Abstract
73.7839 ALI, Amin Masud ; SAVOIA, Antonio —
This paper contributes to the decentralisation and distributive politics literature by empirically investigating the determinants of public expenditure at the sub-national level in Bangladesh. We argue that fragmentation in a unitary developing country may not channel higher resources to local areas. Political motives may instead play a significant role in the allocation process. Using panel data methods and a novel dataset on government’s district-wise allocation of annual development expenditure in Bangladesh covering the period from 2005 to 2009, the analysis focuses on the impact of local government fragmentation and tests key political distribution models (the core voter hypothesis, the swing voter hypothesis, and the political alignment theory). The results show that local government fragmentation does not have any significant impact on public spending at the district level. [R, abr.]
73.7840 ARBUCIAS, Daniel —
This work conducts a comparative analysis of strife between governments and multinational corporations (MNC) in Venezuela and Tanzania, postulating that subtle shifts in bargaining power stemming from petroleum in Venezuela and diamonds in Tanzania lead to large differences in government-MNC strife. Oil-rich Venezuela tends to experience incrementally consistent and capital-intensive strife pinned against prices, which quickly becomes inter-sectionalised and internationalised. Conversely, diamondwealthy Tanzania suffers from intermittent, erratic, localised, and labourfocused strife independent of diamond prices, which becomes neither inter-sectionalised nor internationalised. Such asymmetric shifts in bargaining power, though initially insignificant, ultimately produce variations in outcomes, contributing to different styles of resource nationalism. [R]
73.7841 ARMINGEON, Klaus ; LUTZ, Philipp —
In times of contested globalization, democratic governments have increasing difficulties to reconcile international obligations with domestic political demands. Unresponsiveness to domestic constituents due to international constraints may threaten to undermine democratic legitimacy. We assess how citizens react to non-responsive governments in the case of a high-stake direct-democratic vote in Switzerland. The 2014 referendum on restricting immigration from the EU failed in its implementation because of the EU’s refusal to negotiate the free movement rights of its citizens. How did Swiss citizens adapt their policy preferences to this implementation failure? Drawing on original survey data, we show that citizens overwhelmingly did not adapt their policy preferences; rather, they rationalized the implementation failure in an effort to protect their ideological and partisan orientations. The results suggests that governments face major challenges to convey constrained policy choices to their citizens. [R]
73.7842 ARSLANTAS, Düzgün ; KAISER, André —
Turkey’s fast-paced democratic backsliding has attracted unprecedented scholarly interest from observers both inside and outside the country. Among various labels proposed to define Turkey’s new regime type, ‘competitive authoritarianism’ (CA) has by far outdistanced its rivals. As plenty of time has passed since its coinage, it is timely to commence a scholarly discussion on the appropriateness of the term. Our analysis reveals that the CA argument comes with three major shortcomings when applied to the case of Turkey. First, although its proponents discuss the concept adequately and seem to find abundant evidence to convince most of their audience, they undertake little, if any, theoretical discussion to show why CA is more plausible than its alternatives. Second, although the party system is generally regarded as the main indicator of a certain regime type, the link between the two remains un(der)-explored. Third, the mechanism leading to the transition to CA is not fully identified. We conclude that experts have jumped on the CA bandwagon, dubbing Turkey’s authoritarian regime competitive authoritarian without sufficient conceptual sophistication; this has proved deleterious rather than beneficial to the relevant literature. [R]
73.7843 ASANTE, Doris —
Women-led civil society activism contributed to the adoption of the WPS Agenda and the Security Council’s recognition of these organisations as key WPS actors. However, civil society organisations (CSOs) are often allocated tokenistic roles during the national implementation of WPS resolutions. Drawing on Sabatier and Jenkin-Smith’s Advocacy Coalition Framework, this study analyses 35 semi-structured interviews and surveys with CSOs and state WPS actors in Nigeria to explore the opportunities provided and the methods used by the Nigerian government to engage civil society in processes to implement UNSCR 2242 as political measures. The article highlights that UNSCR 2242 can be used by CSOs to advocate for political participation within processes to implement CT/CVE measures. However, the implementation of the Resolution exposes these actors to greater risks in the domestic context. [R, abr.]
73.7844 BALFOUR, Lawrie —
Although struggles for reparations for slavery and its legacies date back to the earliest period of US politics, they have received relatively little attention from political scientists. Focusing on reparations claims, I argue, can enhance the study of Black social movements and political thought. The recent resurgence of demands for redress for racial injustice, both in the United States and internationally, and contemporary divisions over the politics of memory suggest why reparations are an important indicator of the prospects for multiracial democracy. Because the language of reparations has been used to advance a range of political ends, I conclude by considering some of the dilemmas that remain unresolved in the literature. [R]
73.7845 BATEMAN, David A. —
Recent years have seen a renewed interest in southern distinctiveness within the United States and its ramifications for the nation. This review provides an analysis of recent works and the interpretive issues they raise. I argue that collectively they have broken with the long-established image of the South in political science, the study of which was long organized around the region’s anticipated convergence to the patterns of the post-New Deal North. Recent texts have instead emphasized an enduring commitment to white supremacy and a determining influence for the region in shaping national politics and institutions. I identify two broad pathways of southern influence and discuss the debates over its sources. I then discuss recent works on southern regimes and the debates these have provoked. I conclude by suggesting that overcoming the limits of recent works will ultimately undermine some of our more sweeping interpretive claims and foundational premises. [R]
73.7846 BAUMANN, Hannes —
The project to decolonise the curriculum revolves around rethinking margin and centre of the discipline. To the extent that the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) is at the margin of international political economy (IPE), it is the ideal entry point to decolonise the curriculum. I conduct a summative content analysis of the six most commonly used IPE textbooks. To what extent do they reproduce or challenge Eurocentric tropes in their treatment of MENA? The region is largely absent from IPE textbooks, suggesting it is accorded little agency in the making of the global political economy. To the extent that it is ‘brought in’, it is ‘ghettoised’ in a specialist chapter. A qualitative content analysis suggests the authors avoid overt orientalism but exceptionalise the region as a failure with too little democracy and economic growth and too much war. They acknowledge the role of continued colonialism in these failures but also deny agency of the colonised. [R, abr.]
73.7847 BAURIN, Arno ; HINDRIKS, Jean —
Balancing the government budget in an aging economy may require adjusting gradually pension benefits. Such policy change can take two forms: adjusting the accrual rate (the rate at which individuals built-up pension entitlements while working) or the indexation rate (the rate a which accrued entitlements are linked to nominal wage growth). We compare the consequences of such gradual policies across cohorts. We identify a fundamental generational trade-off between democracy and equality. In particular, we show that for Belgium, 80% of the population alive at the time of the reform prefers the accrual to the indexation reform, with the implication that the youngest half of the population would bear 85% of the total adjustment cost. [R, abr.]
73.7848 BÉLANGER, Marie-Eve ; LAVENEX, Sandra —
n public health crisis governance, effective communication has been shown to move people from awareness to compliance. This article examines the effectiveness of the communication strategy developed by stakeholders in the European multi-level governance during the COVID-19 pandemic. An original dataset of over 40,000 tweets from 65 actors in Switzerland, France, the UK, the EU and the UN is used to measure the timeliness, consistency and connectivity of tweets about mobility restrictions in the first phase of the pandemic. Analysis shows that the discourse surrounding mobility restrictions gradually becomes more politicised after an initial phase of high consistency and connectivity among actors. Additionally, low inter-level connectivity suggests a lack of coordination across governance levels, despite a strong consistency in the message. The study concludes that this pattern of communication could worsen the rising infodemic issue. [R]
73.7849 BERALDO, Ana —
Drawing on extensive ethnographic fieldwork carried out in a large favela of Belo Horizonte, this study argues that there are three logics at play when it comes to regulating violence in poor Brazilian urban areas: that of crime, that of the state, and that of religion. These three logics act as normative regimes which, connected by the shared notion of ‘respect’, form symbolical relationships among themselves alternating between dissonance and coordination. This everyday interaction produces a normative triangle that determines which lives are more and which are less valuable and, therefore, the likeliest target of violence. [R]
73.7850 BETTI, Marco ; MAINO, Franca —
In the literature on the analysis of organizations more attention is devoted to positive cases rather than those of failure. Nevertheless, some authors have pointed out that negative externalities represent one of the constituent elements of everyday organizational practices, and that unexpected consequences are evitable. Therefore, the "dark side" of organizations deserve the same attention that is given to the "bright side". In the light of these considerations, the article focuses on the possible perverse effects, organizational myopias, and unexpected outcomes that many occur within a complex system, such as the healthcare system, following the implementation of telemedecine and the so-called "digital health". The research is based on a case study, and uses qualitative methodologies based on in-depth interviews. Through highlighting the case of the Tuscany Regional Health System, the article identifies critical issues and shortsightedness that could plausibly affect the entire Italian National Health Service. [R]
73.7851 BLESSE, Sebastian —
Taxpayers often view tax rules and filing processes as complicated. I study whether the perceived tax uncertainty among peers makes tax evasion more acceptable among the general public. I find strong supportive evidence for this hypothesis using a survey experiment and a large representative sample of the German population. Providing randomized information that others are uncertain about how to file their taxable income decreases individual support for tax compliance. This suggests that subjects judge tax evasion less harshly in response to this peer information. Studying related heterogeneous treatment effects, I find that both older and left-wing subjects are more responsive to tax uncertainty of others. Less harsh views on evasion are persistent for very high compliance levels in a follow-up survey. [R]
73.7852 BOROWIK, Irena ; GRYGIEL, Paweł —
Existing research proves the connection between religion and social attitudes toward biopolitical topics. The purpose of our analyses was to deepen reflection on these connections. We explored the internal pluralization of religiosity and ideological self-placement and their significance for orientations toward abortion, in vitro fertilization, and homosexuality, subjects of intensive political debate engaging the Catholic Church. Our analysis, based on a nationally representative sample of Catholics in Poland, leads to the conclusion that, despite high indicators of religiosity, the capacity of the Roman Catholic Church to form a consistent cognitive perspective among its followers is limited. Even among Catholics who present fully institutionalized religiosity (~25%), only half agree with the Church’s teaching on biopolitical themes. These findings are discussed in the context of the importance of intra-religious pluralism for understanding the ideological role of religion in countries with high levels of belonging to one, dominant form of it. [R]
73.7853 BRADY, Dylan —
The Express Railway Link (XRL) offers unprecedented mobility within the Pearl River Delta and connects Hong Kong to mainland China’s highspeed rail network. As reflected in the pages of regional and national newspapers, the XRL figures prominently in the re-imagining of scales of community and governance in the Pearl River Delta. These ‘infrastructural imaginaries’ are shaped not just by the transportation infrastructure of trains and stations, but also by the migration infrastructure of travel permits and identification cards. Drawing on infrastructure studies and the politics of scale to shed light on the multi-scalar politics of infrastructure in contemporary China, this article traces how understandings of infrastructure and scale changed as the XRL went from regional project to one component of China’s national high-speed rail grid. [R]
73.7854 CARSTENS, Nora —
The federal system has long been seen as one of the biggest obstacles to the digital transformation of the German state. With the enactment of the Online Access Act (OZG), a law that obliges all federal levels to offer their administrative services digitally in a joint portal network by the end of 2022, a new arena for multilevel collaboration has developed in Germany; the so-called digitalisation labs. The labs are intended to bring together representatives of all federal levels, external actors and citizens to promote problem-oriented policy design and the development of innovative policy solutions. Following a neo-institutionalist perspective and using the analytical concepts of multilevel governance and problem-solving, this paper investigates how the institutional settings, internal dynamics and actors’ composition influence policy design processes in the labs. [R, abr.]
