cannot be explained without differentiating substitution types. [R]
73.5890 KIM Hwa Young ; WALTON, Andrew —
This article contributes to normative debates about residential segregation and its relationship to inequality. It defends a position often disregarded in literature: that there is merit to advancing residential integration through some scenarios where advantaged individuals move to disadvantaged areas. It develops this case in dialogue with three other views. In relation to advocates of addressing the inequalities of residential segregation through redistribution, it defends integration as a means of tackling social and political factors that sustain injustice. It challenges those who defend relocating disadvantaged individuals to advantaged areas by highlighting the burdens and demand for cultural assimilation this imposes on the disadvantaged. It considers the worry that advantaged individuals relocating to disadvantaged areas harbours the problematic features of gentrification. It responds that these concerns, while important in some cases, do not arise in all scenarios of this kind. [R]
73.5891 KISHISHITA, Daiki ; YAMAGISHI, Atsushi ; MATSUMOTO, Tomoko —
Overconfident people who do not earn what they think they can may attribute this negative gap to the unfairness of the economy and thereby favor reducing income inequality when they realize their negative incomeability gap. To test this theory, we conducted an online survey experiment in the US in which we assigned the treatment emphasizing each respondent’s self-perception of the income-ability gap randomly. The results indicate that realizing this negative income-ability gap lowers respondents’ perception of the economy being meritocratic and fair. However, it did not translate into the higher support for reducing income inequality or the support for the government intervention. In addition, we examined the potential heterogeneity depending on political ideologies and political trust levels. [R]
73.5892 KLASCHE, Benjamin ; POOPUU, Birgit —
We are interested in deep relationalism and the methodological problem of delineating which relations matter in a reality defined by an ever-unfolding web of relations. By acknowledging the relationality of critical IR theories, this methodological puzzle is explored by recognizing the situatedness of relations that are being analyzed. Moreover, this helps us to start a conversation on the ethical and political dimensions of deeply relational approaches. By placing the ontological work of deep relationalism in dialogue with the epistemological and ethico-political aspects of critical theory, we are putting forth an account of critical relationalism. Furthermore, we are not only arguing for a critical approach to relationalism but also adding to one of the main methodological debates in relationalism that asks us to carefully consider which relations matter (for our analysis) and how we should access them? [R, abr.]
73.5893 KNIEP, Ronja —
This paper analyses digital surveillance by intelligence agencies as a phenomenon of transnational ordering. Following Pierre Bourdieu’s concept of fields, this ordering includes the formation of a certain degree of autonomy and symbolic domination, that is the establishment of legitimate meanings in social worlds. With a conceptual differentiation between doxic (uncontested) and orthodox (contested) forms of symbolic domination, an answer can be formulated as to why digital surveillance works so well despite, and in part through its contestation, without neglecting the transformation of surveillance debates. This transformation is illustrated by the distinction between domestic and foreign communication in the field of signals intelligence (Sigint). It is transformed from a silent form of symbolic domination into a contentious one. [R, abr.] [See Abstr. 73.5789]
73.5894 KOLOPENUK, Jessica —
Pretendianism is a problem in academia (and of whiteness). Its longstanding existence is well researched and analyzed in the academic record, and it has been brought to wider audiences through news and social media. In response, task forces, committees and advisory councils are being created in universities to determine stronger identity validation policies, with emphasis on engaging relationships with local Indigenous nations, communities, elders, and knowledge holders. Policy making, including processes and procedures of identity validation, will be a powerful apparatus going forward to administer indigeneity in universities. This approach will also lead to the intensification of Indigenous definition and regulation by predominantly non-Indigenous institutions. This article proposes a set of complementary extrapolicy practices addressing pretendianism worth exploring and that emerge from the everyday embodied vantage points of Indigenous academics. [R, abr.]
73.5895 KÖNIG, Thomas ; LIN, Nick ; SILVA, Thiago N. —
While current research shows that the government dominates the policy agenda in parliamentary democracies, little is known about the role of the opposition in challenging this dominance. Taking a closer look at the parliamentary policy-making process, we examine whether opposition support for partisan control of committee chairmanship makes challenges to government bills through amendment proposals more or less likely. By analysing about 7400 government bills from three parliamentary democracies over 35 years, our results show that, under opposition chairmanship, a high likelihood of opposition support fosters amendment proposals, but, under coalition partner chairmanship, the likelihood of government bills being challenged only increases when the likelihood of opposition support is low. This suggests that a unified opposition not only makes challenges to the government’s agenda more likely but also conditions how coalition partners manage collective governance. [R]
73.5896 KÖNIG, Tim —
This article considers the relationship between technology and political theory in the digital constellation by utilizing the conception of technique as a medium. In Christoph Hubig’s philosophy, the mediality of technology structures the realm of both possible and conceivable actions. In this sense, technology can be considered as relation to the world, which has a dialectical relationship with an actor’s epistemic dispositions. Choosing the digital public sphere as an example, the article shows how this structuration of epistemic realms of possibility through technology is necessarily the subject of any precise theoretical analysis. In order to reflect on this dialectical relationship between epistemic dispositions and technical mediation, the concept of affordances is suggested. By analysing the platform Twitter from a public sphere perspective, the benefits of such a conceptualisation are made apparent. [R, abr.] [See Abstr. 73.5789]
73.5897 KOSTER, Ann-Kathrin —
Over the last years, political theory has engaged increasingly in a discussion on algorithm-based systems and its socio-political implications. The debate on this issue is characterized by the assertion of a new algorithmic mode of governance that, due to its deterministic and formal logic, both undermines plural contexts of meaning and the individual unfolding of reflexive judgment. Contrary to these assumptions, this article argues that the use of such digital technologies in a political context does not necessarily result in a post-political society. Algorithm-based systems can be understood as specific epistemic procedures whose operative use of its symbolic input follows a conclusive, ontologizing logic and in itself has a contingency-reducing and latently anti-political effect. Democratic societies, however, are characterized with regard to their contingency-theoretical procedures precisely by the fact that their critical logic enables an incorporation of such ontologizations. [R, abr.] [See Abstr. 73.5789]
73.5898 KROSKA, Amy, et al.—
We introduce this two-part special issue that celebrates David Heise and his pathbreaking theories: affect control theory (ACT), affect control theory of the self (ACTS), and affect control theory of institutions (ACTI). These interlocking, multi-level, mathematically based theories explain a range of social processes, including impression formation, social interaction, trait and mood attributions, emotional experiences, emotion management, and identity adoption, and they do so in multiple languages and cultures. The 15 articles in this two-part issue test, apply, and develop the theories in new and innovative ways. After briefly summarizing each theory and Bayesian affect control theory (BayesACT), we highlight the key findings from each of the articles that follow. [R] [First article of a thematic issue on "Affect control theories: health, status change, and occupations", edited by the authors. See also Abstr. 73.5802, 5841, 5921, 5965, 5967, 5980, 5993, 6006]
73.5899 KUHLMANN, Johanna ; BLUM, Sonja —
Through social policy reforms, social rights are granted or withdrawn. For legitimating those social policy reforms, narratives play a crucial role. They portray the problem situation in a specific, often simplified way, and by certain structural features. [We examine] how the target populations of social policy reforms are constructed within those narratives, particularly with regard to the distinction of “deserving” and “undeserving” groups. We analyse how social policy reforms in times of severe and urgent crisis are communicated through policy narratives, and how these narratives construct the main target groups of the reforms. At the focus of the analysis are two policies, which became prominent in Germany in the aftermath of both the financial crisis 2008/09, and the COVID-19 crisis: short-term work, and the parental-leave benefit. [R, abr.] [See Abstr. 73.5991]
73.5900 KUNST, Sander ; KUHN, Theresa ; VAN DE WERFHORST, Herman G. —
Citizens with higher levels of education are consistently found to be more open to immigration and European integration than those with less education. However, the literature has neglected the issue of whether educational divides in anti-globalisation sentiment result from people’s own educational attainment or whether they are a consequence of deep-rooted positions of disadvantage across generations. In this article, we address the question to what extent the attitudes towards globalisation of intergenerationally mobile citizens, that is, those who obtain a different educational outcome than one’s parents, adapt to the newly acquired social position or remain attached to the parental milieu. We apply diagonal reference models to study the influence of one’s own and parental education level on attitudes to globalisation in 26 European countries using the European Social Survey between 2008 and 2018. Our results indicate that while mobile citizens adjust their attitudes to the achieved education level, there remains an enduring influence of the education level of origin. [R, abr.]
73.5901 KUSHIMA, Kaori, et al.—
What kind of relationship exists between coup d’états and revolutions? Although these two phenomena have conventionally been studied separately, a close and intricate relationship exists between them on a conceptual level. Since “revolution” has a far more positive connotation than “coup,” the organizers and supporters of a political upheaval will attempt to frame it as a “revolution,” while the ousted leader and other opponents will try to frame it as a “coup,” Thus, each involved party uses the two labellings differently in accordance with their political incentives. Based on this understanding, the present article focuses on three types of events — “revolution,” “pure coup,” and “revolutionary coup”— and considers the preferences of various relevant actors — the military, protesters, the ousted leader, international actors, and the media — on how those events are to be labelled. The validity of the argument is tested using a newly constructed dataset on the labelling of political upheavals between 1975 and 2014 and case studies on Portugal (1974), Philippines (1986), and Burkina Faso (2014). [R]
73.5902 LABOUTKOVÁ, Šárka ; VYMĚTAL, Petr —
Lobbying is considered to be a legitimate feature of democratic systems, but a question arises concerning the methods used to influence decisionmaking processes in these systems; the behaviour of lobbyists and decision-makers can be non-transparent, and it unfairly influences political processes. These accompanying phenomena significantly affect institutional quality. In this paper, we define the link between transparent decision making and a transparent lobbying environment, we provide a new set of indicators for a more precise assessment of the transparent lobbying environment in Catalogue of Transparent Lobbying Environment and we demonstrate the differences between our approach of evaluating transparent lobbying and existing methods for six CEE countries empirically. Finally, we address institutional quality and its evaluation in connection with transparent lobbying and demonstrates the potential of the catalogue. We argue that a transparent lobbying environment should be analyzed in the broader context of the decision-making process and is essential for institutional quality. [R, abr.]
73.5903 LAUTH, Hans-Joachim ; SCHLENKRICH, Oliver ; LEMM, Lukas —
Typologies are widely applied tools in democracy research. There are two prominent ways of constructing subtypes of democracies: whereas the classical approach adds traits successively to gain regular subtypes, the radial approach subtracts traits from the concept to obtain diminished subtypes. Conceptually, we argue that radial types have distinct advantages over the classical approach. Diminished subtypes can deal with complex concepts with multiple interrelated dimensions without a clear hierarchy and can account for the gradual nature of political phenomena. We derive three diminished subtypes of democracy: illiberal, inegalitarian and unaccountable democracies. Contrary to the dominating criticism of the radial delusion by the classical approach, an elaborate cluster analysis with a strong focus on validation and robustness checks can identify empirically the deductively proposed diminished subtypes of democracies which could not be demonstrated so far. [R, abr.]
73.5904 LAWRENCE, Jennifer L. —
Encouraging broad collective acknowledgement of how this contemporary moment of compounding ecological pressure, deepening global economic inequality, and rising political violence has emerged, ecocritique offers and understanding of how and why climate emergency is simultaneously a crisis of accountability and democracy and a struggle for power and knowledge. Excavating the roots of environmental discourse and evaluating the underlying values and logics of environmentalism is requisite to interventions into ecosystems of harm and locating the leverage points for healing socio-ecological rifts, including within the environmental scholarship and social movements. As a tool for environmental theory and critical methodology, ecocritique hold significant transformational potential, offering an alternative power/knowledge formulation which questions the logic of scarcity and accumulation and exposes uneven systems of power and economy. [R, abr.] [First of a series of a symposium on “Ecocritique”. See also Abstr. 73.5915, 6026, 6032, 6058]
73.5905 LAZAR, Orlando —
This article analyses the phenomenon of ‘micro-domination’, in which a series of dominated choices are individually inconsequential for a person’s freedom but collectively consequential. Where the choices concerned are objectively inconsequential, micro-domination poses a problem for ‘objective threshold’ accounts of domination which either prioritise particularly bad forms of domination or exclude powers that do not risk causing serious harm to their victims. Where the choices concerned are subjectively inconsequential to the victim, micro-domination poses a problem for the common republican strategy of creating arenas of contestation for victims of domination, which rely on victims objecting strongly enough to a dominating relationship to sound the alarm. This kind of invigilation may systematically fail victims of micro-domination. Throughout the article, I suggest some ways of better accounting for and responding to cases of micro-domination. [R]
73.5906 LE, Danvy ; POLE, Antoinette —
Employers increasingly seek employees with more sophisticated technical skills to meet the changing global marketplace. A significant portion of political science graduates do not pursue advanced degrees, instead entering the job market and holding an array of occupations in organizations using social media, websites, and digital political marketing. While political science instructors are adept at fostering oral and written communication, emphasis on cultivating digital skills appears somewhat less common. This shortcoming may be a disservice to our graduates. Based on reflections from instructors teaching political science at two public universities, this paper describes pedagogical approaches to building digital fluency skills among Generation Z learners using platforms beyond learning management systems to align with learning outcomes that emphasize new and emerging technologies. [R, abr.]