73.7855 CASSELL, Mark K. ; DEUTSCH, Anni Michelle —
Airbnb, the short-term rental (STR) company that operates in 65,000 cities and 191 countries is the most disruptive and transformative force in urban housing and planning in recent memory. On any given day, in Germany the company lists approximately 100,000 accommodations primarily in the larger cities. Drawing on the experiences of Germany’s ten largest cities, the article examines three questions. How do German city leaders understand the public problem posed by STRs? What are the economic, political, and administrative challenges to regulating STRs? And finally, how are Germany cities regulating STRs and what explains the variation across cities? [R, abr.] [See Abstr. 73.7868]
73.7856 CHENG, Joseph Yu-shek —
Through a historical account of Beijing’s Hong Kong policy since the Sino-British negotiations in the early 1980s, the article attempts to analyse its major considerations and limitations. This analysis is intended to shed light on the contradictions between the Chinese authorities and Hong Kong people, and especially the local pro-democracy movement. The performance of civil society organisations, and Hong Kong people’s values and attitudes as reflected by public opinion surveys are also considered. Significant emphasis is accorded to the recent political suppression in Hong Kong following the Occupy Central Campaign. While Beijing is now in control, the heavy political price it will pay is also examined. [R]
73.7857 CHRISTENSEN, James —
Throughout the Yemeni Civil War, western states have supplied weapons used in the indiscriminate bombing campaign conducted by the Saudis. In defence of their actions, British politicians have argued that they are exchanging weapons for influence, and using the influence obtained to encourage compliance with humanitarian law. An additional premise in the argument is that Britain is using its influence more benignly than alternative suppliers would use theirs if Britain were not on the scene. The idea is that Britain is substituting itself for other, less scrupulous, interveners. I argue that, regardless of whether British substitution intervention could be justified in this way…, it is not in fact justified, because Britain has not plausibly used its influence to secure an amount of good sufficient to offset the various harms that its actions have created (or to discharge the expanded duties of rescue that greater influence entails). In addition, the article identifies the various forms that substitution intervention can take, and shows how the concept reveals hitherto neglected reasons to both support and oppose intervention in foreign conflicts. [R]
73.7858 CLIFT, Ben —
This exploration of UK fiscal rules and the establishment of an independent UK fiscal watchdog focuses on the practical enactment of rules-based fiscal policy to analyse the politics of technocratic economic governance. Analysing UK macroeconomic policy rules and their operation unearths numerous dimensions of the politics of technocratic fiscal policy-making. Firstly, policy rules are marshalled for partisan purposes. Secondly, a politics of economic ideas surrounds the invention, revision and interpretation of fiscal rules. Thirdly, technocratic economic governance entails a ‘politics of method’, selecting methodological approaches necessarily built on particular political economic assumptions. Finally, a ‘politics of numbers’ sees politicians cooking the books to present their economic record favourably against fiscal yardsticks. Successive governments have altered UK fiscal rules, informed by different political economic principles. [R, abr.]
73.7859 COETZEE, Wayne Stephen ; BERNDTSSON, Joakim —
This article aims to map out and analyse how Sweden’s security economy is shaped and sustained through security policies, political decisions, and personal connections amongst commercial and state elites. We treat the arms and security service industries as two sides of the same coin. In doing so, we address a shortcoming in the security literature that often analyses these two fields as separate areas of study with their own set of logic, research questions, theories, and methodologies. By bringing these two areas together, our study contributes to knowledge of the relationship between commercial defence and security actors and the state and a deeper understanding of Sweden’s security economy. [R]
73.7860 COLLINS, Yolanda Ariadne —
Research on the overlap between race and vulnerability to the physical and governance-related aspects of climate change is often globally scaled, based on extended temporalities, and colour-coded with non-white populations recognized as being at greater risk of experiencing the adverse effects of climate change. This article shows how de-centring whiteness from its position as automatic, oppositional counterpart to blackness can make space for greater recognition of the role played by the environment in processes of racialization. De-centring whiteness in this way would form a valuable step towards recognizing how race, constructed in part through shifting relations between people and the environment, overlaps with climate vulnerability within multiracial populations. Without discounting the value of global, colour-coded interpretations of race, I point out the limits of their applicability to understandings of how climate change is unfolding Guyana and Suriname, two multiracial Caribbean countries. I argue that in the postcolonial period, relations with the environment take historical constructions of race forward in ways that undergird the impacts of climate change. [R, abr.] [See Abstr. 73.7238]
73.7861 CONORD, Fabien —
Geopolitics of the former Auvergne region presents an original physiognomy at the end of the legislative elections of 2022 since it does not include any deputy from the presidential party and over-represents certain oppositions, in particular LR. The four departments examined (Allier, Cantal, Haute-Loire and Puy-de-Dôme) juxtapose more than they sometimes associate territories with contrasting sociological profiles, which results in very visible geographical oppositions. The main change is the progression of RN in the former working towns and rural areas. [R] [See Abstr. 73.7625]
73.7862 COOPER, Alice ; KURZER, Paulette —
This article is a comparative study of Dutch and German housing markets. Until the early 1990s, they shared many commonalities, both in terms of their specific characteristics and the larger political, economic, and institutional contexts in which they were embedded. Since the 1990s, in contrast, they have diverged significantly; with home-ownership, mortgage debt and housing prices much higher in the Netherlands than Germany. We explain this divergence, first, by pointing out the more extensive turn to neoliberalism in housing policy in the Netherlands than in Germany. Second, we look at the differences in the treatment of private renting versus not-for-profit social housing by governments in each country. Third, we draw attention to mortgage liberalisation after 1993 in the Netherlands, which did not happen in Germany, and the treatment of fiscal subsidies for home ownership. [R, abr.] [See Abstr. 73.7868]
73.7863 COROADO, Susana ; MAGALHÃES, Pedro C. —
The movement of personnel between roles in regulation, politics, and regulated industries is thought to affect the risks of politicization and industry capture of independent regulatory agencies. To test whether such movements are better explained by formal rules or by sector-specific patterns, we employ an original dataset of the 152 appointees to 11 IRAs in Portugal over the last 3 decades. We find that variations in the formal independence of agencies have been of little consequence. Instead, revolving doors abound in the financial sector, with a disproportionate share of regulators of that sector coming from, and moving back, to the industry. In turn, appointment of regulators with political links to Portuguese IRAs seems related with legacies of sectoral public control. [R]
73.7864 COSSE, Isabella —
This article examines the conditions that led the Argentine armed group Montoneros to establish a nursery in Cuba, in 1979, to care for the children of exiled members who had decided to return to the country to fight against a dictatorial regime characterised by the crime of enforced disappearance and supported by continental and global alliances. The analysis focuses on the dilemmas children posed for militants and the organisation and how those concerns were in part addressed by setting up a facility to care for the children. The article then considers how that childcare effort by the Montoneros connected with Cuba’s internationalist and refugee policies and with continental struggles, as well as looking at how the children involved experienced it. [R, abr.]
73.7865 CRONE, Christine ; WINDFELD, Frederik Carl ; WARRINGTON, Anna —
This paper investigates secular bio-icons’ political revitalization, illustrating their application as critical interventions into contemporary political struggles in the Middle East. To elucidate this phenomenon, we introduce the concept politics of revitalization to address how memory entrepreneurs can manage the past in ways that legitimize their involvement in particular visions of the future, thereby holding the potential to consolidate the position of political elites in power. Based on an analysis of three secular bioicons: Jamila Bouhired, Leila Khaled and Hilarion Capucci, we argue that the mobilizing, resistive and aspirational potential of secular bio-icons can be utilized strategically by political actors to boost and legitimize existing (and widely contested) regimes or ideological beliefs by anchoring them in mediated renditions of historical narratives. [R, abr.]
73.7866 DEMIRYONTAR, Birce ; IÇDUYGU, Ahmet —
Safe zones, initially established as practical tools for refugee protection, have evolved into diplomatic instruments. Through the case of Northern Syria in a historical-comparative perspective, this article explains the link between border politics and host state-induced return to the safe zones; and questions the viability of return within this politicised environment. Considering the earlier experiences of six cases in Sri Lanka, Iraq, Somalia, Bosnia, Rwanda, and Afghanistan, it shows how safe zones and refugee return have become venues for power struggles, not only between the origin and host states but also amongst regional and global powers; established with respect to their economic, political and strategic interests. The Northern Syrian case is distinguished by Turkey’s pressure for returns during the conflict, which makes conditions for return dependent on Turkish military presence. Without international support or a UNSC decision, Turkey’s self-proclaimed safe zone lacks international legitimacy, and refugee returns remain dependent on unilateral efforts by the Turkish government. Lack of security, rule of law, access to basic services, reconstruction, and overall prospects undermine the feasibility of safe, voluntary and sustainable returns. [R, abr.]