73.5907 LEE Gyeonga —
What is the formative principle of the modern global international order? Traditional theories have focused on the operation of the principle of power at the physical dimension, such as military and economy, and the principle of sovereignty at the normative dimension in the formation of the modern global international order in which disparate anarchy and hierarchies coexist. This article attempts to reconsider the standard of civilization as the principle that has played a staple role in the formation of the modern global international order on the socially constructive dimension through Gerrit Gong’s theory of the standard of civilization and its revisionist discussion. [R, abr.]
73.5908 LEE Kyung Suk, et al.—
Do nuclear weapons deter low-level military conflict? Although the political effects of nuclear weapons have been debated for more than seventy years, scholarship has yet to produce a clear answer. We design a study that reduces the risk of omitted variable bias relative to prior research. Our analysis compares the rates of conflict among eventual nuclear powers in the periods before and after they obtained an arsenal. We include two-way fixed effects to control for time-invariant state-specific confounders and address common shocks. Our findings indicate that switching from nonnuclear status to a nuclear arsenal decreases the risk of being targeted in militarized interstate disputes (MID) by nonnuclear challengers. However, when it comes to low-level conflict, nuclear powers do not appear to be deterred from instigating disputes with other nuclear-armed states. [R, abr.]
73.5909 LERNER, Michael ; OSGOOD, Iain —
When do corporations stop ignoring or opposing climate action and start to go green? We focus on the role of corporate boards of directors, which shape firms’ positions on internal and external issues of corporate governance and public policy. We argue that board decisions to engage constructively on climate issues are likely to be influenced by the choices and experiences of other firms. Learning, socialization, and competitive dynamics are especially important in highly salient and rapidly evolving policy areas, such as climate change. To test this theory, we construct the network of board memberships for US public corporations and uncover robust evidence that climate innovations diffuse among companies that share board members in common and among companies whose board members interact at separate boards. Understanding the unfolding dynamics of corporate climate action requires examining corporate boards and their social context. [R]
73.5910 LESCH, Max ; REINERS, Nina —
The United Nations treaty bodies were established to monitor the implementation of human rights by states parties. Through ‘General Comments’ — legally non-binding clarifications of treaty obligations — they have also influenced the development of international human rights law – for example, on the right to life and climate impacts. We address this phenomenon by establishing a twofold argument. First, we argue that General Comments are used by the committees to informally shape international law. They deliberately act as human rights law-makers, knowing that international institutions, organizations and professionals in their network will subsequently refer to such instruments. Second, we argue that treaty bodies not only rely on their network once they have adopted their outcome, but the experts’ personal networks also shape the drafting process of General Comments. We develop and illustrate an analytical framework with two case studies of General Comments on the human right to water and the torture prohibition. [R, abr.]
73.5911 LEVI-FAUR, David —
This paper places the arguments about the rise of the regulatory security state in a broader perspective of regulatory governance and regulatory state literatures. It suggests that the regulatory security state is one morph of the regulatory state. It does not replace any other morph and indeed it is only partly new. I clarify the terminology around the ‘old’ and new’ regulatory (security) state and suggests how to think about the concept of the RSS from a perspective of the state as a risk manager. The first part clarifies the idea of the ‘regulatory state’ and its origins. The second part distinguishes between the old regulatory state and the new regulatory state, and therefore also distinguishes between the old and the new RSS. The third part suggests that the regulatory state can be a positive, liberal or illiberal state. The fourth part theorizes the RSS as a risk state. Together these clarifications allow a more theoretically rich framework for the study of security governance from a regulatory governance perspective. [R] [See Abstr. 73.6943]
73.5912 LIMBERG, Julian ; KNILL, Christoph ; STEINEBACH, Yves —
Does growing state activity inevitably lead to more complex policy systems? In this article, we offer a new, comprehensive approach that systematically differentiates between the size and the complexity of policy portfolios to answer this question. Looking at data from 21 OECD countries over more than three decades (1980-2015) in the areas of social and environmental policy, we find substantial variation in the size and complexity of policy portfolios. While larger state activity is generally associated with growing complexity, this relation still varies both between countries and over time. Our finding suggests that increasing policy complexity is not a “natural given” but that two of the major trends of the last decades — growing state activity and global political integration — provided a very fertile ground that fosters policy complexity. [R, abr.]
73.5913 LIU, Guoer ; McELWAIN, Kenneth Mori ; SHIRAITO, Yuki —
The revision of sexist laws is complicated not only by disagreements between progressives and traditionalists but also by opposing views held by different types of traditionalists. We design a two-wave list experiment with information treatments to examine public opinion toward reforming the Japanese monarchy’s male-only patrilineal succession rule, focusing on two strands of traditionalism: conservatism and sexism. We show that conservatism, not sexism, is associated with stronger opposition to the ascension of female monarchs. Moreover, opinions toward gendered succession rules are hard to dislodge, because they are rooted in deep-held values. Treatments that highlight the capability of female heirs, the rarity of current practices in peer nations, and the perils posed by succession crises fail to change respondent preferences. Our study reveals the discordance within traditional values, and how this can impede efforts to reform statutory gender discrimination. [R]
73.5914 LÜDDECKE, Dirk —
Transhumanism pursues the goal to continue the biological evolution technically controlled beyond the human being and to use all possibilities of the scientific progress to increase the probability of the post-human. The article deals with a classification of transhumanism in the history of ideas. Transhumanism can be seen as a naturalistic and technical transformation of a metaphysical philosophy that for two millennia has ascribed to humans an astonishing insufficiency. The second chapter offers an overview of the scanty yield of political reflections on transhumanism. With a recourse to an early theory of democracy from ancient Greece, the fundamental relationship between technical ability and progress on the one hand and the conditions and the modus operandi of political life on the other will be recalled. Finally, transhumanism will prove to be a type of (anti-)political eschatology. [R, abr.]
73.5915 LUKE, Timothy W. —
This article responds to a recent reengagement with Ecocritique: Contesting The Politics of Nature, Economy, and Culture which was published 25 years ago. The authors who have engaged with this work in this symposium not only address the relevance of ecocritique as a theory and methodology for addressing contemporary environmental issues, but provide new insights into the work through their criticisms. My reply discusses their commentaries and offers response in the form of elaboration and reflection. [R] [See Abstr. 73.5904]
73.5916 LULHAM, Rohan ; SHANK, Daniel B. —
Physical artifacts are not neutral but are increasingly recognized across the social sciences as important to structuring meaning and social interaction. Affect control theory shows promise as a framework for articulating and exploring the role of the material world in everyday life. In this study, we formalize, extend, and elaborate this line of research, instituting physical artifacts within affect control theory. We examine how physical artifacts function within affect control theory as modifiers of identities. We undertake a full-scale identity-modification study, collecting affective meaning data from 825 respondents on 58 identities, 52 physical artifacts, and 212 artifact-modified identities across a range of identities and artifact types. We empirically estimate how physical artifacts change perceptions of identities and illustrate the application of the new equations by deriving artifact-modified identities from a range of hypothetical scenarios. Using a transformation of the equations, we also simulate how people may use physical artifacts to create a desired impression when occupying different identities. [R, abr.] [See Abstr. 73.6006]
73.5917 LUTZ, Philipp ; BITSCHNAU, Marco —
Across Western democracies, immigration has become one of the most polarizing and salient issues, with public discourses and individual attitudes often characterized by misperceptions. This condition undermines people’s ability to develop informed opinions on the matter and runs counter to the ideal of deliberative democracy. Yet, our understanding of what makes immigration so prone to misperceptions is still limited — a conundrum that this review seeks to answer in three steps. First, we take stock of the existing evidence on the nature of misperceptions about immigration. Secondly, we borrow from diverse bodies of literature to identify their motivational underpinnings and elaborate on how the protection of group identity, the defence of self-interest and security concerns can lead to distorted perceptions of immigration. Thirdly, we highlight relevant determinants of misperceptions at the level of both contextual influences and individual predispositions. We conclude that misperceptions about immigration are ubiquitous and likely to remain a key element of immigration politics. [R]
73.5918 MacKINNON, Neil J. —
This paper explores the application of affect control theory (ACT) to the study of morality. A concise statement of ACT sets the stage for presenting examples of applying the theory to morality. This includes exploring the moral implications or overtones of social concepts (social identities, behaviors, traits, and settings); computer simulations of impressions created by moral and immoral events; and a discussion of several studies directly applying ACT to morality. The paper concludes with a detailed discussion of what ACT can contribute to moral psychology and the sociology of morality. [R] [See Abstr. 73.6006]
73.5919 MAJNEMER, Jacklyn ; MEIBAUER, Gustav —
Using fictitious country names in hypothetical scenarios is widespread in experimental IR research. We survey sixty-four peer-reviewed articles to find that it is justified by reference to necessary “neutralization” compared to real-world scenarios. However, this neutralization effect has not been independently tested. Indeed, psychology and toponymy scholarship suggest that names entail implicit cues that can inadvertently bias survey results. We use a survey experiment to test neutralization and naming effects. We find not only limited evidence for neutralization, but also little evidence for systematic naming effects. Instead, we find that respondents were often more willing to support using force against fictitious countries than even adversarial real-world countries. Real-world associations may provide a “deterrent” effect not captured by hypothetical scenarios with fictitious country names. In turn, fictionalization may decrease the stakes as experienced by respondents. [R, abr.]