73.7867 DIRKS, Emile ; FU, Diana —
The Chinese Party-state’s repression of politically sensitive social organizations is well-known. Less known, however, is how the central state has governed a broader range of social organizations that have violated laws or regulations and are hence considered “untrustworthy” in the context of the social credit system. Analyzing over 22,000 entries of social organizations on the Ministry of Civil Affairs’ National Social Organization Credit Information Public Notification Platform, this study examines which social organizations are publicly designated as untrustworthy — and why — as well as punishments and possibilities for redemption. The study finds that, on the one hand, the Xi Jinping administration has increased governance transparency by selectively publicizing untrustworthy organizations through the social credit system and standardizing their punishments. [R, abr.]
73.7868 EGNER, Björn ; KAYSER, Max —
This article analyzes discourses and historically grown practices and strategies on the local level concerning housing policy. The research questions are twofold: How do cities cope with the problem of rising housing rents? How is the problem perceived in the cities, and what do cities actually do? The article draw from a rich qualitative analysis of two cases, namely Munich and Dresden, which follow quite different strategies on housing. [R] [First article of a symposium on "The politics of housing in Germany". See also Abstr. 73.7855, 7862, 7903, 7924]
73.7869 ERDOĞDU, M. Mustafa —
Turkey’s per capita income was nearly three times South Korea’s in 1962. Dramatic change has been observed since then. South Korea has transformed into an innovative economy approaching the global technology frontier in only a few decades. Turkey, on the other hand, has attained limited success with missed opportunities and has fallen behind. This article asks why this spectacular success was observed in South Korea, but not in Turkey. It seeks an answer by concentrating on certain variables that may explain this outcome. Assuming that primarily different types and capacities of societies and states explain the variations in economic performance, the article examines in particular, the institutional foundations of Turkish and Korean societies. [R] [See Abstr. 73.7894]
73.7870 ERNITS, Madis, et al.—
This article examines the particularities of constitutional control models in Latvia, Lithuania, and Estonia. On the thirtieth anniversary of regaining independence in 2020 for Latvia and Lithuania and in 2021 for Estonia, it is an opportune moment to consider the path taken by constitutional review institutions in each of the three Baltic States. Accordingly, the authors explore the establishment of the particular constitutional review model in each country and discuss the main features of constitutional adjudication: the status and the composition of the constitutional review bodies, the subjects entitled to file a petition, the main elements of their jurisdiction, and the legal effects of the constitutional judgements. The paper also looks briefly at the possible perspectives. [R, abr.]
73.7871 FAN, John Hua ; OMURA, Akihiro ; ROCA, Eduardo —
Rare earth elements are critical in the production of consumer products, renewables, and green, industrial, and defense products. Using more than thirty years of Japanese import data, we document statistically significant relationships between geopolitics and rare earth metals. We find that the import price per unit of rare earth metals is positively related to geopolitics, while gross import values are negatively related. The negative relationship in the import value appears strongest for rare earth metals sourced from China. Given the strategic and economic significance of rare earth metals, our findings shed light on the economic implications of geopolitical tensions in the decades to come. For users of rare earth elements, an effective risk management program could add value in times of high geopolitical tension. We also highlight rare earth elements’ value as a diplomatic tool for global policymakers. [R]
73.7872 FERGUSON, Neil T.N. ; LEROCH, Martin Alois —
Political violence is a major impediment to economic development, damaging social, physical and human capital. By contrast, the manner in which violence influences prosocial behaviors is less clear cut, even though these behaviors likely contribute to post-conflict outcomes at individual and aggregate levels. We propose that the standard routes through which the experience of violence is thought to increase prosocial behaviors offer different theoretical explanations under heterogeneous conflict exposure histories and for different behavioral domains. We test these hypotheses using incentivized behavioral experiments, collected in the context of electoral violence in Kenya. While we provide some evidence that exposure to violence increases prosocial behaviors, results display significant heterogeneities relating both to the dimensions of behavior analyzed and whether or not individuals were personally injured. [R]
73.7873 GALLEGOS TORRES, Katia —
How did the large asylum-seeker inflow to Germany in 2015 affect concerns about immigration? Using individual-level panel data for the years 2012-2018 and a policy that allocates asylum-seekers to districts, I identify the effect of exposure to asylum-seekers. In line with the contact hypothesis, living in a high refugee migration district reduced concerns about immigration by 3 pp. Alternatively, a 1 pp. increase in the share of asylumseekers in the population reduced these concerns by 3.4 pp. The effect appears larger for right-leaning respondents and is driven by districts that do not host a large reception centre. However, the overall trend indicates that after 2015 concerns about immigration increased by about 21 pp. and support for extreme right-wing parties by about 1.7 pp. These trends show considerable heterogeneity for different demographic groups. [R]
73.7874 GARAY VERA, Cristián ; JIMÉNEZ CABRERA, Diego ; ELGUETA ROSAS, Raúl —
The boundaries controversies in the Southern Pacific impacted on the theoretical and empirical discussion about uti possidetis juris during the 19th century sustained by the foreign policy decision — makers of Argentina, Bolivia, Chile and Peru, which were also some of their most prominent public intellectuals. Thus, our main objective is to assess the aforementioned decision — makers’ theses in order to elucidate why the same arguments had given different solutions. Thereon, the method that we utilize is the fuzzy sets qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) to assess the ideas of the above — mentioned intellectuals that are contained in their respective publications. As preliminary result, we argue that the perceived uncertainty of the decision — maker about a particular solution is a necessary and sufficient cause for the absence of war. Our main finding is that, unlike the perceived uncertainty of alternative solutions to war, or the perceived uncertainty of alternative solutions to war, perceptions about regional balance of power are not relevant to achieve pacific solutions to international controversies. [R]
73.7875 HARIKRISHNAN, S. —
Over two decades since the Good Friday Agreement was signed, social spaces remain heavily contested in Northern Ireland. On the one hand, top-down approaches toward ushering in a new spatiality for a shared future have had limited success. On the other hand, there is increasing evidence that a ‘shared future’ disconnected from local historical and cultural contexts is unsustainable. By studying the debates surrounding three contemporary ‘shared spaces’ in East Belfast — the Titanic Quarter, the proposed Naíscoil na Seolta and East Belfast GAA Club — this paper studies why some spaces are more acceptable to the general public compared to others. Tthis paper argues that a new spatiality with grassroots community initiatives at its core must be simultaneously imagined in Belfast. [R, abr.]
73.7876 HASSAN, Bilal —
This paper examines the associations between democratic performance, secular-traditional value orientation, and satisfaction with democracy in India and Pakistan through the lens of democratic performance and modernization theory. In an analysis of data from the 2012 World Values Survey, respect for human rights (one of two measures of democratic performance) has a stronger effect on satisfaction with democracy in India than in Pakistan. Freedom of choice influenced satisfaction with democracy only in India. Rather than having a direct effect, secular-traditional value orientation moderates the relationship between freedom of choice and satisfaction with democracy. [R]
73.7877 HEDEGAARD, Troels Fage ; LARSEN, Christian Albrekt —
Over the last three decades, Northern European countries have become net-receivers of immigrants from non-EU-countries. According to previous research, this has polarised public attitudes and party systems. The article, however, points to a hidden consensus on what kinds of immigrants to accept and reject for residency. The article covers the Netherlands, Germany, Sweden and Denmark using a conjoint survey experiment conducted in 2019/2020. The article finds a public consensus on accepting those who are perceived to be an economic gain (working aged, educated, with language skills), are cultural proximate (Christian background) and have deserving reasons to migrate (personal persecution, civil war, or family unification). The public consensus cuts across the four covered countries, despite variations in political mobilisation and discourses on the migration issue, and exists between groups with different economic interests, cultural orientations and voting intentions. [R]
73.7878 HEPWORTH, Jack —
Examining the writings of more than 150 IRA prisoners, this article explains why a majority of jailed republicans supported the movement’s strategic reorientation between the anti-criminalisation protests of the late 1970s and the Good Friday Agreement of 1998. First, it argues, experiences of prison protests, culminating in the hunger strike of 1981, inclined prisoners to endorse electoral interventions to counter their isolation. Sinn Féin’s subsequent successes impelled prisoners to back electoralism more constructively, envisioning an all-Ireland ‘pan-nationalist’ front. By the end of the 1980s, many republican prisoners regarded tactical eclecticism as vital for their campaign’s advance. Second, the article contends, throughout the 1980s and 1990s, prisoners pragmatically approved new methods as open-ended experiments. Electoralism, pan-nationalism, and, in the 1990s, peace talks were supposed to aggregate and strengthen the struggle. [R, abr.]