73.5920 MAKARSKI, Krzysztof ; TYROWICZ, Joanna —
Thorough structural change occurs periodically across world economies. In a parsimonious overlapping generation setup with political economy, we present a novel result: structural change not only exacerbates the rise in inequality but also strengthens the preference for redistribution. Labor mobility frictions are instrumental in this mechanism. [R]
73.5921 MALONEY, Em K. —
How does occupational identity shape emotional experience? Prior work has largely framed occupation and emotion either in terms of how differences in occupational status structure the experience of powerful, negative emotions or how cultural norms enforce types of acceptable emotional expression in workplaces. Complementing this work by using an identity-centered approach, this paper asks how being in one occupational identity versus another influences the emotions one is likely to experience in everyday life. I argue that one’s occupational identity generates daily interaction sets with typical others, which create opportunities for identity maintenance and confirmation. Affect Control Theory predicts that when individuals confirm identities within an interaction, they will experience the characteristic emotion of the identity. Using data from the General Social Survey’s 1996 emotions module, I find support for the hypothesis that individuals will report experiencing emotions that are closer in cultural meaning to the characteristic emotion of their occupational identity more often than emotions that are more different in cultural meaning. I additionally explore how this relationship depends on the social location of the individual. I find that this relationship is stronger for men, those with higher income, and more educational credentials. [R] [See Abstr. 73.5898]
73.5922 MARQUARDT, Kyle L. ; PEMSTEIN, Daniel —
Models for converting expert-coded data to estimates of latent concepts assume different data-generating processes (DGPs). In this paper, we simulate ecologically valid data according to different assumptions, and examine the degree to which common methods for aggregating expertcoded data (1) recover true values and (2) construct appropriate coverage intervals. We find that the mean and both hierarchical Aldrich-McKelvey (A-M) scaling and hierarchical item-response theory (IRT) models perform similarly when expert error is low; the hierarchical latent variable models (A-M and IRT) outperform the mean when expert error is high. Hierarchical A-M and IRT models generally perform similarly, although IRT models are often more likely to include true values within their coverage intervals. The median and non-hierarchical latent variable models perform poorly under most assumed DGPs. [R]
73.5923 MASAD, Dana —
The term “Military Ethical Washing” is used to describe ways in which military ethics clears military organizations from moral responsibility for their actions in a post-national liberal militarism era. Film and television, now even more than in the past, serve as agents of ethics in general, and of military ethics in particular. Using the terms of the “Just War Theory,” the study shows how through processes of De-Politicization and Dis-militarization enhanced by fictional audio-visual narrative representations, narrative films and television dramas express the ethical-liberal turning point of our times, while at the same time using it to ratify national militarism. The process of “Military Ethical Washing” is illustrated in the paper in the Israeli context through cinematic and televised representations of internal targeted assassinations that took place during the constitutive national period of the struggle for Israel’s independence – a case study having critical potential for discussing current military practices and ethical issues being dealt with by the Israeli military, but also relevant to other cases. [R] [See Abstr. 73.5852]
73.5924 MASCHEWSKI, Felix ; NOSTHOFF, Anna-Verena —
The article introduces the concept of “surveillance-capitalist biopolitics” to problematize the recent expansion of “data extractivism” in health care and health research. This trend has accelerated during the ongoing Covid pandemic and points to a normalization and institutionalization of selftracking practices, which, drawing on the “quantified self”, points to the emergence of a “quantified collective”. Referring to Foucault and Zuboff, and by analyzing key examples of the leading “Big Tech” companies (e.g., Alphabet and Apple), we argue that contemporary forms of digital biopolitics are privatized, opaque, flexible, and not limited to the state. Instead, especially through the integration of wearable technologies, the biopolitical regulation of bodies is increasingly mediated by private tech companies. These companies rely on a questionable narrative of participation, responsibility, and care. [R, abr.] [See Abstr. 73.5789]
73.5925 MAYER, Colin —
Corporate purpose should be at the heart of corporate law. This article addresses objections that corporate law already permits firms to determine their purposes, and companies would not in any event do more than at present in formulating their purposes. It argues, first, that critics of the law of corporate purpose have failed to recognize that purpose can address divergences of private interests of corporations from public interests of society and the natural world. Second, the law provides a means of commitment to delivery of long-term prosperity. At present, the law fails to protect companies seeking to create long-term prosperity through committing to other parties’ interests.[R, abr.]
73.5926 MAZZUCA, Jessica —
This paper analyses the problematic relationship between death penalty and life imprisonment. The first part of the work examines the main steps that led to the replacement of capital punishment with life imprisonment. A topic that calls into question a comparative evaluation between the utilitarian conception of Cesare Beccaria and the thesis of Kant and Hegel in favor of capital punishment. From the basis of these assumptions, we proceeded to analyse the more recent institution of life imprisonment, by means of which the State takes the life of the condemned man, without taking it away from him physically, but socially. [R]
73.5927 McCABE, Brian J. —
Sociological studies of poverty governance investigate how state actors manage marginalized populations, regulate their participation in social institutions, and reform their behavior through systems of punishment and rewards. Research in this area considers a range of institutions involved in managing poverty, but it has largely ignored an institution omnipresent in the lives of the poor — public housing agencies (PHAs). Focusing on the Housing Choice Voucher program, the largest rental assistance program in the country, I examine discretionary choices made by PHAs that affect who gets access to rental assistance, how long clients have to wait, and what they must do to maintain their benefits. I ask how these administrative decisions create successive opportunities for state agencies to govern the poor. Drawing on interviews with agency officials, I describe a tripartite process of selecting market-ready households, engaging them in rituals of market formation, and utilizing market nudges to remind them of their responsibilities as market actors. [R, abr.]
73.5928 McDERMOTT, Monica ; FERGUSON, Annie —
The past 20 years have witnessed a tremendous accumulation of research in whiteness studies in general, and in the sociology of whiteness in particular. In contrast to the earliest days of research in this subfield, much recent work has moved beyond preoccupations with whiteness as a seemingly invisible, default racial category to instead consider whiteness as a complex identity and basis of structural privilege and neocolonial dominance. Predominantly autobiographical and strictly theoretical work has been augmented by sophisticated empirical studies from a variety of methodological traditions. Contemporary scholars continue to grapple with epistemological concerns and the issue of how to dismantle that which is totalizing and hegemonic. [R]
73.5929 McDONALD, Matt —
Is it possible to imagine the deployment of geoengineering in the service of ecological security? Ecological security — a concern with the resilience of ecosystems — appears to caution against forms of intervention that might serve to change and/or undermine the functionality of ecosystems. Yet ecosystem functionality is already challenged by processes associated with climate change, and some degree of climate change is already locked in. This paper examines this challenging but important issue. After defining ecological security and noting varied forms of geoengineering, the paper explores the opportunities for — and challenges of — imagining geoengineering in the service of ecological security, especially in the context of solar radiation management. While arguing that it is possible to conceive a role for geoengineering in the service of ecological security, this must be contingent on extensive research supporting deployment and must be tempered by restraint and a commitment to precaution, humility, reflexivity and dialogue. [R]
73.5930 MEADWELL, Hudson —
Qualitative political analysis has made substantial methodological progress in the last 25 years. This article examines the contributions to this progress made by the work of three American social scientists (King, Keohane, and Verba, 2021 [1994], hereafter KKV) and the responses that their work provoked. The article identifies a recurring ambiguity in this methodological literature. In the quantitative tradition to which KKV want to hold qualitative methods endogeneity is a methodological problem that induces a search for methodological workarounds. Yet in qualitative work, endogeneity is often more a basic feature of the social and political world that needs to be modeled directly. While there can be substantial theoretical differences in how these features are modeled, the presumption is that endogeneity is more an ontological claim than a methodological problem. The article identifies how this ambiguity first arises in the work of KKV and then traces out the implications through a discussion of a range of methodological options, from process tracing to instrumental variables. [R]
73.5931 MERLO, Stefano —
Some economists have suggested that fiscal councils, rather than the government, should manage public debt. What are the democratic credentials of these institutions? This article answers this question from the point of view of republican democratic theory. In doing so, it develops a critique of Pettit’s strategy of depoliticization as a proper way to preserve the nondomination of citizens. Borrowing from the literature on deficit bias, the article argues instead that citizens and parliaments should be given the informational resources needed to keep the executive under sufficient republican control. This suggests that fiscal councils should not manage public debt but rather be used as tools to reduce the information asymmetry between executives and parliaments that drives deficit bias and that results in public powers being used arbitrarily. [R]
73.5932 MICHENER, Jamila —
Housing is a fundamental right and a vital determinant of health. Health equity is not possible without widespread access to safe, affordable, highquality housing. Local housing policy is a central conduit for advancing such ends. However, preemption of local law is a powerful institutional mechanism that state legislatures sometimes deploy to inhibit or nullify municipal efforts to address housing-based inequities. Local housing policies often have high stakes, are ideologically laden, and are politically salient. This makes them a clear target for preemptive action. Political science research to date has focused on broadly explaining the causes of preemption, with scant emphasis on its consequences and minimal attention to the implications for racial and economic equity. This article highlights the political repercussions of state preemption. Drawing on in-depth qualitative interviews, the article examines how local tenant organizations that work to build power within racially and economically marginalized communities perceive and respond to state preemption. [R, abr.]
73.5933 MOEHLECKE, Carolina ; THRALL, Calvin ; WELLHAUSEN, Rachel L. —
That economic integration constrains state sovereignty has been a longstanding concern and the subject of much study. We assess the validity of this concern in the context of two very particular components of contemporary economic globalization: global value chain (GVC) integration and Investor-State Dispute Settlement (ISDS). First, we document that host states have abandoned nearly 24 percent of regulations disputed by private investors in ISDS between 1987 and 2017. This behavior is puzzling because ISDS only requires host states to provide monetary compensation to investor-claimants and not the abandonment of disputed regulations. We theorize that host states are more likely to abandon a disputed regulation when the claimant has a greater potential to disrupt GVCs in the host economy. [R, abr.]
73.5934 MORELLI, Salvatore, et al.—
Wealth is a buffer against economic shocks and the intergenerational transmission of disadvantage. We investigate the wealth of single-parent households in six high-income countries that span a variety of institutional contexts and welfare regimes. Using household survey data, we show that single-parent households in all these countries are disadvantaged in the wealth they hold, compared to dual-parent households — more so in Great Britain, France, Germany, and the United States; and less so in Italy and, especially, Spain. We tease out major differences in types of wealth holdings in single- and dual-parent households. We find that the single-parent wealth deficit is not explained by differences in age or number of children but that it is influenced by education, income, homeownership, and receipt of intergenerational transfers. [R, abr.] [See Abstr. 73.6178]
73.5935 MORTON, Adam David —
This article carves out a focus on certain authorized mainstream perspectives and their theorizations of world order, and how they have become dominant at the expense of excluded and silenced contributions. This task begins, first, by asserting that the anarchic conditions of world order have been mainstreamed at the expense of contributions to Marxist political economy. Here, my focus extends the methodological approach of juxtaposition to explore competing understandings of anarchic orders in Kenneth Waltz’s and Nikolai Bukharin’s work to disclose, in the latter, the anarchic structure of world capitalism. Second, the method of juxtaposition enables me to cast attention to the parallel profiles of E. H. Carr and C. L. R. James and their weighty understandings of world revolution to reveal, in the latter, neglected classed conditions of racial capitalism. [R, abr.] [See Abstr. 73.6641]
73.5936 MOYER, Jonathan D., et al.—
Quantitative methods have been used to: (1) better predict civil conflict onset; and (2) understand causal mechanisms to inform policy intervention and theory. However, an exploration of individual conflict onset cases illustrates great variation in the characteristics describing the outbreak of civil war, suggesting that there is not one single set of factors that lead to intrastate war. In this article, we use descriptive statistics to explore persistent clusters in the drivers of civil war onset, finding evidence that some arrangements of structural drivers cluster robustly across multiple model specifications (such as young, poorly developed states with anocratic regimes). Additionally, we find that approximately one-fifth of onset cases cannot be neatly clustered across models, suggesting that these cases are difficult to predict and multiple methods for understanding civil conflict onset (and state failure more generally) may be necessary. [R]
73.5937 MUCHHALA, Bhumika —
The current era of financial hegemony is characterized by a dense financial actor concentration, an exacerbated reliance of many South countries on private credit and an internalized compliance of South states to financial market interests and priorities. This structural power of finance enacts itself through disciplinary mechanisms, such as credit ratings and economic surveillance, compelling many South states to respond to creditor interests at the expense of peoples’ needs. As a human rights paradigm, the Declaration on the Right to Development has the active potential to redress the structural power of finance and the distortion of the role of the state through upholding the creation of an enabling international environment for equitable and rights-based development on two levels of change. First, structural policy reforms in critical areas of debt, fiscal policy, tax, trade, capital flows and credit rating agencies. [R, abr.]
73.5938 MÜLLER, Frank I. ; RICHMOND, Matthew Aaron —
This introduction to the special issue on ‘the technopolitics of security’ outlines key concepts and engages debates pertaining to the relationship between techno-materiality, security governance and struggles over sovereignty. ‘Technopolitics’ refers to the strategic practice of designing and using technologies to enact political goals, producing hybrid forms of power that combine cultural, institutional and technological dimensions. These technopolitical practices give rise to new forms of agency, producing effects unintended by their designers that may alter logics of political contestation and allow technologies to be reappropriated for different political purposes. To illustrate the distributed forms of agency and contingent encounters that the technopolitics approach evokes, the article develops three key aspects of technopolitics in its relationship to security governance. [R, abr.] [Introduction to a thematic issue on "Technopolitics of security". See Abstr. 73.5879, 6911, 6927, 6982]
73.5939 MUNIR, Laine —
This teaching note outlines an innovative simulation game realized in response to post-pandemic experiential learning needs. The game introduces a fictional African country experiencing a series of political and financial shocks. Students are assigned membership in social groups and must implement the national policies that would improve outcomes for their group and the country. During weekly online interactive sessions, students debate these proposed policies before voting on a collective decision. In turn, that decision leads to the following week’s scenario. The game’s educational goal is to offer students a platform for analytical and engaged decision-making about real-world challenges through inclusive andragogy. [R, abr.]
73.5940 NEAL, Tess M. S., et al.—
We review the state of forensic mental health assessment. The field is in much better shape than in the past; however, significant problems of quality remain, with much room for improvement. We provide an overview of forensic psychology’s history and discuss its possible future, with multiple audiences in mind. We distill decades of scholarship from and about fundamental basic science and forensic science, clinical and forensic psychology, and the law of expert evidence into eight best practices for the validity of a forensic psychological assessment. We argue these best practices should apply when a psychological assessment relies on the norms, values, and esteem of science to inform legal processes. The eight key considerations include (1) foundational validity of the assessment; (2) validity of the assessment as applied; (3) management and mitigation of bias; (4) attention to quality assurance; (5) appropriate communication of data, results, and opinions; (6) explicit consideration of limitations and assumptions; (7) weighing of alternative views or disagreements; and (8) adherence with ethical obligations, professional guidelines, codes of conduct, and rules of evidence. [R]
73.5941 NEPOMNYASCHY, Lenna, et al.—
This study examines the relationship between nonresident fathers and their children’s economic precarity. We use a racially, ethnically, and socioeconomically diverse sample of children in large US cities and consider a comprehensive set of measures of the involvement of nonresident fathers in their lives. We evaluate both voluntary and involuntary (courtordered child support) involvement of fathers, and we look at material hardship and income-to-poverty ratio as measures of children’s economic precarity. We find that only high levels of formal child support have a protective effect on children’s economic well-being, while fathers’ voluntary involvement (experienced by 70 percent of children) has a more consistent protective effect. Overall, policies to reduce children’s economic precarity need to focus on improving nonresident fathers’ ability to be involved with and contribute to their children, as well as on direct assistance to custodial mother families. [R] [See Abstr. 73.6178]
73.5942 NEWMAN, Joshua —
In my article in this journal entitled ‘Narratives and counter-narratives of political strategy: revisiting Australia’s carbon pollution reduction scheme’, I offered an alternative interpretation of the failure of the Rudd government’s Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme, one in which the government’s strategy of pursuing bipartisan agreement was not a miscalculation, but rather a reasonable course of action based on institutional norms and precedent. Here, I respond to two replies to that original article. I attempt to set my argument in the context of the current (2022) political environment, in which Labor has returned to government with a narrow majority, flanked by an increasingly popular Green Party. [R] [See Abstr. 73.5878]
73.5943 NOVAK HANSEN, Christina ; THISTED DINESEN, Peter —
Research from the United States has shown that the 9/11 terrorist attacks activated individuals’ ethnocentric predispositions to structure public opinion toward several political and social issues. Beyond this overall finding, several aspects of the activation hypothesis remain unexplored, including its geographical and substantive scope. Using the quasi-random timing of terrorist attacks during the collection of the 2016 GGSS, we demonstrate the terrorism-induced activation of ethnocentrism in Germany. Specifically, a cascade of terrorist attacks involving immigrants in the summer of 2016 activated ethnocentrism among native Germans to predict (lower) support for civil liberties relative to security concerns after its influence had been absent just a month before. Further, we show that the activation of ethnocentrism holds up in a series of robustness checks and is not explained by alternative factors, including other predispositions. [R]
73.5944 NUTI, Alasia —
As a Western citizen, am I responsible for the serious injustices, such as sweatshop labor, characterizing our global economy? Benjamin McKean’s terrific new book, Disorienting Neoliberalism: Global Justice and the Outer Limit of Freedom, shows why this is a misleading question – one that will not properly orient us in relation to the neoliberal economy. McKean argues that we need to recognize that we are unfree under unjust transnational economic institutions and thus we have a shared interest in resisting neoliberalism. This means that we should become disposed to heed the calls for solidarity by others across the world whose freedom is also impaired by neoliberal institutions. McKean’s book offers a powerful and persuasive new account of global (in)justice and solidarity; it is an inspiring call to arms for egalitarian theorists. [R, abr.]
73.5945 NYENHUIS, Robert ; GELLERS, Joshua C. —
This article describes the results of an experiential learning activity conducted at Cal Poly Pomona (CPP) and the University of North Florida (UNF). The activity formed the basis for an assignment required for class credit in a course titled Politics of the Developing Areas (Politics of Developing Countries at UNF). The authors developed and administered a pre- and post-assignment survey measuring student attitudes on the causes of global poverty. Between surveys, students recorded their baseline spending habits, indicated whether or not they were able to reduce their expenses over the activity period, and wrote a reflection essay on the difficulties of limiting their expenditures, connecting their experiences to citizens living in less developed countries. The article discusses the findings across the two samples, highlighting the effectiveness of experiential learning and its appropriateness in and benefits for the classroom. [R]
73.5946 O’CONNELL, William D. ; ELLIOTT, Christian —
Finance has changed, and the study of finance needs to change with it. Previously marginal actors — hedge funds, index providers, tech firms, etc. — have become lynchpins in the global financial system. Likewise, the traditional subjects of international political economy (IPE) — states, international organizations, banks, central banks, etc. — are engaging in once-peripheral spheres. Yet, these novel trends have been largely ignored in mainstream political science and international relations venues for IPE scholarship. We demonstrate this through a discussion of two trends — the rise of shadow banking and central bank involvement in climate change — and an analysis of publications in top international relations and political science journals. While previous commentaries identify a methodological and epistemological divide in IPE, our results suggest an empirical one. We then construct a practical framework to remedy this problem by returning to the work of Susan Strange. Strange’s approach embodied a radical ontology, a focus on structures and their interaction, and an analytical eclecticism that provided keen insights into the politics of finance. [R, abr.]
73.5947 OBENDIEK, Anke Sophia ; SEIDL, Timo —
Digital technologies are transforming security governance, bringing new risks and opportunities. The resulting uncertainty creates interpretative contests about what these new challenges are and who can — and should — address them. We argue that private actors use their ideational business power — and specifically solutionist arguments — to influence how public actors perceive digital security problems; whether they view private actors as necessary and/or effective in solving them; and whether they view public and private goals as compatible. In doing so, they influence how public actors navigate competence-control trade-offs. We substantiate this argument in two qualitative case studies on the involvement of Palantir in EU law enforcement and on the prominent role of (foreign) tech companies in the European cloud project Gaia-X. Drawing on and contributing to the literatures on (critical) security governance, competence-control theory, and ideational business power, we shed light on the ideational underpinnings of Europe’s regulatory security state. [R] [See Abstr. 73.6943]
73.5948 ODZUCK, Eva ; GÜNTHER, Sophie —
Our article draws on recent research on the normative theory of political parties in the field of deliberative democratic theory. The deliberative theories of democracy proposed by Habermas and Rawls contain structural elements of a normative theory of the political party: the special status of political parties as mediators between background culture and the political forum, between the political system and the public sphere, and between the individual and the state, confers on them a central position as actors in in the public use of reason and deliberation. We argue in this article for a view of digital campaigning as a policy of democracy promotion and for the proposition that, alongside other actors, political parties have a special responsibility in this regard. [R, abr.] [See Abstr. 73.5789]
73.5949 OLLI, Eero ; SWEDLOW, Brendon —
What explains party preference? Ideology and values do but these explanations are undertheorized. We offer grid-group cultural theory (CT) to provide a theory of ideology and values to explain party preference. We aim to demonstrate the value of an operationalization of CT that includes rejection of cultural bias (rejection of political values and beliefs) to explain party preference. Our study builds on research that recognizes the importance of negative partisanship and of rejecting cultural biases and other values in party choice. We analyze the influence of cultural biases on party preference in Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden. We find that respondents’ top two cultural biases explain up to a third of the variation in respondents’ party support in these Nordic multi-party systems and that rejection of cultural biases is an important determinant of party preference. [R, abr.]
73.5950 OSEI-TUTU, Francis ; WEILL, Laurent —
Access to credit is one of the main obstacles for the growth of firms. We test the hypothesis that democracy exerts an impact on access to credit. We perform regressions at the firm-level on a large dataset of 46,000 firms in 108 countries. We find evidence of a negative relationship between democracy and credit constraints for firms. We further establish that democracy contributes to reduce borrower discouragement and leads to more bank loan approval decisions. Our key finding is therefore that democracy favors firms’ access to credit. Our work contributes to the debate on the impact of democracy on economic development by considering one firm-level channel of transmission. [R]
73.5951 PARK Johann ; MOON Chungshik —
Recent scholarly efforts to reveal the political effects of transnational terrorism are encouraging. They contribute to our understanding of how terrorism affects the targeted societies. We attempt to extend this line of research by examining the political impact of domestic terrorism. Domestic incidents overwhelmingly outnumber transnational incidents. In addition, the differences between domestic and transnational incidents may produce political outcomes. We examine the impact of domestic terrorism on the political survival of national leaders in the targeted societies. Our cross-national time-series analysis on a worldwide sample of 172 countries over the 1970-2014 period shows that domestic terrorism has a significant positive impact on leadership change. This impact is robust to various estimation techniques. This result suggests that heightened incidents of domestic terrorism hasten the removal of incumbent leaders in the targeted societies. [R]
73.5952 PARK, Johann ; WOO Jungmoo —
Zones of peace in the world are found to be where economically advanced democracies are grouped together. Indeed, these countries not only enjoy political freedom and economic affluence but also peaceful foreign relations. While numerous studies have advanced theoretical arguments and documented empirical evidence on the democratic peace, relatively scant attention has been paid to how economic development brings about international peace. Representative studies on the economic peace have shown serious theoretical and empirical loopholes in establishing the relationship between development and peace. This present study identifies four related but distinct explanations drawing upon the rich theoretical tradition of the economic peace encompassing both classical literature and modern scholarship. It also offers a more comprehensive test against the all dyad year data of 1950-2011. The findings show that the rate of armed conflict is lower for developed dyads than undeveloped dyads and mixed dyads. Developed countries rarely fight each other. [R]
73.5953 PARK Jong Hee ; YAMAUCHI, Soichiro —
Researchers of time series cross-sectional data regularly face the change-point problem, which requires them to discern between significant parametric shifts that can be deemed structural changes and minor parametric shifts that must be considered noise. In this paper, we develop a general Bayesian method for change-point detection in high-dimensional data and present its application in the context of the fixed-effect model. Our proposed method, hidden Markov Bayesian bridge model, jointly estimates high-dimensional regime-specific parameters and hidden regime transitions in a unified way. We apply our method to R. M. Alvarez, G. Garrett, and P. Lange’s (”Government partisanship, labor organization, and macro[checonomic performance”, American Political Science Review 85, June 1991: 539-556; Abstr. 41.5211] study of the relationship between government partisanship and economic growth and T. L. Allee and J. A. Scalera’s [”The divergent effects of joining international organizations: trade gains and the rigors of WTO accession”, International Organization 66(2), 2012: 243-276); Abstr. 62.5108] study of membership effects in international organizations. In both applications, we found that the proposed method successfully identify substantively meaningful temporal heterogeneity in parameters of regression models. [R]
73.5954 PAVLIK, Jamie Bologna ; JAHAN, Israt ; YOUNG, Andrew T. —
Tsebelis and Nardi [“A Long Constitution is a (Positively) Bad Constitution: Evidence from OECD Countries”, British Journal of Political Science, 46(2), 2016: 457-478; Abstr. 66.3187] and Tsebelis [“The time inconsistency of long constitutions: evidence from the world”, European Journal of Political Research, 56(4), 2017: 820-845; Abstr. 68.293] report that constitutional length correlates with lower levels of GDP per capita. They argue that this may be the case because longer constitutions lead to greater corruption. However, uncovering a causal relationship between constitutional length and corruption is difficult. [We] explore whether there is a causal effect of constitutional length on corruption. We utilize data from the Comparative Constitutions Project (CCP) to identify 5 cases when a country experienced a ≥50% increase in constitutional length. For each of those cases, we compare the subsequent change in corruption to that of a synthetic control. [R, abr.]