73.7879 HRABINA, Jozef —
Witnessing the pro-Western shifts in the post-Soviet countries, Russia has failed to develop policies that would attract the former Soviet satellites without keeping them in its sphere of influence via hard-power. On the other hand, Western values, political influence and institutions have penetrated Eurasian countries causing Russia’s relative decline. This structural dynamic not only entraps Russia in a zero-sum game with the West but also triggers Russian threat perceptions on the unit level. Russian strategic culture emphasizes anxieties about loss of sovereignty or power shifts in the Russian regime that could mean the end of the current establishment, border security, and great power status resurrection. A combination of these threat perceptions and structural shifts manifests in the Thucydides Trap, an ancient dilemma behind the preventive war, in the post-Soviet space. [R]
73.7880 IRWIN, David ; SCOTT, Jonathan M. —
Governments formulate public policy to address perceived problems. Sometimes governments need to respond quickly, say, to a health crisis. One policy domain, however, rarely sees a crisis and that is small business. Governments might, therefore, be expected to take a long-term, evidence informed and rational approach, learning from the success of practitioners and policies implemented by other governments and seen to be successful. However, our review of 50 years of small firms policy in England suggests that it has been poorly conceived, short term and without strategic coherence. Part of the reason may be that small firms ministers spend an average of just 19 months in post and are driven by a desire to do something to make their mark. We conclude that this somewhat irrational approach to policy-making is driven by a self-imposed “pressure to act swiftly”. [R]
73.7881 JANG Jiho ; HAN Chonghee ; KIM Sunhyuk —
In this paper, we reflect on South Korea’s relative success in dealing with COVID-19 from the perspective of state theories. Korea’s success was due to the legacies of the developmental state, combined with the elements of the regulatory state and the network state, and facilitated by IT development. We also argue that we are witnessing a new state type that no longer features the existing state types’ obsession with economic development. The emerging state type is concerned with human security and actively utilizes IT and collaborative governance to predict and prepare for future contingencies. We label this a ‘provident state’. [R]
73.7882 JEFFERSON, Hakeem, et al.—
Moving beyond common notions of democracy that focus primarily on voting and electoral participation, the panelists discussed how American policing and the criminal justice system, more broadly, redefine citizenship, redistribute power, and shape marginalized people’s understanding of their place in society. Closing remarks addressed the potential for change in how criminal justice institutions treat marginalized people and how political scientists can more usefully contribute to efforts that strengthen democracy for all. [R]
73.7883 JIANG Qinzhi ; LIN Gang ; WU Weixu —
Soon after China reportedly achieved the goal of poverty alleviation in most regions ahead of schedule, a campaign of “follow-up check” of the deviations in policy implementation became a key task for local governments from 2019 to 2020. A case study of town H in province M during the “follow-up check” period revealed that local governments at various levels enjoy different authorities in goal setting, inspection, and incentive provision. However, the campaign-styled “follow-up checks” cannot meaningfully overcome the problem of inefficient governance. As the work of poverty alleviation comes to an end, local governments are under time pressure to solve protracted problems, uncertain about whether the higherlevel government over them will exercise its authority in inspection and job acceptance. [R, abr.] [See Abstr. 73.7939]
73.7884 KALAYCIOĞLU, Ersin —
Turkish Republic was founded as a new state, a homeland for Turks, and on a Turkish identity that had yet to be created which would serve as the basis of the political community. This paper analyzes the overall regime properties of the Turkish political system in that period, which has been mired in legitimacy and national identity crises. This paper identifies the varying substance and style of successive Turkish political regimes, examine the domestic and international factors influencing their changing characteristics. The frequent change in the nature of Turkey’s political regime have been major sources of its political instability. [R] [See Abstr. 73.7894]
73.7885 KANEHARA, Nobukatsu —
In December 2022, Prime Minister KISHIDA Fumio announced a new defense posture of Japan and published the National Security Strategy, the National Defense Strategy, and the Defense Buildup Program. He startled many by declaring that Japan would double its defense budget. He also announced that Japan will acquire serious counter offensive capabilities, namely intermediate range missiles. This big shift was not a choice, but a necessity, seeing China’s tremendous and surprisingly speedy military buildup. China, oppressing not only Uighurs, Tibetans, and inner Mongolians domestically, but also suppressing freedom in Hong Kong and changing the status quo in the East and China Seas, took on the US allies by taking Scarborough Reef from the Philippines and sending Haijing patrol boats regularly to violate the territorial sea of the Senkaku Islands of Japan in 2012. [R, abr.]
73.7886 KARAMEROU, Vasiliki —
Almost five years have passed since the United Kingdom’s decision to leave the European Union was considered to be definite. Now, in 2021, we finally see the Brexiting process start and some more practical problems arise. Although the implementation of the Withdrawal Agreement as of 1 January 2021 clarifies what is due to happen in certain areas of policy, the language issue still remains unsolved. All these years English has not only been an official and a working language, but also the most commonly used for institutional communication and the one that the majority of the European citizens speak as a second language. Moreover, it is tied to the language regime of the Union, its citizens’ rights and its language policy, and has a special status worldwide. The fact that the United Kingdom left the European Union, but English remains an official language up to this day without the unanimous decision of the Member States is the purpose of this contribution. Furthermore, the position of English in the European Union and the citizens’ rights are analysed, and its future in this context is investigated through the presentation of some scenarios and their results. [R]
73.7887 KARMAZIN, Aleš —
I discuss changes in the character and mechanisms of rule in the China-Hong Kong relationship after the promulgation of the Hong Kong National Security Law (HKNSL). I focus on the broader impacts of this particular legal norm on political order. By building on institutionalist theories of direct and indirect rule, I argue that HKNSL and the following changes brought about a compounded (amalgamated) type of rule of China over Hong Kong. It is based on a blend of aspects and mechanisms that do not account for direct governance in the full sense but utilise some elements of it. The post-HKNSL situation entangles new ruling mechanisms with those that had existed previously but were updated and strengthened in the post-HKNSL aftermath. [R]
73.7888 KAŞIKÇI, Mehmet Volkan —
The Kazakh Famine of 1930-1933 is one of the least-known tragedies of the twentieth century even though it took 1.5 million lives. Although more than three decades of scholarship have provided substantial literature on the political and economic dynamics of the famine, the myth that there are only a few eyewitness accounts of the Kazakh famine persists in Western historians’ studies. By covering hundreds of survivor testimonies, mostly in Kazakh, this article debunks that myth. This article provides the first cultural history of the Kazakh famine by focusing on how survivors experienced and made sense of this catastrophe. I focus on meanings associated with the tragedy of mass starvation and show how survivor memories bear the imprint of death and are shaped around the images of ultimate horror. These images of ultimate horror that appear time and again in survivor accounts had come to symbolize the ruthlessness of the catastrophe and the meaning of survivors’ experiences. [R, abr.]
73.7889 KAZANOĞLU, Nazli —
With the dramatic changes in the extent to which women and men contribute to unpaid domestic work and paid employment, work and family life reconciliation (WFLR) has become one of the most pressing policy and political subjects across Europe but especially at the EU. From the 1980s onwards, the EU has prepared numerous strategies, formulated a range of goals and targets, drafted legislation and introduced various initiatives and roadmaps regarding the reconciliation of work and family life. However, decision-making around social policy, including WFLR policies, remains under the domain of national competence of member and candidate states. This article thus examines the Europeanisation patterns of WFLR policies of Germany, over the last decade, with a particular emphasis on intervening domestic actors. [R, abr.]
73.7890 KENG Shu ; ZHONG Lingna ; PANG Baoqing —
In China, too many leadership positions are assigned to the same broad administrative levels, creating difficulty in distinguishing their specific political rankings. Pinpointing their exact political significance, this study proposes an index using the common joint appointments of party and government positions in the Chinese Nomenklatura. After coming up with the index, to demonstrate applicability, this article uses it first to assess China’s provincial-level positions and then extend it down to prefecture-level and up to Central ministerial positions. The authors believe that this new index enables better observation and interpretation of China’s leadership transfers and, consequently, improves researchers’ understanding of the prospects of Chinese politicians and the dynamics of the Chinese polity. [R]
73.7891 KIMURA, Ehito —
After another surge in cases, COVID-19 slowly receded from Indonesia’s foreground in 2022 as restrictions were lifted, schools and businesses reopened, and the economy rebounded. The Jokowi government posted several legislative victories while also testing the guardrails of democracy, for example with a public push to postpone the 2024 presidential elections. Corruption and misconduct grabbed global and national headlines and riveted the nation. In foreign policy, Indonesia chaired the G20 in a challenging year for the world economy and global politics. [R]
73.7892 KIPPIN, Sean ; CAIRNEY, Paul —
In 2021, the UK and devolved governments tried to avoid the school exams fiasco of 2020. Their immediate marker of success was to prevent a similar U-turn on their COVID-19 school exams replacement policies. They still cancelled the traditional exam format, and sought teacher assessments to determine their grades, but this time without using an algorithm to standardise the results. The outcomes produced some concerns about inequity, since the unequal exam results are similar to those experienced in 2020. However, we did not witness the same sense of acute political crisis. We explain these developments by explaining this year’s ‘windows of opportunity’ overseen by four separate governments, in which the definition of the problem, feasibility of each solution, and motive of policymakers to select one, connects strongly to the previous U-turn. [R, abr.]
73.7893 KUBICEK, Paul —
Prominent themes in Turkey’s political development are modernization and Westernization, notions that carry with them a particular teleology in terms of expected political outcomes. While Turkey has, over several decades, modernized in several respects, Westernization has arguably been much more limited, particularly in terms of embracing political liberalism. This paper scrutinizes its failure to take root in Turkey, noting how a congruence of factors at both the mass and elite levels tends to work against policies that would embrace individual rights and freedoms, pluralism, and a more limited role for the state. It focuses in particular on three periods in Turkish history when liberalism could have potentially been adopted, but ultimately failed to succeed. [R] [See Abstr. 73.7894]
73.7894 KUBICEK, Paul —
This article suggests that while Turkey can celebrate many accomplishments over the last century, the country continues to face a number of pressing political, economic, and social challenges. [R] [Introduction to a thematic issue on "Reflections on the centenary of the Republic of Turkey", edited by the author. See Abstr. 73.7184, 7321, 7552, 7683, 7703, 7722, 7801, 7803, 7830, 7869, 7884, 7893, 7934, 7944, 7951]
73.7895 KUBIN, Tomasz —
One of the key interest groups in the hard coal mining industry are trade unions. They are particularly strong in this sector, almost entirely controlled by the state, in Poland — without their approval, it is in fact impossible to implement any significant reforms. The article explains the influence of trade unions operating in the hard coal mining sector in Poland and the Czech Republic on the results of the reforms of this sector carried out in 2015-2019. The framework for empirical analysis is the theoretical output on interest groups and the power resources approach. [R, abr.]