73.5955 PEARSE, Rebecca —
This commentary replies to Joshua Newman’s article and ‘counter narrative’ [“Narratives and Counter-Narratives of Political Strategy: Revisiting Australia’s Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme.” Australian Journal of Political Science, 2022] about the Rudd government’s proposed Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme (CPRS), shelved in 2010. Newman argues that other analyses of the CPRS amount to a ‘prevailing narrative’ that Labor should have pursued an alliance with the Greens and independents for stronger climate mitigation policy rather than bipartisan Coalition support in parliament. His narrower empirical focus on parliamentary norms and practices is not sufficient for establishing a compelling explanation of the events surrounding the CPRS. Newman’s analysis is valuable, but it gives us a weak grip on the key issues of interpretation and explanation we’re all facing with regard to that political moment. [R, abr.] [See Abstr. 73.5878]
73.5956 PEKER, Cem —
How should we combine disagreeing expert judgments on the likelihood of an event? A common solution is simple averaging, which allows independent individual errors to cancel out. However, judgments can be correlated due to an overlap in their information, resulting in a miscalibration in the simple average. Optimal weights for weighted averaging are typically unknown and require past data to estimate reliably. This paper proposes an algorithm to aggregate probabilistic judgments under shared information. Experts are asked to report a prediction and a meta-prediction. The latter is an estimate of the average of other individuals’ predictions. In a Bayesian setup, I show that if average prediction is a consistent estimator, the percentage of predictions and meta-predictions that exceed the average prediction should be the same. An “overshoot surprise” occurs when the two measures differ. [R, abr.]
73.5957 PEREZ, Emilia Bea —
Within the framework of the debate raised by Tommaso Greco’s latest book, this reflection focuses on the double meaning evoked in the title of that work: trust in the law and the role that trust plays within it. Faced with the dominant anthropological-legal perspective – that is based on mistrust, suspicion, and fear – we address an alternative paradigm that is based on the need to trust the other and the establishment of cooperative ties, and whose core lies in a deep sense of responsibility, commitment, and solidarity. Reliability and loyalty appear throughout this brief dialogue with the author as internal and even constitutive elements of law and, therefore, something like its “perpetual center of gravity”. [R]
73.5958 PEREZ LUNO, Antonio Enrique —
Professor Tommaso Greco’s book La legge della fiducia stands out for the originality and timeliness of its approach, since it represents a change of direction in studies on the meaning of legislation at the present time. Faced with the tendency, predominant in recent years, to allude to the crisis of the law, Professor Greco defends trust in the law, as long as it is a law worthy of trust. There are three reasons that make the theoreticallegal proposal that Tommaso Greco exposes us in his book worthy of intellectual trust. The first refers to the past. It deals with the vexata quaestio of whether the law should be based on anthropological optimism or pessimism. The second is part of the present due to its suitability to strengthen the guarantee of two basic values that sustain democratic societies: civic education and legal certainty. The third has a vocation for the future, since it concerns the role of the law in the technological society and the projections of Artificial Intelligence in legislative production. [R]
73.5959 PEREZ MENA, Ferran —
This paper explores the main socio-historical elements that contributed to the production of Chinese international thought between 1949-1979. Traditionally, mainstream literature on the production of Chinese international thought during the Maoist era has been characterized by an atomistic interpretation of IR knowledge in China, a deep presentism, and a profound internalism. I contend that this literature is problematic because it hinders the possibility of having a comprehensive understanding of how Chinese international thought was produced between 1949 and 1979. Studying the development of Chinese international thought produced a key Chinese Communist Party (CCP) intellectuals such as Mao Zedong, Liu Shaoqi, and Zhou Enlai, I argue that such knowledge production can be better understood as the result of an interplay among the PRC’s geopolitics, its social development, and the nature of China as a contender state. [R, abr.]
73.5960 PERVOU, Ioanna —
This article aims to explore the new normal in lawmaking during the COVID-19 pandemic. It proves how the pandemic has affected the making of legal norms, in terms of both process and content. It argues that COVID-19 legislation is largely driven by scientific data for the sake of public health. In this context, it explains how national-decision making is influenced by expert advisory bodies that attempt to specify how public health may be preserved during a pandemic crisis. Moreover, it sheds light into the fact that law-making during the first phases of the pandemic was approved and endorsed by the populations of states, due to their fear of the unknown disease. However, as the pandemic steadily became an established truth, the public’s trust in lawmaking started to decrease. These shifts are well explained if one conceives lawmaking by expertise as a sliding scale, the ends of which are legality at one end and expertise coupled with popular acceptance at the other. [R, abr.]
73.5961 PEYS, Christopher ; CANTACUZINO, Marina —
The Forgiveness Project is an organisation whose peace activism is devoted to the collection and curation of testimonies that bear witness to the transformative power of nonviolent, restorative responses to (violent) conflict, crime, and injustice. To the ‘Testify’ feature for International Politics Reviews, this conversational piece contributes a discussion of The Forgiveness Project, and its understanding of, reliance upon, and use of stories in the pursuit of peace. A conversation between Christopher Peys and Marina Cantacuzino, MBE, this dialogue aims to highlight how this award-winning advocacy organisation is doing global politics in a grassroots, bottom-up manner through its use of storytelling. This dialogue between Peys and Cantacuzino not only explores the non-prescriptive, narratively-driven theory of activism that informs the work of The Forgiveness Project, but it also uses affect theory to theorise forgiveness as a deeply divisive ethico-political value and form of practice. [R]
73.5962 PICKUP, Mark ; KELLSTEDT, Paul M. —
It is understood that ensuring equation balance is a necessary condition for a valid model of times series data. Yet, the definition of balance provided so far has been incomplete and there has not been a consistent understanding of exactly why balance is important or how it can be applied. The discussion to date has focused on the estimates produced by the general error correction model (GECM). In this paper, we go beyond [R, abr.] the GECM and beyond model estimates. We treat equation balance as a theoretical matter, not merely an empirical one, and describe how to use the concept of balance to test theoretical propositions before longitudinal data have been gathered. We explain how equation balance can be used to check if your theoretical or empirical model is either wrong or incomplete in a way that will prevent a meaningful interpretation of the model. We also raise the issue of “I(0)balance” and its importance. [R]
73.5963 PLETENAC, Tomislav —
In this text, by analysing the message that envelopes strategies to deal with the COVID-19 pandemic, “Let us remain responsible”, the author points to the problem that cultural trauma can be witnessed only after the event (Nachträglichkeit) or during the event itself. The message by itself already produces at least three interwoven paradoxes: (1) paradox of addressee; (2) paradox of receiver; and (3) paradox of demand. Those paradoxes point to the existence of trauma inside the culture that becomes tangible in the time of crises and is reflected, among other things, as the awareness of the split in subject (Jacques Lacan). This awareness of the split as ‘extimate’ experience broadens the binary interpretation of cultural trauma proposed by Jeffrey Alexander, who situates trauma between the event and its representation, in which the representation is the source of trauma, not the event itself. [R, abr.] [See Abstr. 73.5868]
73.5964 PRIMDAHL, Nis L. —
Being in the present moment is a key element in most widespread definitions of modern mindfulness. A claim about temporality can thus be said to lie at the core of mindfulness, in which some ways of relating to time are considered subordinate to others; being in the present moment is ascribed higher value than being elsewhere in time. However, although the significance of the present moment is clear, its content and meaning are ambiguous; what temporal states are promoted through mindfulness? This article seeks to theorize this ambiguity by focusing on the specific context of school-based mindfulness as a case in which temporality and education intertwine. Whereas educational research on issues related to time and temporality typically construes time as a condition or resource for educational practices, I argue that school-based mindfulness represents a particular method of making temporality — specifically, the relation between the student self and the present moment — into an object of education. [R, abr.]
73.5965 QUINN, Joseph M., et al.—
Social research highlights the stability of cultural beliefs, broadly arguing that population-level changes are uncommon and mostly explained by cohort replacement rather than individual-level change. We find evidence suggesting that cultural change may also occur rapidly in response to an economically and socially transformative period. Using data collected just before and after the outbreak of Covid-19 in the US, we explore whether cultural beliefs about essential and non-essential occupations are dynamic in the face of an exogenous social and economic shock. Using a sample of respondents whose characteristics match the US Census on sex, age, and race/ethnicity, we fielded surveys measuring cultural beliefs about 85 essential and non-essential occupations using the evaluation, potency, and activity (EPA) dimensions from the Affect Control Theory paradigm. We expected that EPA ratings of essential work identities would increase due to positive media coverage of essential occupations as indispensable and often selfless roles in the pandemic, while EPA ratings of non-essential identities would decline. [R, abr.] [See Abstr. 73.5898]
73.5966 RALSTON, Rob ; GODZIEWSKI, Charlotte ; CARTERSWHITE, Lauren —
Health inequalities researchers have long advocated for governments to adopt policy instruments that address structural determinants of health rather than targeting individual behaviours. The assumption behind this position is that such instruments might challenge a core neoliberal principle of individualism embedded in the prevailing health policy paradigm. We critique this assumption by highlighting the discursive construction of policy instruments, and their discursive effects. Using the UK’s Tackling Obesity policy as a case study, we demonstrate how instruments designed to target structural determinants of health (such as food advertisement regulation) can actively sustain — rather than challenge, the dominant policy paradigm. We call this phenomenon ‘upstream individualism’, exploring how it relates to tensions in the research-policy relationship, and its relevance beyond health policy.
73.5967 RAMOS, Maria C. —
How can moral transgressors rebuild their image as good people? Using affect control theory, I hypothesize that prosociality — benefitting others — will blunt negative impressions of a norm violator. I also hypothesize that benefitting good or weak people — and not bad or powerful people — will amplify the positive effect of prosociality. In two survey-vignette studies, participants reported their perceptions about a man who takes money from a found wallet — unethical behavior — and gives or does not give it to someone else — prosocial behavior. Results show prosociality redeems violators more when they help good rather than bad persons. In certain situations, helping powerless persons is more image revamping than helping powerful persons. [R] [See Abstr. 73.5898]
73.5968 RASHWAN, Eman Muhammad —
This article explores the transitional justice (TJ) dilemmas after revolutions have overthrown autocratic regimes through developing a model that uses a law and economics methodology. The article seeks to answer two questions: Why do post-revolution regimes resort to or ignore TJ policies towards former autocratic regimes? And why is it difficult to adopt and apply welfare-enhancing TJ mechanisms in practice, including popular suggestions within the TJ literature to portray the civil society organizations as the key solution to TJ dilemmas? To answer these questions, the article provides a theoretical positive analysis of the scenarios and dilemmas of TJ. It argues that TJ should function both as an internalization mechanism of negative externalities of the violations of the past-regime, and a form of constitutional arrangements as an ex ante incentives structure to prevent the repetition of these violations. [R, abr.]
73.5969 RATKOVIC, Marc ; TINGLEY, Dustin —
While multiple regression offers transparency, interpretability, and desirable theoretical properties, the method’s simplicity precludes the discovery of complex heterogeneities in the data. We introduce the Method of Direct Estimation and Inference, which embraces these potential complexities, is interpretable, has desirable theoretical guarantees, and, unlike some existing methods, returns appropriate uncertainty estimates. The proposed method uses a machine learning regression methodology to estimate the observation-level partial effect, or “slope,” of a treatment variable on an outcome and allows this value to vary with background covariates. Importantly, we introduce a robust approach to uncertainty estimates. [R, abr.]
73.5970 REGILME, Salvador Santino F., Jr. —
The COVID-19 global pandemic is understood to be a multidimensional crisis, and yet undertheorised is how it reinforced the politics of dehumanisation. This article proposes an original framework that explains how dehumanisation undermines the human dignity of individuals with minoritised socio-economic identities during the COVID-19 pandemic. The framework identifies four interrelated mechanisms of crisis-driven dehumanisation: threat construction, expanded state coercion, reinforcement of hierarchies, and normalisation of deaths. The article argues that an understanding of these mechanisms is crucial for capturing the complexity of human rights deterioration during the COVID-19 pandemic. The article uses the plausibility probe method to demonstrate macro-processes of dehumanisation, with illustrative empirical examples from diverse societies during COVID-19. It proposes a framework for understanding these dehumanisation processes that can apply to other transnational crises. [R] [See Abstr. 73.6520]
73.5971 REYNOLDS, Marcie L. —
The scholarship supports the effectiveness of high-impact practices (HIPs) to advance undergraduates’ political knowledge and engagement. A line of inquiry asks which type of HIPs is the most effective, especially for core (required) courses with students from a variety of degree programs. In 2022, many students are from Generation Z, born between 1995 and 2000. Surveys of this generation find distinct learning preferences and a lack of political efficacy (or a limited sense of government responsiveness). Core government courses provide a means to address learning preferences with HIPs, as well as increase political knowledge and a sense of efficacy. Initially, a quasi-research project interrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic, this exploratory study compares two HIPs — embedded service learning and Town Hall Meeting model — and political efficacy measures of students across time and type of class. [R, abr.]
73.5972 RIEDER, Clemens M. —
Although markets are becoming increasingly transnationalized, the social question appears to remain firmly national. The aim of this article is to discuss under what circumstances, if at all, the social question ought to have a transnational dimension and what form it should take. As such, the article seeks to build a normative framework that abandons the conventional taxonomies of moral duties and instead links the concept of responsibility to governance, which takes place in the space of the polis through a reliance on questions of group agency. To this end, the article will draw on different aspects of responsibility. Having established a link between the social question and the concept of responsibility based on outcome and remedial responsibility, it will draw on collective and shared responsibility to consider what, if any, transnational dimension the social question should have. [R]
73.5973 RIVAS, Javier —
In this paper we study how a society can transition between different economic and political regimes. When the current regime is elitism, the society is modeled as a collection of units of land where at each of these units there is a member of the elite and a peasant. Under the democratic regime, at each of the units of land there is a citizen whose role is to work the land and enjoy the full output he produces. At every period with some small probability a critical juncture arrives, giving a chance for a regime change. Among others, we find that a wider output gap can increase the number of different institutions that are possible after a critical juncture and that lower land profitability makes equilibria where an extractive regime continues less likely. [R]
73.5974 ROWAN, Sam —
What effect does extreme weather have on climate policy? Existing studies show that weather shocks have negative economic impacts and increase public awareness of climate change. These findings help identify the impacts of climate change on economic and social systems, and provide reasons for governments to adopt climate policy reforms. However, questions remain about the overall link between local extreme weather shocks and government climate policy. I investigate the effect of temperature shocks and natural disasters on a range of national, international, and subnational climate policies in samples spanning 1990-2018. I find that neither temperature shocks nor natural disasters generate climate mitigation reforms. Given that climate policy is currently insufficient to manage climate change and climate impacts are expected to increase this century, these findings suggest that future climate shocks are unlikely to catalyze meaningful climate action. [R]
73.5975 RUDINSKY, Jordan —
While much has been written about Max Weber’s “ethic of responsibility,” less has been written about the more general “sense of responsibility” he thought politicians needed and, particularly, its place as a main goal of Weber’s constitutional theory. Here I offer an interpretation of Weber’s constitutional theory as designed to cultivate personal responsibility in rulers. I advance this interpretation by examining an underappreciated influence on Weber — the constitutional writings of James Bryce (1838-1922), the British Liberal historian, Gladstonian statesman, and diplomat. In his arguments for parliamentarism in Germany and later for a plebiscitary presidency, Weber adopted and adapted from Bryce a principle that responsible government requires a publicly visible concentration of power subject to effective accountability mechanisms. This principle remains important as a remedy for pathologies of irresponsible government that persist among us today. [R, abr.]
73.5976 RUDOLPH, Lukas ; KOLCAVA, Dennis ; BERNAUER, Thomas —
Vastly increased transnational business activity in recent decades has been accompanied by controversy over how to cope with its social and environmental impacts. The most prominent policy response thus far consists of international guidelines. We investigate to what extent and why citizens in a high-income country are willing to restrain companies to improve environmental and social conditions in other countries. Exploiting a real-world referendum in Switzerland, we use choice and vignette experiments with a representative sample of voters (N = 3,010) to study public demand for such regulation. Our results show that citizens prefer strict and unilateral rules (with a substantial variation of preferences by general social and environmental concern) while correctly assessing their consequences. [R, abr.]
73.5977 SA E SILVA, Fabio de —
In democratic backsliding, threats to democracy no longer come from abrupt, radical ruptures promoted by those who are close to, but outside of, state power. They come from those who win elections and, while in office, systematically undermine accountability institutions and minority rights. Zakaria used the term illiberal democracies to describe these regimes where popularly elected governments are divorced from political freedoms and accountability. Law is not absent from these stories. Rising autocrats seek to make their moves legal and use law — as a weapon or as a shield — in attempts to amass power and suppress opposition. Authors coined the term autocratic legalism to describe these power-grabbing tactics that operate through law. Others use different concepts, such as constitutional retrogression or abusive constitutionalism. I review this growing body of literature and outline a research agenda on the encounters between law and illiberalism. [R]
73.5978 SADOVSKY, Ronni Gura —
Social norms forbidding rape jokes, blackface, and flag-burning exemplify a peculiar form of etiquette, which I call political etiquette. Just as compliance with ordinary etiquette expresses respect for the other individuals involved in a social encounter, compliance with political etiquette expresses respect for social groups. In this paper, I propose that we understand political etiquette as a system of conventions whereby we indicate our commitment to treating vulnerable social groups in accordance with their rightful status. Because we have a standing obligation to assure all members of our community that their rightful social status will be respected, we have a powerful moral reason to conform with all existing political etiquette norms whose target social groups lack such assurance, even when compliance with these norms is not antecedently morally valuable. [R, abr.]
73.5979 SANDEFUR, Rebecca L. ; DENNE, Emily —
Researchers have launched a new era of studies exploring relationships between legal services regulation and access to justice. These scholarly developments respond to recent changes in how Anglo-American jurisdictions regulate the practice of law, changing who can make money from the practice of law, who can engage in it, and who can direct and control it. Often described as projects of deregulation, most are actually acts of reregulation. This article reviews empirical evidence of the relationship between these changes and access to justice. While evidence suggests some promise for increasing access, particularly through lawyerless legal services, most of these projects are in early stages and their impacts on access to justice will take some time to understand. Because much remains to explore, we also offer a research agenda for this emerging subfield. [R]
73.5980 SCHMIDT, Marshall R. ; KROSKA, Amy —
Research on the effect of an offender’s occupational prestige on criminal sentencing shows mixed results, with some studies showing a positive association between prestige and sentence severity and others showing a negative association. We revisit this question using an online vignette experiment. Drawing on affect control theory and its computer program, Interact, we hypothesize that an offender’s occupational prestige will increase the recommended sentence and that post-crime, or transient, impressions of the offender’s potency will mediate this effect. We find support for both hypotheses: Occupational prestige increases the recommended sentence, and post-crime impressions of the offender’s potency mediate this effect. The mediation is partial when potency is measured with semantic differentials, and it is complete when potency is measured with a set of explicit, denotative items. We also explore the mediational role of post-crime impressions of the offender’s evaluation and activity. [R, abr.] [See Abstr. 73.5898]
73.5981 SCHMOTZ, Alexander ; TANSEY, Oisín —
Governments around the world have been implementing measures to contain the COVID-19 pandemic and ease its economic fallout, and there has been extensive variation in the speed and extent to which they have introduced new policies. This article examines the role that regime type plays in determining the decisiveness of government policies to tackle the coronavirus pandemic and its spill over effects. We hypothesize that democratic regimes may be slower to introduce restrictions on civil liberties due to a “freedom commitment” and may be faster to provide economic protections due to a “welfare commitment”. We use event history analysis and data from the Oxford COVID-19 Government Response Tracker to examine whether less democratic regimes are more likely to implement restrictions faster, and spending programmes slower. Contrary to expectations, our findings suggest that more authoritarian regimes do not implement constraints more quickly or spending more slowly than more democratic regimes. [R, abr.]
73.5982 SCHULZ, Daniel —
Against the presentistic (self-)conception of digitalization, the paper argues that the development of the digital constellation is closely related to the utopian tradition of political thought. The idea of technical steering in political and social matters is the expression of a specifically modern thought of control and has been central to the history of political utopias since Thomas Morus. The article sketches this utopian history of technical control from the transition to modernity until the twentieth century. The second step focuses on the example of B. F. Skinner’s behaviorist utopia Walden Two, in which key elements of the technocratic tradition come together to form an influential model. The last part shows how the digital age, and the related theoretical discourses connect to this heritage of human techniques. [R, abr.] [See Abstr. 73.5789]
73.5983 SCHÜNEMANN, Wolf J. —
The article applies theories of nationalism to the digital constellation. [It] builds upon constructivist theories of nationalism. Structural nationalisms, understood as the non-ideological, unconscious and often unobtrusive ways of thinking and reproducing the nation, constitute the cornerstone of the combined approach. They can serve as connection points for programmatic forms of nationalism that emphasize the autonomy of national societies and transform it into political objectives. Combinations of structural and programmatic forms of nationalism help to understand current conflicts in digital politics. For the empirical illustration of combined mechanisms, the paper discusses three spotlight cases from the field of internet governance: the administration of critical resources with a focus on the Domain-Name-System (DNS), cybersecurity policy with a focus on critical infrastructures and finally the fight against disinformation campaigns with a focus on online content regulation. [R, abr.] [See Abstr. 73.5789]
73.5984 SCHÜRZ, Martin —
Data on wealth, income and consumption and narratives on wealth concentration are only in a vague manner connected. People do not know their position in wealth distribution and underestimate wealth inequality by far. Narratives on the rich refer to effort, greed, merit and generosity. Exploring the relevance of narratives on the rich needs a focus on emotions. Adam Smith considered in his “Theory of moral sentiments” moral psychological ideas. In this study I concentrate on his observation, that poor people admire rich people. Such an emotion can strengthen questionable narratives. Some narratives on the rich do not correspond with empirical microdata from household surveys but relate to sympathetic emotions towards the rich. [R] [See Abstr. 73.5991]
73.5985 SEIDL, Timo —
Investments in education and retraining, or research and development have become essential in today’s knowledge-intensive economies. While private actors often underprovided such knowledge-based capital due to various market failures, there is also considerable variation in the extent to which governments invest in knowledge-based capital due to crosssectional and intertemporal trade-offs. I argue that in trying to account for this variation, corporatist institutions are a neglected but crucial factor. By necessitating and facilitating cooperation and compensation, corporatism creates a more collaborative style of policy making and a sense of common ownership of policy problems that helps overcome the trade-offs associated with investments in knowledge-based capital. Using within-between mixed-effects models on a novel time-series-cross-sectional dataset, I find strong support for this argument. Corporatist countries invest a lot more in knowledge-based capital, and corporatism also affects how countries react to deindustrialization. This is an important finding given the key role of long-term policy making in areas like climate change politics, pandemic preparedness or responding to the digital transformation. [R]
73.5986 SHAPIRO, Susan P. —
This article reviews the fate of truth and falsehood outside of the courtroom, largely — but not exclusively — in the United States. Describing opportunities and techniques to mislead or deceive on and off the Internet and social media, it focuses on the evolving social control response undertaken by institutions and increasingly by distributed networks: government regulators, private actors, self-regulators, crowds, third parties, platform architecture, and technology. The review highlights the turbulent legal and regulatory challenges encountered as existing rules do not quite fit the virtual world, free speech protections tie the hands of legislators and regulators in some parts of the world, and massive private corporations — whose profitability is maximized by user engagement with inflammatory and often false messages — control much of what can and cannot be said. Competing media, platforms, and regulators usher in a post-truth era with contested arbiters of truth and dire warnings of an epistemological crisis. [R]
73.5987 SHEPPARD-JONES, Kara —
Every year, the caucus for critical political science of the American Association of Political Science grants the Richard Cloward and Frances Fox Piven Award to an activist group in the region of the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association (APSA). In 2022, APSA took place in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. This year’s recipient of the award is Hoodstock, a movement-based organization that aims to eliminate systemic inequalities and build supportive, inclusive, safe, and vibrant communities. The author and interviewer is a graduate student in Political Science at McGill University where she conducted fieldwork on people power and intersectional organizing in Montreal. In the following piece, she interviews one of the cofounders of Hoodstock. [R]
73.5988 SILVA, Michael Da —
‘Practical’ approaches to human rights hold that analysis of legal human rights must attend to the practice(s) of international human rights law and that the nature and justification of international human rights is best determined by attending to their role(s) in international human rights law’s system of normative practices, not analogous moral rights outside it. These core tenets plausibly explain the apparent normativity of international human rights law despite controversies about the status of many ‘rights’ in the ‘International Bill of Rights’. Yet plausible practical approaches require clear and compelling accounts of which practices qualify as human rights practices. Most existing accounts view ‘responses’ to claims made in the name of the international legal community as key to the identification of human rights. Activities by domestic governments and non-governmental actors qualify as relevant practices. While understandable, these ‘responsive’ accounts of practice create more problems than they solve. [R, abr.]