73.7896 LAWSON, Fred H. —
Quantitative research demonstrates that fighting clusters in space during civil wars, and that communities will be more likely to take up arms if they are located close to one or more other communities that are already engaged in combat. Yet the proposed explanations for such spatial clustering remain inadequate. Existing studies posit the importance of the dispersion of government resources, logistical connections among combatants, asymmetries of information and an assortment of negative externalities. Developments in the Syrian civil war indicate that only the second and fourth of these arguments look promising, and that threats to community security seem much more pertinent. [R]
73.7897 LEE, Karl Chee Leong —
This paper examines Taiwan’s New Southbound Policy (NSP-T) from a soft power conceptual perspective. It traces the origins of the NSP-T before the Tsai Ing-wen administration came into power in 2016 and then discusses the NSP-T’s subsequent implementation. Through an overview of the earlier ‘Go South Policy’ (GSP) during the administrations of Lee Teng-hui, Chen Shui-bian and Ma Ying-jeou (1994-2016), this paper finds that soft power was not institutionalised in the policy despite it being a prevalent concept, and repeatedly propagated by successive Taiwanese presidents for their foreign policy goals. Soft power is now outlined as the ‘overarching link’ connecting Taiwan and the NSP-T countries for the attainment of the former’s three strategic aims – identifying a new direction and driving force for a new stage of Taiwan’s economic development, redefining Taiwan’s important role in regional development and creating future value for Taiwan’s engagements in the region. This article seeks to extrapolate how soft power contributes to the achievement of the three policy visions in Southeast Asia. [R, abr.] [First article of a thematic issue on "Looking south: comparing the regional policies of Taiwan and South Korea". See also Abstr. 73.7758, 7766, 7767, 7768, 7829, 7836]
73.7898 LELE, Gabriel —
This research extends the centralization-decentralization dichotomy in the crisis decision-making literature by offering an alternative lens of concurrency. It argues that centralization and decentralization can be concurrently employed to respond effectively to a crisis that overlaps administrative jurisdiction and requires strong coordination. However, the merits of concurrency must not be overstated as it can also lead to institutional complexity during a crisis if not carefully crafted. Examining qualitatively the case of Indonesia’s response to the COVID-19 pandemic, this research finds that concurrency has raised national-subnational tension which compromised effective response in the initial period of the crisis. The tension was due to the long delay on the part of the national government in the initial period of the crisis, leading subnational governments to respond conflictingly. This research concludes that concurrency can be effective, but requires a clear division of and consistent implementation of competencies between actors. [R]
73.7899 LIM Jaehwan —
This study examines how CCP-PLA relations have evolved in the Xi Jinping era. It explores how the norms and institutions governing the partymilitary relations have enabled and constrained Xi to consolidate personal power and authority in the military. Specifically, this study focuses on military reforms initiated and implemented under Xi’s strong leadership, evaluating the extent to which the reform efforts have delivered the initial goal of enhancing the PLA’s operational capability and reinforcing the military’s political loyalty. This study argues that Xi’s increased personal power in the military has somewhat compromised the Party’s control of the military and, over the long-term, may have negative implications for China’s warfighting capability. [R]
73.7900 LIU Yongzheng ; ZHANG Xiaoge —
China enacted an environmental regulation policy in 1998, the “Two Control Zones” (TCZ) policy, to control air pollution in selected cities. Using a panel dataset of 208 prefectural cities for 2001–2012, this study applies a difference-in-differences approach to examine the policy’s impact on mortality and identify the role of political incentives. [R, abr.]
73.7901 LLUCH, Jaime —
Many forms of differentiated citizenship have been implemented by states in different regions and epochs. This article presents a novel category: “asymmetric territorial citizenship,” which is a type of differentiation that within the same state establishes categories of citizenship, some of which are fragmentary or inferior, and thus essentially creating horizontal categories of territorialized state membership, or territorialized citizenship regimes. The existence of asymmetry within the same state shatters the commonplace expectation that citizenship is unitary, equal, and homogenous. Empirically, asymmetric citizenship originates in the practices and policies of imperial powers in some of their territories and in the relations of domination and control of colonialism. But, asymmetric citizenship also exists today in the USunincorporated territories (and, in particular, in Puerto Rico). I examine the creation of this novel category by the Insular Cases and its progeny, and relate it to the fundamental elements of citizenship. [R] [See Abstr. 73.7312]
73.7902 MACWILLIAM, Scott —
Critics of neo-liberalism’s advance have not always paid sufficient attention to how the ideology came to be attached to class and state power, either internationally or in any country. “Land problems” remain central to the development of capitalism in Papua New Guinea. Proposals for reform of what is known as customary tenure have remained within the liberal tradition, as liberalism itself changed internationally. From the 1990s, one strand of that tradition, known internationally as neo-liberalism, became prominent among the tussles over reform. This article documents how prominence did not translate into the hold on political power necessary to move ideology into policy implementation. Instead of the favoured neoliberal direction of individualised land tenure, in Papua New Guinea customary tenure remains the principal form of land occupation and ownership. [R]
73.7903 MARQUARDT, Susanne ; GLASER, Daniel —
This article examines the effect of two different social housing systems on housing-market characteristics and affordability using a case study of Berlin and Vienna. Despite comparable framework conditions, both cities pursued very different social housing policies. While both cities are currently challenged by growing populations and rising house prices, we show that Vienna is more successful in providing affordable housing as it has created effective institutions to attract and retain private actors in this sector. In Berlin, in contrast, the current crisis reveals the lack of institutional capacity to actively pursue housing policy. We argue that different housing market outcomes can be attributed to fundamental differences in the organisation of social housing provision reflecting divergent state-market relations. [R, abr.] [See Abstr. 73.7868]
73.7904 MARTINI, Andrea —
After the end of Second World War, fascist movements re-emerged in many areas of Europe. This forced governments to consider counter-measures from the early days of the Cold War, when communism was seen as the main threat. Nevertheless, even studies produced in recent decades aimed at exploring the immediate postwar history of Europe using a more accurate and comprehensive approach than in the past have failed to pay sufficient attention to this issue. In response, this article aims to place new emphasis on the re-emergence of fascism by comparing the behaviour of the Labour governments of postwar Britain with the attitude of the various Italian executives of the first legislature, characterized by Christian Democracy majorities. Through this comparison, the article will demonstrate how this re-emergence represented a comprehensive challenge to the process of defining a new democratic culture, since it raised questions about the right way to tackle extreme political movements while also preserving essential pillars of democracy, such as freedom of expression and assembly. [R, abr.]
73.7905 MAURO, Luciano ; PIGLIARU, Francesco ; CARMECI, Gaetano —
This paper shows how a region’s constant level of social capital may have a very different impact on its economic growth depending on whether the central or the local level of government is responsible for regional policy. Our case study is the economic performance of Northern and Southern Italy in the post-World War II period, when a long phase of regional convergence came to a sudden halt in the early 1970s. We focus on the economic effects of the 1970s institutional reforms on government decentralization and wage bargaining. Our main hypothesis is that decentralization allocates the provision of public capital to institutions, the local ones, more exposed to a territory’s social capital. Since social capital is lower in the Southern regions, decentralization made their developmental policies less effective from 1970 onwards, and regional inequality increased. [R]
73.7906 MEDRANO, Anahely —
During the twentieth century, Mexican federalism was characterized by a centralization of power in the hands of the federal government. Since the 1980s, different decentralization processes gradually increased the political influence and income of states, as well as their participation in social policymaking. However, the effects of decentralization on social spending at the state level has scarcely been analyzed in Mexico. The purpose of this study is to analyze the evolution and characteristics of social spending at the state level in Mexico from 2000 to 2018. This analysis uses data from state public accounts of the 31 states and Mexico City. On average, state social expenditure per capita increased in the last two decades, but at a slower rate than overall state expenditure. Furthermore, education, the biggest share of total social expenditure, and healthcare both grew steadily, while other forms of social spending grew in more varying rates over time. [R]
73.7907 MENON, Anil —
Do refugees reshape long-term political behavior in receiving areas? I argue that forced migration can foster a strong group identity among refugees, which can mobilize them toward political parties that champion their identity-based grievances. To test this argument, I examine how one of the largest forced migrations in modern history, the expulsion of ethnic Germans from Eastern Europe into Germany after WWII, shaped their electoral behavior over time. Using an original database of district-level data from 32 elections spanning a century, I find that communities which received greater shares of expellees remain more supportive of the expellees’ political champions — the radical right — over time. This relationship is particularly manifested when identity-based grievances are unresolved and politically salient. Mechanism evidence, including novel data on expellee monuments and associations, suggests that a durable expellee identity helps account for these results. [R, abr.]
73.7908 MERTENS, Charlotte —
Sexual violence in the conflict in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo is predominantly understood and represented as a “native” phenomenon — a direct consequence of the economic civil war — unrelated to colonial violence. This article offers a historicized perspective on Congo’s enduring conflict in which sexual violence continues to ruin lives. I argue that sexual violence does not follow but structures colonialism as part of a continuum of violence. Drawing on extensive archival research, I analyze patterns of everyday gender-based violence in the Congo Free State (1885-1908) and identify the fusion of terror and pleasure as key aspects of a capitalist and patriarchal gender order. Staging an encounter between historical and contemporary dynamics of sexual violence in Congo, this article addresses and reconceptualizes contemporary sexual violence in relation to past colonial violence. [R]
73.7909 MONTEIRO CALDEIRA, Thiago Costa ; EHRL, Philipp ; SILVA MOREIRA, Tito Belchior —
The present paper investigates whether the decentralization of the rural land property tax (ITR) in Brazil increases the aggregate volume of tax collection from this source. We apply a difference-in-differences strategy where treatment is defined as the switch from a federal administration to the decentral management of the ITR by a municipality. The panel data from 2002 to 2017 show that decentralization leads to an average increase in overall ITR collection by about 42% in the first year, which rises to 109% in the 8th year. Our results are robust to balancing with entropy weights, the anticipation of treatment as well as the multi-period staggered timing of the ITR decentralization. [R, abr.]
73.7910 MORAN, Cian —
Rescuing migrants at sea is fraught with controversy, which is especially evident in the ongoing issue of migration in the Mediterranean. So problematic did the issue of migrant deaths in the Mediterranean become, that search and rescue (SAR) operations were organised to address the crisis. This came with its own political backlash, with SAR operations being criticised by states as creating an incentive for migration. Such research is especially critical for Ireland in the deployment of Irish naval forces to conduct SAR in the Central Mediterranean and the importance of an informed analysis to determine such a vital aspect of contemporary European security and humanitarianism. This article studies maritime SAR operations in an attempt to deduce whether they incentivise irregular sea migration in the Central Mediterranean Route. [R, abr.]
73.7911 MUELLER, Armin ; BRINK, Tobias ten —
Local policy experimentation was a driving force behind China’s economic progress, but its results in the field of social policy are more ambiguous. This article takes a lesson-drawing perspective on the transfer of international hospital payment reforms to Chinese cities, focusing on the Urban Employees’ Basic Medical Insurance. We distinguish two waves of reform. The first wave was driven by local government initiatives dominated by simplified versions of international models which lacked strong prospective payment components (inspirations) and protected local bureaucratic and hospital interests. The second wave was driven by central government intervention dominated by syntheses and adaptations with strong prospective payment components and was more oriented toward patients’ interests. Data were collected via expert interviews, administrative documents, academic studies, and newspaper articles. We find that elements of social policy are transferred depending on central–local interaction, with pressure from the center needed to overcome local bureaucratic self-interest. [R] [See Abstr. 73.7919]
73.7912 NIKOGHOSYAN, Hovhannes ; MATEVOSYAN, Vahram Ter- —
Since April 2018, Armenia has gone through a series of dramatic events. Convinced of its ‘democratic invincibility,’ the regime that emerged after ‘the Velvet Revolution’ espoused the view that Armenia’s new, democratic facade must secure increased support from Brussels and Washington and continued loyalty from its security provider — the Kremlin. Nevertheless, the perennial security issues, chief among them the unresolved Nagorno Karabakh conflict, were overlooked by the new elite. This article examines the sources of the foreign policy-making style of the populist regime in Armenia and explores the extent to which they have affected the decision-making process and its ‘resultants.’ The article argues that the incoherent and erratic nature of the new regime’s policy formulation and enactment, which underestimated acute security challenges and degraded existing institutional checks and balances, caused unprecedented wreckage to Armenia’s national security architecture. [R]
73.7913 O’REILLY, John G. —
For centuries, Java-based rulers employed economic, political, and military measures to control the myriad islands lying in the eastern reaches of the Indonesian archipelago. Following Indonesia’s transformation into a presidential democracy, the country’s leaders modified this strategy and sought to maintain regional control by implementing economic and political decentralization measures on a massive scale. These measures also gave the eastern populations an appreciable influence on presidential elections. However, population projections and recent election data indicate that inhabitants of eastern Indonesia may become electorally marginalized because the region’s population growth is being far outpaced by that of Java and Sumatra. Such marginalization could lead to social unrest, separatist movements, and other malevolent behaviors that threaten the country’s democracy. [R, abr.]
73.7914 PLYS, Kristin —
After South Asia won its flag-independence from Britain, Pakistani artists pursued two distinct strategies for the shared goal of producing art in the service of national liberation. A group of communist artists sought to innovate new cultural forms to serve movements of the left, while others endeavoured to recover the pre-colonial Islamicate culture of South Asia to serve state-building efforts. During the Zia coup in 1977, protest poetry and art of the Pak Tea House, Lahore’s art and literary salon, inspired resistance against the military dictatorship. This protest was framed not merely against the military dictatorship, but also against US imperialism more broadly. By examining Walter Rodney’s and Frantz Fanon’s ideal role of the postcolonial artist or intellectual, I show how the role of art in leftist politics was rethought in the aftermath of the Zia coup by the artists and leftists who frequented the Pak Tea House. What the discussions about politically engaged art that took place in the Pak Tea House during the Zia Coup reveal is that novelty and abstraction are important strategies in creating art that can combat imperialist dictatorships. [R]
73.7915 PORUMBESCU, Gregory, et al.—
Public officials use blame-avoidance strategies when communicating performance information. While such strategies typically involve shifting blame to political opponents or other governments, we examine how they might direct blame to ethnic groups. We focus on the COVID-19 pandemic, where the Trump administration sought to shift blame by scapegoating (using the term “Chinese virus”) and mitigate blame by positively framing performance information on COVID-19 testing. Using a novel experimental design that leverages machine learning techniques, we find scapegoating outgroups backfired, leading to greater blame of political leadership for the poor administrative response, especially among conservatives. Backlash was strongest for negatively framed performance data, demonstrating that performance framing shapes blame-avoidance outcomes. We discuss how divisive blame-avoidance strategies may alienate even supporters. [R]
73.7916 REKHVIASHVILI, Lela —
This article points out the need to talk about the political society, or the politics and resistances, of subaltern groups in Eastern Europe and Eurasia. Existing literature frames diversity marginalized struggles as civil society struggles or decries the weakness of donor-driven, disembedded civil societies, reproducing the understanding of political life in the region in terms of absences, voids and deficiencies. Challenging this subsumption or dismissal of subaltern struggles, I advance two arguments. First, I argue against broadening the civil society concept to include various subaltern struggles as this approach risks overwriting differences between those groups that mobilize as rights-bearing citizens and the ones that are not recognized or treated as civil society. Instead, I propose acknowledging the historically and spatially contingent character of civil society and the defining role of the state and other actors in shaping which struggles fall within or beyond institutional and discursive frameworks of legality and legitimacy. [R, abr.]
73.7917 REYES-CARRANZA, Mariana —
This paper interrogates the extent to which imaginaries of climate and ecological breakdown attend to the memories, knowledges, and experiences of communities already impacted by histories of racism, colonialism, and poverty. Drawing on insights from Black studies and decolonial thinking, the article reflects on how the causes and effects of anthropogenic climate change can be mapped onto geographies of racialised violence and social dispossession. Specific emphasis is given to Rio de Janeiro, notably its port area, a geographical space where future-oriented narratives remain oblivious to the city’s history of anti-Black violence and Indigenous genocide. In parallel, the paper looks at the recently built Museum of Tomorrow and its public representations of the Anthropocene. Overall, the article contends that pluralising accounts of the Anthropocene might offer alternative epistemic entry points for understanding and interrupting the mounting ecological catastrophe. [R] [See Abstr. 73.7238]
73.7918 ROMANO, Giulia C. —
This article analyses the impacts of an international cooperation project in the field of “eco-city” development in China, using a policy transfer perspective. It explores the relationship between policy transfers and paradigm shifts and discussing the thesis of a “Chinese art” of policy transfers, according to which Chinese policymakers operate a form of cherry-picking that prefers technical recommendations over policy or procedural recommendations and is dictated by “national self-interest.” Based on a longitudinal study of the transfer of a renewal paradigm to a Chinese city, Yangzhou, the study shows that the transfer resulted in significant policy change, going beyond technical aspects. Therefore, the thesis of “Chinese art” is not confirmed. However, a full-fledged paradigm shift was not observable as elements of the old paradigm are still present. Policy transfers can thus result in paradigm shifts, but their institutionalization is likely to be slow and gradual. [R] [See Abstr. 73.7919]
73.7919 ROMANO, Giulia C. ; SAGUIN, Kidjie —
East Asian policy transfer and diffusion is conceived as following a “flying geese” model but transformations in the region challenged this hierarchical leader-follower relationship between countries. Based on the articles in this Special Issue, this article seeks to nuance the flying geese dynamics of policy transfer. New types of transfer agents afford a different view of agency in policy transfer. Modes of governance and administrative traditions increasingly shape transfer dynamics and its tempo. Historical relations between countries increasingly affect the perception of legitimacy and appropriateness of policies to be borrowed. Most cases point to the transfer of specialized and successful models or recipes within national and subnational entities. There is a notable variety of temporalities in transfer, often intermediated by experimentation and an active but often limited “search” for solutions. We conclude by presenting an agenda for future research about policy transfer and diffusion beyond the flying geese model in East Asia. [R] [Introduction to a themtic issue on "Policy transfers in East Asia", edited by the authors. See also Abstr. 74 7911, 7918, 7921, 7925, 7947]
73.7920 RUNOVA, Ksenia —
Recent prison reforms in Russia feature humanization discourse. At the same time, prison regimes have become increasingly tight. This paper analyzes methods through which prison officers seek to achieve the loyalty of prisoners and prevent their resistance. Prison officers aim to achieve internal legitimacy — that is, inmates’ voluntary acceptance of the prison order. To this end, they employ such methods as controlling the self-governance of loyal prisoners and suppressing those who are resistant to prison authorities. However, these measures have drawbacks associated with an insufficient level of procedural justice. The brutal crackdown on prisoners makes them feel insecure, forcing them to choose between several alternatives: obey the officers to avoid punishment, work for the prison administration, or seek protection from criminal leaders. [R]
73.7921 SAGUIN, Kidjie ; SHA, Kritika —
Many documented cases of policy transfer in Asia involve small and medium enterprises as well as public enterprises but little is known about how and why these local private actors participate in transnational policy transfer networks. We propose a relational view of policy transfer to examine how agency is exercised in these kinds of transfer networks. We develop a typology of the engagement of these private actors — solutionist and entrepreneur — based on their relational position in the policy transfer process and illustrate its usefulness using two cases of policy transfer between: (1) Yokohama (Japan) and Cebu (Philippines) and (2) Singapore and New Clark City (Philippines). A common theme in these networks is the diffused nature of agency where local private actors are pulled in to provide epistemic resources. [R] [See Abstr. 73.7919]
73.7922 SASA, Ghada —
This article provides a comprehensive overview of Israeli green colonialism, denoting the apartheid state’s misappropriation of environmentalism to eliminate the Indigenous people of Palestine and usurp its resources. I focus on the violence of ‘protected areas’, encompassing national parks, forests, and nature reserves. This article argues that Israel primarily establishes them to (1) justify land grab; (2) prevent the return of Palestinian refugees; (3) dehistoricise, Judaise, and Europeanise Palestine, erasing Palestinian identity and suppressing resistance to Israeli oppression; and (4) greenwash its apartheid image. I situate Israeli green colonialism within the broader histories of Western environmentalism — particularly its perpetuation of the human-nature binary — and Zionism. Furthermore, I identify various means through which Palestinians and their land resist this phenomenon. I also explore Palestinian environmentalism, which is influenced by the concepts of_a’wna (collaboration), sumud (steadfastness), and a’wda (return), in addition to the Islamic concept of tawhid (unity).[R, abr.] [See Abstr. 73.7238]
73.7923 SCHNABEL, Johanna ; DARDANELLI, Paolo —
Conditional grant programs are widely used in federal systems to address the tension between decentralized policy provision and territorial equity, given constraints on constituent units’ ability to raise revenues. While enhancing their financial capacity, conditional grants are often seen as reducing constituent units’ policy autonomy. Against this backdrop, this article examines the actual impact conditional grants have on the capacity and autonomy of a constituent unit. We analyze key milestones in the genesis and evolution of conditional grant programs in education and healthcare in Australia, Canada, and the US. We find that the impact of conditional grants primarily depends on constituent units’ size, fiscal capacity, and distinctiveness. Conditional grants are most beneficial to smaller and/or fiscally weaker constituent units but highly distinctive units suffer the most significant autonomy losses. [R, abr.]