73.5989 SIMPSON, Hannah —
Legal bias against the poor, and competition from nonstate legal services providers, can both seriously affect state justice provision. But analyses of these factors often fail to incorporate a critical feature of justice systems: states use them for revenue generation. I build a series of formal models to understand how these factors interact. I derive several insights into empirical patterns of bias, competition, access to justice, and legal system viability. First, in poor countries, bias can increase access to justice and legal effectiveness. Second, given competition, poor groups will pay a premium for state-provided justice, while wealthy groups will pay a premium for private dispute resolution. However, losing a poor group to competition is also less costly than losing a wealthy group, and the latter loss can sometimes destroy the viability of the state justice system. [R, abr.]
73.5990 SMITH, Andrew H. —
An emerging body of literature seeks to design, implement, and analyze best practices in service-learning at undergraduate universities. What scholars have not examined as well as service-learning as applied to students at Hispanic-Serving Institutions (HSI’s). Given that students at such universities are in unique learning environments, there is a question of how well standard practices in service-learning apply to HSI students. This paper presents the analysis of two semesters’ worth of service-learning requirements in an Introduction to American Politics course at an HSI in Texas. Using the feedback provided by the students on the final course evaluations, I conclude that the current pedagogy applies reasonably well to students at HSI’s, but there are certain areas in which pedagogy should be adjusted to reflect the unique aspects of students at HSI’s, such as accounting for the socioeconomic needs of HSI students. [R]
73.5991 SMITH OCHOA, Christopher ; YILDIZ, Taylan —
This volume features contributions on the discussion in the social sciences on inequality. It is based on the premise that inequality is not only a quantifiable material state but also a lived experience which must be understood. It accordingly centers on narrative; a concept which has garnered much attention among renowned economists seeking to unpack the reality-creating power of language. The volume comprises three parts. First, validity problems in narratives are discussed from the perspective of empirical data research. Second, contributions grapple conceptually with the legitimacy-creating capacity of narratives, which is, third, explored in empirical studies. [R] [First article of a thematic issue on "Narratives of socioeconomic inequality". See also Abstr. 73.5784, 5786, 5794, 5821, 5899, 5984, 6011, 6033]
73.5992 SMITHERS, Kathleen —
Wage theft claims against Australian universities have raised awareness of the substantial proportion of academics who are precariously employed and underpaid. The COVID-19 global pandemic has further highlighted the extent of precarity for many working in higher education. It is in this context that we situate this paper, reflecting on how time is experienced for academics in a period of growing uncertainty, and what this means for individuals who work on casual or fixed-term contracts. While previous research has examined how academics experience time, limited attention has been paid to the ways in which time is experienced by those in precarious employment. Drawing on interviews with 24 academics employed on casual or fixed-term contracts, this paper investigates differences between the experiences of time for those in the ‘precariat’ and those in ongoing employment. We describe social acceleration and uncertainty as inherent features of the neoliberal context of academia. This paper builds on Ylijioki and Mäntylä’s categories of academic time to illustrate how the paid work of precariously employed academics consists primarily of ‘scheduled time’. [R, abr.]
73.5993 SOBOROFF, Shane D. ; KELLEY, Christopher P. —
Status interventions alter task group members’ expectations for the value of each other’s contributions. While research shows that status interventions increase the likelihood that a higher-status actor will accept influence from a lower-status actor, the process by which interventions unfold during interaction deserves theoretical attention. By conceiving status interventions as lines of action that carry cultural meaning, sociologists can use structural theories of symbolic interaction such as Affect Control Theory (ACT) to better understand them. One status intervention involves lower-status actors presenting themselves as group-motivated to counter expectations that lower-status actors are self-interested. An interaction simulator based in ACT, INTERACT, allows us to demonstrate how group-motivation alters impressions of lower-status actors from the perspective of a higher-status actor. [R, abr.] [See Abstr. 73.5898]
73.5994 SOMMER, Bernd ; SCHAD, Miriam —
From the municipal to the international level, states have adopted goals for stabilizing the climate and protecting the natural environment. Achieving these goals generally requires changes in almost all areas of society. Below the political commitment and the legal anchoring of these goals, however, the transformation processes in this regard are accompanied by manifold societal conflicts. The article reconstructs findings of social science conflict research and makes them fruitful for the thematic field of socio-ecological transformation conflicts. Furthermore, central arenas of this recent conflict phenomenon are outlined and tentatively different lines of tension and conflict motives are illuminated. The article sketches a first systematization of fields and motives, which can serve as a starting point for the exploration of a new research topic. [R, trad.]
73.5995 SPANIEL, William —
By pessimistic accounts, issue indivisibility causes war by prohibiting actors from selecting mutually acceptable agreements. In contrast, this article shows that, when mixed with other bargaining frictions, issue indivisibility can promote peace. With shifting power, moderate indivisibilities allow rising states to credibly promise concessions they otherwise could not, mitigating commitment problems. With asymmetric information, moderate indivisibilities can convince actors to issue safer demands. As a result, in both cases, the probability of war is nonmonotonic in indivisibilities. The results therefore indicate that the theoretical relationship between indivisibilities and war is more ambiguous than the literature suggests. [R]
73.5996 STERBLING, Anton —
We are currently observing a worrying increase in ideology-led authoritarian states that are characterized by conspicuous nationalism. First of all, the concept of ideology is introduced. Then nationalism is viewed as an "ideology of integration" in the context of modern state and nation building. The deformed, authoritarian nation-state determined by an aggressive nationalist ideology is addressed as the second face of nationalism. As a case example, the "history reawakened" and the ideology of extreme nationalism in contemporary Russia will be treated. Citizens with equal rights and participating in free democratic societies are faced with populations of authoritarian systems of rule based on coercion, discrimination and repression, which appear ideologically and often nationalistically legitimized. [R]
73.5997 STOECKEL, Florian ; CEKA, Besir —
Tolerance has long been identified as a crucial feature of liberal democracies. Although the limits of tolerance are debated, the extent to which citizens are open and willing to accommodate others who are different from them is often regarded as a sign of a healthy and well-functioning liberal democracy. The goal of this paper is to empirically investigate the state of political tolerance in Europe today. The main questions we ask are: What explains the different levels of tolerance across individuals in various countries? Which groups in society are the most likely targets of intolerance? We understand political tolerance as the willingness to allow the free articulation of interests and ideas in the political system of groups one opposes. Previous research emphasizes education, civic activism and threat perceptions as important determinants of tolerance. We redirect the debate to a set of novel correlates of tolerance. We argue that conspiratorial thinking and cosmopolitanism are critical factors that explain levels of tolerance among Europeans. The analysis employs original survey data collected as part of a mass survey conducted in 2017 in 10 European Union member states: Czech Republic, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Spain and the United Kingdom. [R, abr.]
73.5998 STOETZER, Lukas F., et al.—
Recent scholarship on affective polarization documents partisan animosity in people’s everyday lives. But does partisan dislike go so far as to deny fundamental rights? We study this question through a moral dilemma that gained notoriety during the COVID-19 pandemic: triage decisions on the allocation of intensive medical care. Using a conjoint experiment in five countries we analyze the influence of patients’ partisanship next to commonly discussed factors determining access to intensive medical care. We find that while participants’ choices are consistent with a utilitarian heuristic, revealed partisanship influences decisions across most countries. Supporters of left or right political camps are more likely to withhold support from partisan opponents. Our findings offer comparative evidence on affective polarization in non-political contexts. [R]
73.5999 TERZIOGLU, Ayşecan —
In recent years, the number of refugees has increased considerably throughout the world, and the difficulties they experience have become more visible in political and social science research. Refugees wait for uncertain amounts of time to cross borders, to obtain legal status and papers, and to establish their lives in a new country, where they try to find suitable housing and jobs, and to benefit from health care and educational services. This article explores how Syrian refugees in Turkey reconceptualise time and place when they narrate these periods of waiting as a way of managing its disadvantageous aspects. It argues that they acquire agency through creating narratives of waiting in their own terms, which also help them to redefine their refugee identities, subjectivities and senses of belonging. It suggests that Syrians in Turkey attribute new gendered and embodied meanings to temporality and spatiality in order to cope with their past traumas and the disempowering effects of waiting. [R, abr.]
73.6001 TIMONEDA, Joan C. ; ESCRIBÀ-FOLCH, Abel ; CHIN, John —
How do failed coups influence power personalization in dictatorships? While scholars have studied the mechanisms of personalism in dictatorships in detail, little attention has been paid to the timing and determinants of surges in personalism levels. In this article, we propose that personalism can evolve non-linearly, and show that large, quite rapid increases in personalization by dictators occur after a failed coup attempt. The logic is that failed coups are information-revealing events that provide the dictator with strong motives and ample opportunities to accumulate power. The leader uses this window of opportunity to rapidly consolidate his power at the expense of the ruling coalition. We test the theory using time-series, cross-sectional data on dictatorships in 114 countries in the period between 1946 and 2010. Two placebo tests indicate that disruptive events by regime outsiders — failed assassination attempts and civil war onsets — do not promote the rush to personalize. [R]
73.6002 TROVIK, Johan Andreas —
Democracies worldwide are under stress. Two distinct families of explanation can be identified by the relative emphasis they place on the cultural versus the economic. Protesting against this dichotomy, there are those who insist that economic and cultural grievances interact. A conceptual scheme which ties together the economic and the cultural through interaction, however, rests on a prior separation. In this article, a richer and more plausible account of the relationship between transformations of work and contemporary democratic decay is developed. This account is based on a social practice model of work, in which the economic and the cultural are entirely intertwined. The social practice of work is among other things a privileged site for the realisation of certain ‘goods of work’. These include self-respect, self-esteem and self-realisation. [R, abr.]
73.6003 URZEDO, Danilo ; WESTERLAKEN, Michelle ; GABRYS, Jennifer —
Digital technologies are increasingly influencing forest landscape restoration practices worldwide. We investigate how digital platforms specifically reconfigure restoration practices, resources, and policy across scales. By analyzing digital restoration platforms, we identify four drivers of technological developments, including: scientific expertise to optimize decisions; capacity building through digital networks; digital tree-planting markets to operate supply chains; and community participation to foster co-creation. Our analysis shows how digital developments transform restoration practices by producing techniques, remaking networks, creating markets, and reorganizing participation. These transformations often involve power imbalances regarding expertise, finance, and politics across the Global North and Global South. However, the distributed qualities of digital systems can also create alternative ways of undertaking restoration actions. [R, abr.]