73.7924 SCHNEPF, Julia ; CHRISTMANN, Ursula ; GROEBEN, Norbert —
Housing policy is a growing problem in many countries. Three online experiments were conducted to test framing effects in the context of housing policies in Germany. In experiment 1 (N = 303), urban growth was either described as ‘rural exodus’ or ‘influx’ of the rural population into urban areas. Experiment 2 (N = 300) focused on framing effects in the current expropriation debate in Germany. A reacquisition policy of private housing was either framed as a measure of ‘expropriation’ or ‘repurchase’. In experiment 3 (N = 311), a vacancy taxation was either labelled to ‘punish’ or ‘overcome’ actual problems with housing shortage. A mini meta-analysis across all three studies shows that conceptual framing affects policy support in a consistent way. The data supports our hypotheses that framing has the power to influence mental representations of policy and solutions. [R, abr.] [See Abstr. 73.7868]
73.7925 SHE Xiaoye —
Conventional research on global cities and policy transfer focuses on global cities in developed democracies. How Asian global cities innovate and transfer social policy has received less scholarly attention. I argue that transnational policy transfer (TPT) has occurred between more mature global cities in Asia and emerging global cities in China in the post-reform era. Empirically, this article examines the policy domain of affordable housing (AH) and identifies two mature models of AH provision: assetbased welfare (ABW) in Singapore and public rental housing (PRH) in Hong Kong. It then traces how these models were transferred in three emerging global cities of Shanghai, Guangzhou, and Shenzhen. While Shanghai has favored Singapore’s ABW model, Guangzhou and Shenzhen have prioritized Hong Kong’s PRH model. By selecting three cases with different political-administrative statuses, this article shows how authoritarian politics can interact with the agency of global cities in shaping varying TPT trajectories. [R] [See Abstr. 73.7919]
73.7926 SHENG Shing-Yuan —
Since COVID-19 began to sweep the world at the end of 2019, the pandemic’s impact on legislative politics has attracted considerable attention from scholars. Some argue that the pandemic has given rise to executive aggrandizement, while others note that this possible aggrandizement has brought about more oversight and activity on the part of legislatures. How the decentralized legislature of Taiwan has responded to the pandemic is a matter of particular interest. This article examines the interaction between the executive and legislative branches in Taiwan’s pandemic legislation. The executive branch proposed seven bills in response to the pandemic and all were passed swiftly, though some received minor modifications due to the persistence of the legislature. More importantly, bills from the legislature passed only when the executive branch had a bill in the same legislation. [R, abr.]
73.7927 SINCLAIR-CHAPMAN, Valeria ; BARKER, David C. —
In these introductory comments to the Special Issue, we draw a link between the demographic diversity of scholars and the research questions, topics, and approaches that the subfields consequently produce or overlook. This focus on what we are calling, “New Perspectives in Studies of American Governance,” is one outcome of a collaboration between American University, Purdue University, and The William and Flora Hewlett to invite broader participation in panels, conferences, memberships, and meetings within historically homogenous subfield specific associational groups. In addition to presenting the results of a novel survey of more than 200 faculty respondents from political science departments across the country to better understand perspectives on diversity and inclusion in LSS, we also highlight the set of outstanding papers published in this issue that exemplify the broadened landscape we seek to encourage. [R, abr.] [Introduction to a thematic issue on "New perspectives in American legislative studies". See Abstr. 73.7308, 7342, 7343, 7347]
73.7928 ŠITERA, Daniel —
In Czechia, one of the statistically most equal and least indebted states, almost one-tenth of its (mostly low-income) population is entrapped in debt enforcement proceedings. I foreground such a contradiction to investigate the politics of the debtfare state in East-Central Europe (ECE). This nuances the scholarship on the repolitization of the ECE neoliberal state by populist forces and their instrumentalization of its middle-class welfare state strategies in the 2010s. Identifying the Czech debt enforcement industry as a leading poverty industry in ECE, I explore its depoliticizing origins in the Debt Enforcement Order (DEO), a flagship legal framework regulating the creditor-debtor-bailiff relations. Interpreting the political struggle over the DEO-centered debtfare state strategy, I then trace its limited repolitization since the mid-2010s, which redirects its reforms from their original pro-creditor and -bailiff prioritization to a prioritization of lowincome debtors. This politics complements the repolitization of the neoliberal state beyond populism. [R]
73.7929 SKINNER, Daniel ; WRIGHT, Brad —
Although community health centers (CHCs) arose in the 1960s as part of a Democratic policy push committed to social justice, subsequent support has been shaped by paradoxical politics wherein Republican and Democratic support for CHCs continually morphed in response to changes in the health policy landscape. Drawing on the CHC literature and empirical examples from firsthand accounts and reporting, this article explains CHCs’ curious historical development from 1965 to the present. Both Republicans and Democrats have calibrated their support for CHCs in response to a broader set of political considerations, from antiwelfare policy commitments to aspirations of establishing a national health care plan. CHCs have proven to be a politically malleable policy tool within the broader context of American health care policy. The COVID-19 pandemic raised new questions about CHCs’ sustainability and future, but CHCs will continue to play a critical role in providing health care access to underserved populations. They also will continue to be an attractive bipartisan policy option within the larger framework of US health policy. [R]
73.7930 STEINERT, Christoph Valentin —
The Chinese regime is well known for the large-scale detention of dissidents and ethnic minorities. However, little is known about the fates of Chinese political prisoners. This study investigates determinants of the duration of political imprisonment in China. I argue that the duration of political imprisonment is shaped by (1) the perceived threat of individuals’ actions, and (2) their ethnic and religious identities. Drawing on the Chinese political prisoner database, I investigate predictors of the duration of political imprisonment with survival models. Since preceding actions shape detention times, I hand-code each prisoner’s criminalized actions that led to incarceration. The evidence suggests that the Chinese regime conditions the duration of political imprisonment on prisoners’ demands and their collective action potential. The findings further demonstrate that ethnic Uyghurs and Tibetans are imprisoned significantly longer than non-minority political prisoners. Additional analyses demonstrate that ethnic Uyghurs are also significantly more likely to die in prison. [R]
73.7931 STRATING, Rebecca —
In response to challenges to Asia’s security order, regional powers such Australia, India, and Japan have adopted new “Indo-Pacific” strategic narratives to promote and defend the “rules-based order.” These narratives use China’s maritime disputes with smaller neighbors in the South China Sea as a key example of Beijing’s revisionist intentions. Yet such narratives expose “rules-based order” advocates to risks of “rhetorical entrapment” as other actors compel them to abide by the standards they have set. To what extent have Indo-Pacific powers been forced to follow the rules in their own asymmetrical maritime disputes? This article examines three Indo-Pacific cases: Timor Sea Compulsory Conciliation between Australia and Timor-Leste, the Chagos Island Marine Protected Area Arbitration between the United Kingdom and Mauritius, and the Bay of Bengal Maritime Boundary Arbitration between India and Bangladesh. To varying degrees, this article finds that strategic narratives constrained the policy options of all three Indo-Pacific powers. [R]
73.7932 SUNDQVIST, Emily —
Urbanization has fostered territorial polarization in many countries with the shift from an industrial to an increasingly knowledge-based economy. This shift benefits urban regions by spurring economic development, while many rural regions experience population decline, shrinking tax bases, and economic stagnation. While demographic development is a major factor in regional development, it is unclear how it affects regional political leadership. This article examines how demographic factors affect politicians’ influence on regional development in Sweden and Finland based on survey data of regional council representatives from both countries (n = 930). The findings indicate that strong population growth does not have a strong influence on regional development in these countries, implying that regional political leadership is not limited to dynamic urban regions with great development prospects, as leadership is also present in rural regions. Moreover, political variables are more important for politicians’ influence than demographic factors. [R]
73.7933 TREJO, Guillermo ; NIETO-MATIZ, Camilo —
How do post-conflict societies contain large-scale criminal violence when state security forces that committed atrocities during a civil war remain unpunished and become key players in the criminal underworld? This article explores the impact on violence reduction of internationalized prosecution (IP): cooperation agreements between an international organization and a country’s public prosecutors to dismantle state-criminal networks through judicial action. We assess the IP process by which the UN-sponsored International Commission Against Impunity in Guatemala (CICIG) and Guatemala’s law enforcement dismantled over 70 criminal structures led by death squads and the civil war military establishment. Using synthetic control models, we estimate that Guatemala’s IP process plausibly prevented the occurrence of between 20,000 and 30,000 homicides, from 2008 until 2019. [R, abr.]
73.7934 TURAN, Ilter —
The article addresses the question of impediments to the consolidation of democratic governance in Turkey. Historical path dependence (weight of history), cultural bifurcation emanating from Turkey’s modernization strategy, the legacy of the single party experience, the choice of particular economic development policies, and the role of individual leaders are examined with a view to how each may have contributed to a comprehensive set of difficulties Turkey has encountered in its efforts to evolve into a democratically governed society. [R] [See Abstr. 73.7894]
73.7935 ULLOA-SUÁREZ, Carolina —
This paper empirically examines which factors have influenced numerical compliance with fiscal rules in Latin American and Caribbean countries over the period 2000 to 2020. We use logistic regression models to associate three groups of specific factors with a greater or lesser probability of compliance with the rule: the macroeconomicand political environment of the countries and the design features of the enforced rules. We find that only changes in the macroeconomic and political context affect the probability of compliance with the enforced rules. In contrast, the institutional design of the fiscal rules does not seem to play an essential role in the compliance outcome. This result suggests that adjustments in this direction are not decisive for rule-compliance. [R]
73.7936 VOLCKART, Oliver —
Scholars agree that a core feature of the political style of the Holy Roman Empire was the focus on consensus, without which policy-making at the level of the Empire would have been impossible. This article demonstrates that the consensus on which decisions of the imperial estates was based tended to be superficial and was often in danger of breaking down. This vulnerability was a product of the diet’s open and sequential voting procedure, which allowed the bandwagon effect to distort outcomes. An analysis of the votes cast in the princes’ college at the diet of 1555 shows that lowstatus members of the college regularly imitated the decisions of high-status voters. Reforming the system would have required accepting that the members of the college were equals — an idea no one was prepared to countenance. [R, abr.]