73.6004 UTTERMARK, Matthew J. ; MACKIE, Kenneth R. ; WEISSERT, Carol S. —
Racial discrimination in school punishment is well documented but not well understood. We examine the politics of implicit bias as theorized by the Racial Classification Model using two types of school suspensions in a state with large numbers of both Black and Hispanic students. We find important differences in sanctioning patterns with Black and Hispanic enrollment as expected from differing stereotypes of those groups. There are also differences within Hispanic students in Florida — again highlighting the importance of group stereotypes. In addition, we find a spillover effect, where schools comprised of more Black (and to a lesser extent, Hispanic) students have higher suspension rates for not only Black students, but for White and Hispanic students as well. [R]
73.6005 VALIENTE MARTINEZ, Francisco —
The rise of new technologies has led to a revolution in human communication, which has become global, massively multilateral and essentially digital. Regulating online activity is essential to protect Internet users, as the large multinational companies that own the main social networks design conditions and policies of use that limit the exercise of our fundamental rights, particularly our freedom of expression. The various alternatives for regulating the operation of Internet service providers and achieving a balanced and viable regulatory model at international level is a challenge that cannot be postponed any longer. [R]
73.6006 VAN LOON, Austin ; FREESE, Jeremy —
Central to affect control theory are culturally shared meanings of concepts. That these sentiments overlap among members of a culture presumably reflects their roots in the language use that members observe. Yet, the degree to which the affective meaning of a concept is encoded in the way linguistic representations of that concept are used in everyday symbolic exchange has yet to be demonstrated. The question has methodological as well as theoretical significance for affect control theory, as language may provide an unobtrusive, behavioral method of obtaining EPA ratings complementary to those heretofore obtained via questionnaires. We pursue a series of studies that evaluate whether tools from machine learning and computational linguistics can capture the fundamental affective meaning of concepts from large text corpora. We develop an algorithm that uses word embeddings to predict EPA profiles available from a recent EPA dictionary derived from traditional questionnaires, as well as novel concepts collected using an open-source web app we have developed. [R, abr.] [First article of a thematic issue on "Affect control theories: health, status change, and occupations", edited by the authors. See also Abstr. 73.5806, 5860, 5864, 5882, 5886, 5898, 5916, 5918]
73.6007 VAN MIERLO, Trix —
Oftentimes, democracy is not spread out evenly over the territory of a country. Instead, pockets of authoritarianism can persist within a democratic system. A growing body of literature questions how such subnational authoritarian enclaves can be democratized. Despite fascinating insights, all existing pathways rely on the actions of elites and are therefore top-down. This article seeks to kick-start the discussion on a bottom-up pathway to subnational democratization, by proposing the attrition mechanism. This mechanism consists of four parts and is the product of abductive inference through theory-building causal process tracing. The building blocks consist of subnational democratization literature, social movement theory, and original empirical data gathered during extensive field research. This case study focuses on the ‘Dynasty Slayer’ in the province of Isabela, the Philippines, where civil society actors used the attrition mechanism to facilitate subnational democratization. [R, abr.]
73.6008 VELASCO-RIVERA, Mariana ; COLÓN-RÍOS, Joel I. —
This article examines the development of the doctrine of the ‘permanent constituent power’ in Mexico. This doctrine reflects a long tradition in constitutional theory according to which the exercise of constituent power is a one-time event: once a constitution is adopted, there will be no legal mechanism in place for the exercise of the people’s original constitutionmaking authority. This view is nonetheless in tension with a notion that has also been historically embraced by liberal constitutionalism: that the people has an inalienable right to alter the form of government. The constitutional provisions that reflect that idea, we will see, can have important implications in terms of the nature and scope of the amending authority and, at the same time, point toward alternative mechanisms for the exercise of constituent authority. [R, abr.]
73.6009 VORLÄNDER, Hans —
The watershed moment proclaimed by the German chancellor means much more than an abrupt change in policies: On the one hand, wellestablished routines for perceiving and managing political conflicts have lost their validity. On the other hand, the ability to lead democracies, to act decisively and legitimately in crises under conditions of uncertainty, is being challenged to a dramatic degree. This puts democracies under pressure; the simultaneity of war and crisis-management brings them to the limits of their capacity. Democracy has also been undergoing a fundamental transformation for some time. Autocratic upheavals and (rightwing) populist governments on the one hand, and the volatility of the democratic public sphere and the loss of integration of intermediary associations on the other raise the question of whether liberal-representative democracy, as it emerged and consolidated after 1945, has come to its end. [R, abr.]
73.6010 VRBANČIĆ, Mario —
Dystopia, just as utopia, has always been immersed in political visions: utopia as an ideal society and dystopia as its opposite: ‘bad place’ — a futuristic, usually very near future, an imagined universe in which oppressive social control rules. However, utopia and dystopia cannot be absolutely separated, there is a constant threat of replacing good place by bad place, very often leading to the conclusion that every utopia either leads to dystopia or already is dystopia. Today, it often seems that the dystopian future has already arrived, the reality itself evokes dystopian imagination: the global warming and the catastrophes, the monstrous underside of various technologies that would ultimately overpower us — humans. Furthermore, both utopia and dystopia are narratives about how to govern the commons. [R, abr.] [See Abstr. 73.5868]
73.6011 WAGNER, Gert G. —
This article discusses why the narrative of growing economic inequality in Germany has not led to a strengthening of the corresponding political forces (SPD, Left Party and trade unions). The focus is not on political resistance and counterforces, but on the validity of the narrative. It turns out that it is methodologically and empirically not very robust and — measured by the life satisfaction of people in Germany — misses the reality of life for the majority of people. At least this was the case until the onset of the Corona pandemic. The article by no means denies inequalities that are unjustifiable or difficult to justify, but it does want to make clear that it is neither methodologically nor empirically justified to speak of an inexorable undesirable increase in economic inequality in Germany. [R, abr.] [See Abstr. 73.5991]
73.6012 WALTHER, Olivier J., et al.—
While the location of violent events and their propensity to cluster together in space is increasingly well known, a deeper exploration of their spatiality and spatial evolution over time remains an emerging frontier in “Big Data”-driven conflict studies. The new Spatial Conflict Dynamics indicator (SCDi) introduced in this article contributes to fill this gap, by measuring both the intensity and spatial concentration of political violence at the subnational level. Articulating between point pattern and areal spatial analyses, the SCDi allows conflict researchers and analysts to not just map which regions experience the most violence but to track how the geography of conflict evolves over time. The SCDi identifies four spatial typologies of violence and can leverage political event data from most datasets with locational information and can be used for analyses across large multi-state regions, within a single state, or in more localized contexts. [R, abr.]
73.6013 WEI Yifan —
The role of regional governments in fostering opportunity entrepreneurship has received increasing attention from both academics and practitioners. Drawing on research on entrepreneurial ecosystem (EE), this study provides a more analytical and holistic account of the supportive role of regional governments in underdeveloped institutional environments and their interactions with other key elements in regional EEs. I propose that in underdeveloped institutional environments, a regional government which is able to perform its core function of delivering public and social services is positively associated with the growth of opportunity entrepreneurship. This effect becomes stronger in regions with more market-based economies, higher education institutions (HEIs), an entrepreneurial culture, and social entrepreneurship. [R, abr.] [See Abstr. 73.5856]
73.6014 WEISS, Julia ; PARTH, Anne-Marie —
Previous studies have shown that economic and political experiences influence the level of satisfaction with democracy; however, they fail to explain whether these experiences have the same effect for everyone, whether there is interindividual variance and where these differences might be rooted. We investigate these roots of interindividual variance and base our argument on the observation that early experiences in school are formative and influence the effect of economic and political experiences on satisfaction with democracy. We analyze an original representative dataset on the German population to test how school experiences, more precisely equal treatment in school, interact with economic and political experiences in later life and thereby influence satisfaction with democracy. We find that school experiences play a significant role here. [R, abr.]
73.6015 WEISSTANNER, David —
This study introduces the distinction between ‘absolute’ and ‘relative’ income stagnation — that is, experiencing stagnating incomes over time (without reference to other groups) and in relative comparison to other groups — and explores how they shape citizens’ attitudes towards redistribution. I argue that absolute and relative stagnation have opposite effects on redistributive preferences. Contrary to political economy theories, I expect that low absolute income growth reduces demand for redistribution, because it reduces voters’ ability and willingness to afford welfare state policies. Support for this hypothesis is provided in an empirical analysis that combines novel estimates for absolute and relative income stagnation with longitudinal survey data on redistribution preferences in 14 advanced democracies between 1985 and 2018. The distinction between absolute and relative experiences has broader implications for comparative politics research. [R, abr.]
73.6016 WIEBRECHT, Felix, et al.—
This article presents the state of democracy in the world in 2022 using the most recent Varieties of Democracy dataset (V13). There are four main findings. First, the level of democracy enjoyed by the average global citizen is down to 1986-levels and 72% of the world’s population live in autocracies. Second, the third wave of autocratization reaches a new height with 42 countries autocratizing. By contrast, only 14 countries are democratizing. Third, between 1992 and 2022, autocracies increased their share of the global economy and now account for 46% of world GDP when measured by purchasing power parity. Fourth, defying the global wave of autocratization, eight countries not only stopped but also reversed autocratization in the last 10 years, which we define as democratic U-turns. We find five elements that seem important across the identified cases: executive constraints, mass mobilization, alternation in power, unified opposition coalescing with civil society, and international democracy support. [R, abr.]
73.6017 WILDE, Pieter DE ; LANGSAETHER, Peter Egge ; ÖZDEMIR, Sina —
A burgeoning literature documents the emergence of a new globalization cleavage in Western Europe, centered around the issues of immigration and European integration. We investigate to what extent the globalization cleavage has crystallized by studying the alignment of preferences regarding open borders, their connection to more fundamental elements in the normative component of cosmopolitanism and communitarianism, and the extent to which this links up to the organizational component through party choice. To do this, we use innovative items tapping into political priorities, values, understandings of democracy, and virtues in a cross-sectional comparative survey in Norway and the UK. We find that the globalization cleavage is significantly more developed in the UK than in Norway but lacks a solidified normative component in both. [R, abr.]
73.6018 YOON Sung Min ; WOO Jungmoo —
Recent literature has analyzed why states established state security forces but has rarely analyzed the effect of state security forces on political phenomena. To fill this gap in part, this study explores the effect of an autocracy’s state security forces on its decision to initiate an interstate armed conflict. We argue that an autocracy’s state security forces increases the likelihood of its initiation of an interstate armed conflict because state security forces are likely to reduce costs of an armed conflict and increase the prospect of incomplete information situations in crisis bargaining. Specifically, an autocratic leader is less likely to suffer from domestic audience costs because state security armed forces consist of volunteers and thus the public is less likely to be concerned if they are sent abroad. [R, abr.]
73.6019 ZHANG Min, et al.—
With the popularity of mobile Internet technology, mobile government has become the mainstream of current government affairs management, which highlights the growing importance of exploring citizens’ intention to adopt m-government. To find the important driving factors of m-government adoption and understand what roles the cultural and technical development level play in it, this study conducted a meta-analysis to search for important factors in m-government adoption from 42 studies from 17 countries. Based on the socio-technical theory, this study applied a metaregression to explain the differences in the effects of these factors, from the perspective of culture and technical development level. The results show that perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, attitude, social influence, perceived compatibility and trust all play important roles in mgovernment adoption. Culture and technical development level play moderating roles on the above relationships except for the perceived ease of use–perceived usefulness path. [R, abr.]
73.6020 ZHIRNOV, Andrei ; MORAL, Mert ; SEDASHOV, Evgeny —
In recent decades, political science literature has experienced significant growth in the popularity of nonlinear models with multiplicative interaction terms. When one or more constitutive variables are not binary, most studies report the marginal effect of the variable of interest at its sample mean while allowing the other constitutive variable/s to vary along its range and holding all other covariates constant at their means, modes, or medians. We argue that this conventional approach is not always the most suitable since the marginal effect of a variable at its sample mean might not be sufficiently representative of its prevalent effect at a specific value of the conditioning variable and might produce excessively model-dependent predictions. [R, abr.]
73.6021 ZIADAH, Rafeef, et al.—
Vernacular rights cultures tells a different story of human rights. The book moves away from the dominant narrative of universal human rights, based on western history and epistemology, pointing readers towards ‘vernacular rights cultures’. Sumi Madhok complicates the unidirectional account instead, narrating a subaltern story of rights that is foregrounded in ‘struggles and contestations over rights’ in the south Asian context. This attentiveness to the ‘vernacular’ refers to the ways marginalized groups articulate rights claims, and to the political imaginaries and subjectivities that their articulations engender. In the first three chapters, Madhok critically engages with the multiple literatures on human rights and presents her conceptual framework. [R, abr.]
73.6022 ZIGERELL, L. J. —
Data visualization is an important tool for communicating research results. This manuscript discusses a method that instructors can use to introduce political science students to visualizations and discusses strategies that instructors can share with students about how to create highquality visualizations. These strategies can help students make visualizations that avoid common shortcomings in published political science visualizations. [R]
73.6023
Articles by Eva WOLFANGEL; Gerhard SCHABHUSER; Sven HERPIG; Lennart MASCHMEYER; Matthias SCHULZE; Christian STÖCKER.
73.6024
Articles by Laurie BEAUDONNET and Claire DUPUY; Laurence BHERER; Fabienne GREFFET; Jérémy DODEIGNE; Oscar MAZZOLENI.