73.7937 VOY-GILLIS, Anaïs —
Since the beginning of the Covid-19 pandemic, calls to reindustrialize France in the name of strengthening sovereignty have been multiplied. However, there is no consensus on the definition of France’s dependence and the market segments in which the industry should be strengthened. It is necessary to build a common vision of what France’s dependence is. What is at stake is not really the reindustrialization of France, but a confrontation between different visions of the world and different models of society. We need to define the goals that we want to serve by reindustrializing France and integrating the fact that certain ambitions can, if we are not careful, be antagonistic like environmental policies and industrial policies. Furthermore, the reindustrialization of France must be articulated between European ambitions and the numerous limits as dependencies on critical raw materials. [R] [See Abstr. 73.7625]
73.7938 WANG Jiayu ; YANG Mingfeng —
Using Systemic Functional Grammar and conceptual framework in the argumentation-oriented approach to discourse, this study analyzes Chinese central government’s “ Report on the Work of the Government” in 2020 (henceforth the Report) to explore the “interpersonal-function topoi” in the political discourse. The Report was delivered and issued against the backdrop of the surging covid-19 epidemic. This study first calculated the frequency of mood, modality and persons in the Report. The statistics were qualitatively analyzed in relation to various topoi-imagery of the crisis visà-vis representing the agency-reflected in the interpersonal metafunction of the language in the Report. These topoi play a vital role in winning popular support for the Chinese central government’s anti-epidemic measures and mobilizing the widest public into actions against the covid-19 pandemic. The analysis demonstrates how the analysis of interpersonal metafunction from an argumentation-oriented perspective can shed light on dealing with crisis discourse, especially in the pandemic settings. [R]
73.7939 XU Jiang, et al.—
Studies of state-firm relations in China have tended to adopt either a statecentric or a firm-centric approach to the research of state-firm relations, leading to a focus on the unidirectional causality from the state to the firm, or vice-versa. Moreover, these studies have primarily focused on statefirm relations in traditional manufacturing sectors in a handful of fast-growing cities and regions, leaving a research gap on the interplay between state and business actors in emerging industries and some of the new state spaces of economic development. This special feature presents four articles which examine how state-firm relations unfold in these new sectors and spaces. Their findings show support for a dialectical approach which attends to how the state and the firm co-determine and co-constitute each other’s interests and actions. [R] [First of a series of articles. See also Abstr. 73.7823, 7883, 7940, 7943, 7950]
73.7940 XU Jiang ; ZOU Guannan ; CHUNG Calvin King Lam —
[We examine] the boom of China’s intelligent connected vehicle (ICV) industry, in which governments and business interests are increasingly complicated in co-constructing a context-specific “framework of action” to tap the potential of new industries in managing radical urban development uncertainty. Against this background, this article examines the ICV industries in Hunan Xiangjiang New Area (HXNA), a national new area in Central China’s inland province of Hunan. Despite keen competition from coastal cities, HXNA has managed to develop the ICV industry as its flagship sector to propel local economic development. Through tracing the ICV-induced development, this article demonstrates that HXNA’s success owes much to a dynamic state-business interaction rarely seen in traditional industrial sectors. To explicate this interaction, this article argues that state-business interactions are neither unidirectional nor fixed, but bidirectional, malleable and evolving constantly. [R, abr.] [See Abstr. 73.7939]
73.7941 YADAV, Vineeta —
India continued its recovery from COVID-19 in 2022. The Omicron strain was less lethal than previous waves and consequently had a smaller economic footprint. The economy began rebounding, with trade and foreign direct and portfolio investments recovering to pre-pandemic levels. India remained one of the fastest-growing economies in the world in 2022. However, it suffered very significant setbacks to its democracy, with increased attacks on civil and political liberties and human rights, and on its institutions, by BJP-led governments at the center and in the states. India effectively managed foreign policy challenges stemming from the Ukraine–Russia conflict, incursions into Indian territory by China, and the Islamophobic rhetoric of its own party leaders. Overall, 2022 was marked by a slew of BJP victories in six out of seven states and by the negative consequences of the BJP’s political strength for Indian democracy. [R]
73.7942 YANG Xiaoyu ; NAHM, Abraham Y. —
To better understand the government-business relations and the governance in China, this study investigates the effects of Chinese business leaders’ membership in the National People’s Congress (NPC) on government subsidy, firm’s strategic change, and labor inefficiency. Our sample consists of 959 firms with business leaders in the 10th and 11th NPC, which account for 88% of the total firms that have business leaders in the NPC. To make a valid comparison, we used various criteria to create a matching sample of 44,894 firms that have no business leaders in the NPC. The results suggest that NPC membership has a positive effect on government subsidy, and negative effects on firm’s strategic change and labor inefficiency. After conducting a post-hoc analysis, we found interesting interaction effects of NPC membership and firm ownership upon firm’s strategic change and labor inefficiency. State-owned firms had stronger negative relationships between NPC membership and strategic change, and between NPC membership and labor inefficiency. [R]
73.7943 YE Lin ; LI Meng ; SONG,Xingzhou —
State-business relations are important in studying economic restructuring and technological development in emerging industries. Classic debates have centered on a state- or business-centric model to spur innovation. Designated by the Chinese state as a region of innovation, the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Greater Bay Area (GBA) has seen the rise of intensive state–business interactions. Our investigation of the National Enterprise Technology Center accreditation policy in the GBA reveals features distinguishing state–business interactions in regional innovation. These interactions are dynamic in the sense that the state and businesses, new technology companies in our case, co-determine and co-constitute policy implementation. Moreover, these interactions are hierarchically differentiated, with their forms and significance varying with the particular level of government involved because each level is accorded capacities and responsibilities of different political-economic importance. [R, abr.] [See Abstr. 73.7939]
73.7944 YILMAZ, Şuhnaz —
Turkey’s geopolitical position at the intersection of numerous conflict-laden regions has compelled Ankara to prioritize hard security concerns in defining its foreign and domestic policies. While these concerns will maintain their significance, new global threats and opportunities, particularly in energy security, climate change, and sustainability, necessitate a reconceptualization of security. This study posits that this new conceptualization must be more comprehensive by integrating these new challenges into conceptions security. After presenting pressing transformations in the energy security and climate change realm, the critical puzzle that the article will explore is Turkey’s main challenges and opportunities in meeting its rapidly increasing energy needs on the one hand and facing mounting climate change and sustainability-related risks on the other. Moreover, the study will examine the domestic and foreign policy implications of these transformations in times of global changes and uncertainties. [R] [See Abstr. 73.7894]
73.7945 YIN Yue —
The phenomenon of hierarchical political trust- i.e., the higher the level of government, the higher the level of political trust- is prevalent in China. This article examines the source of hierarchical trust using survey data from the fourth wave of the Asian Barometer Survey. The results indicate that while dissatisfaction with governmental performance is negatively associated with both central and local levels of government, attachment to the traditional, authoritarian, and paternalistic components of Chinese political culture significantly lessens the negative effect of dissatisfaction with governmental performance on central trust, but exerts no obvious effect on local trust. This finding not only helps to explain the local-central trust pattern but also contributes to an understanding of the consistently high level of public support for the single-party authoritarian system in China. [R]
73.7946 YOO Taeyoung ; KIM Seoyeon ; JHO Whasun —
Regarding the variance of economic voting, the literature draws on various political institutions and individual-level contexts but pays little attention on how to comprehensively analyze political and economic spheres. Given that politics and economy are closely intertwined by resource acquisition and allocation, this study proposes state-business relations (SBR) to explain the variance across countries. The empirical analysis of 31 OECD countries from 1995 to 2019 confirms that the SBR’s explanatory power is significant as a coordination mechanism in a country and moderates political and economic contexts. This study highlights the importance of systematic integration of political and economic spheres and calls for additional efforts to elaborate the nuance of SBR in economic voting across countries. [R]
73.7947 YUN Migyeong ; KIM Won Sub —
This article verifies three conditions in its aim to confirm the influence of Japan’s experience on the introduction timing and policy model of South Korean long-term care insurance (LTCI). First, the LTCI systems in Korea and Japan agree in terms of their core principles. Both are based on a separate social insurance system and ensure financial sustainability at the expense of service quality in response to the need to elevate expenditure. Second, the policymaking process reveals the reference relationship between the two systems. The advocacy coalition for LTCI suggested introducing an LTCI based on Japan’s experience. However, their rationale was constrained due to the bounded rationality of policy learning. Finally, this article demonstrates that the rival arguments cannot completely explain the introduction of the Korean LTCI without considering the bounded learning argument. Consequently, the results of this study indicate that policy learning is critical to welfare development in latecomer welfare states. [R] [See Abstr. 73.7919]
73.7948 YUN Seongyi —
At the presidential and local levels, progressives were replaced by conservatives in 2022. But the National Assembly is still dominated by the opposition Democratic Party, so the government is more divided than ever. As a conservative government came into power in South Korea, North Korea fired the most missiles ever, and inter-Korean relations were very strained. The economy is in serious condition due to inflation, interest rate hikes, and slowing growth. [R]
73.7949 ZEWERI, Helena ; GREGORY, Thomas —
This article investigates two registers of dehumanization in the Brereton Report. It begins with the dehumanization of Afghan civilians that is reflected in the Brereton Report, which alleges that SOTG personnel adopted a liberal interpretation of the rules of engagement to justify using lethal force against Afghan civilians. Drawing on the work of Judith Butler and Sara Ahmed, we draw attention to the gendered and racialized assumptions that constituted the Afghan people as a potential threat, which worked to enable and excuse the violence inflicted upon them. At the same time, we argue that the Brereton Report reproduces and reinforces these dehumanizing assumptions in its decision not to investigate split second decisions made in the ‘heat of battle’. We argue that the language used to justify this omission reinforces orientalist tropes about Afghanistan as an dangerous, perilous and ungovernable space, which helped to normalize the violence inflicted upon the Afghan people. [R] [See Abstr. 73.7788]
73.7950 ZHENG Shali —
Amidst a wave of automation in the manufacturing sector in China and around the world, the robotics industry has gained strength in Dongguan as a locomotive for the industrial upgrading of this “world’s factory.” Informed by the scholarship of regional innovation systems in general, and the perspective of differentiated knowledge bases in particular, we examine in this article how the rise of Dongguan’s robotics industry is mediated by the interplay of the state and firms during their involvement in various attempts within and across the city’s boundaries to construct and combine the two knowledge bases required for robotics innovation, namely, analytical and synthetic ones. As our empirical analysis reveals, both the state and firms have initiated actions to enrich the knowledge bases, but neither of them dictates the knowledge dynamics of regional innovation. [R, abr.] [See Abstr. 73.7939]
73.7951 ZÜRCHER, Erik-Jan —
This essay investigates the choices made by the Turkish political leadership at three crucial moments in the history of Turkey between World War I and the Cold War. It asks the question if viable alternatives to the chosen route were available, and to what extent the choices made reflected international developments of the time. The episodes looked at are the establishment of a nation-state and of a republic (two separate issues) in 1920-23, the turn towards authoritarianism during the World Crisis (1930-32) and the transition to multi-party democracy in 1945-50. [R] [See Abstr. 73.7894]