Treatment Teams that Work (and those that don't): An Application of Hackman's Group Effectiveness Model to Interdisciplinary Teams in Psychiatric Hospitals
Restricted accessResearch articleFirst published online September, 1995
Treatment Teams that Work (and those that don't): An Application of Hackman's Group Effectiveness Model to Interdisciplinary Teams in Psychiatric Hospitals
Recent studies of small work groups emphasize comprehensive models of team effectiveness. A survey-based operationalization of one such model, Hackman `s Model of Group Effectiveness (Hackman, 1987, 1990), is applied to 15 interdisciplinary treatment teams working in three public psychiatric hospitals. Mental health professionals answered a self-administered questionnaire I developed (N = 98, response rate = 91%). Analysis was conducted at three levels: (a) by all respondents; (b) by team; and (c) by organizational characteristics and professional discipline, and their interaction. Through use of a structural equation model, particular initial and enabling conditions successfully predict teams' meeting standards of the required task teams' cohesion, and members' personal well-being; standards met and cohesion of team also predict overall team effectiveness. These findings emphasize the importance of measuring the various types of organizational and group factors contributing to team effectiveness, as well as the specific aspects of team effectiveness. Implications for team training are discussed.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Abramson, J. S.
(1993). Orienting social work employees in interdisciplinary settings: Shaping professional and organizational perspectives. Social Work, 38(2), 152-157.
2.
Alderfer, C. P.
(1987). An intergroup perspective on group dynamics. In J. W. Lorsch (Ed.), Handbook of organizational behavior (pp. 190-222). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
3.
Ancona, D. G.
, & Caldwell, D. F. (1988). Beyond task and maintenance: Defining external functions in groups. Groups and Organizations, 13(4), 468-494.
4.
Andrews, F. M.
(1984). Construct validity and error components of survey instruments: A structural modeling approach. Public Opinion Quarterly, 48, 409-442.
5.
Armer, B.
, & Thomas, B. K. (1978). Attitudes toward interdisciplinary collaboration in pupil personnel service teams. Journal of School Psychology, 16(2), 167-176.
6.
Bacharach, S. B.
, Bamberger, P., & Conley, S. (1991). Work-home conflict among nurses and engineers: Mediating the impact of role stress on burnout and satisfaction at work. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 12, 39-53.
7.
Bagozzi, R. P.
(1991). Assessing construct validity in organizational research. Administrative Science Quarterly, 36, 421-458.
8.
Bagozzi, R. P.
(1993). Assessing construct validity in personality research: Applications to measures of self-esteem. Journal of Research in Personality, 27, 49-87.
9.
Bollen, K. A.
(1989). Structural equations with latent variables. New York: Wiley.
10.
Bond, G. R.
, Pensec, M., Dietzen, L., McCafferty, D., Giemza, R., & Sipple, H. W. (1991). Intensive case management for frequent users of psychiatric hospitals in a large city: A comparison of team and individual caseloads. Psychosocial Rehabilitation Journal, 15(1), 90-98.
11.
Bunker, B. B.
(1992). From theory to practice: A review of recent books on small groups. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 28(1), 137-155.
12.
Byrne, B. M.
(1994). Structural equation modeling with EQS and EQS/Windows: Basic concepts, applications, and programming. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
13.
Casto, R. M.
, Julia, M. C., Platt, L. J., Harbaugh, G. L., Thompson, A., Jost, T. S., Bope, E. T., Williams, T., & Lee, D. B. (1994). Interprofessional care and collaborative practice. Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole.
14.
Davis-Sacks, M. L. (n.d.). [Treatment team study instruments used in the Battle Creek Initiative sponsored by the Veteran's Administration Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI]. Unpublished data and questionnaires.
15.
Ducanis, A. J.
, & Golin, A. K. (1979). The interdisciplinary health care team: A handbook. Germantown, MD: Aspen Systems.
16.
Eden, D.
(1985). Team development: A true field experiment at three levels of rigor. Journal of Applied Psychology, 70, 94-100.
17.
Farkas, A. J.
, & Tetrick, L. E. (1989). A three-wave longitudinal analysis of the causal ordering of satisfaction and commitment on turnover decisions. Journal of Applied Psychology, 74(6), 855-868.
18.
Folkins, C.
, Wieselberg, N., & Spensley, J. (1981). Discipline stereotyping and evaluative attitudes among community mental health center staff. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 51(1), 140-148.
19.
Frone, M. R.
, Russell, M., & Cooper, M. L. (1992). Antecedents and outcomes of work-family conflict: Testing a model of the work-family interface. Journal of Applied Psychology, 77(1), 65-78.
20.
Garner, H. G.
(1988). Helping others through teamwork. Washington, DC: Child Welfare League of America.
21.
Gaucher, E. J.
, & Coffey, R. J. (1993). Total quality in health care: From theory to practice. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
22.
Goodman, P. S.
, Ravlin, E. C., & Argote, L. (1986). Current thinking about groups: Setting the stage for new ideas. In P. S. Goodman (Ed.), Designing effective work groups (pp. 1-33). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
23.
Hackman, J. R.
(1987). The design of work teams. In J. W. Lorsch (Ed.), Handbook of organizational behavior (pp. 315-342). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
24.
Hackman, J. R.
(Ed.). (1990). Groups that work (and those that don't): Creating conditions for effective teamwork. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
25.
Hayduk, L. A.
(1987). Structural equation modeling with LISREL. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
26.
Knaus, W. A.
, Draper, E. A., Wagner, D. P., & Zimmerman, J. E. (1986). An evaluation of outcome from intensive care in major medical centers. Annals of Internal Medicine, 104(3), 410-418.
27.
Larson, C. E,
& LaFasto, F.M.J. (1989). Teamwork: What must go right, what can go wrong. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
28.
Lecca, P. J.
, & McNeil, J. S. (Eds.). (1985a). Interdisciplinary team practice: Issues and trends. New York: Praeger.
29.
Lecca, P. J.
, & McNeil, J. S. (1985b). Issues and trends in team practice. In P. J. Lecca & J. S. McNeil (Eds.), Interdisciplinary team practice: Issues and trends (pp. 205-215). New York: Praeger.
30.
Liang, J.
, Lawrence, R. H., Bennett, J. M., & Whitelaw, N. A. (1990). Appropriateness of composites in structural equation models. Journal of Gerontology: Social Sciences, 45(2), S53-S59.
31.
Lichtenberg, P. A.
, Strzepek, D. M., & Zeiss, A. M. (1990). Bringing psychiatric aides into the treatment team: An application of the Veterans Administration's ITTG Model. Gerontology & Geriatrics Education, 10(4), 63-73.
32.
Lister, L.
(1982). Role training for interdisciplinary health teams. Health & Social Work, 7(1), 19-25.
33.
Nason, F.
(1983). Diagnosing the hospital team. Social Work in Health Care, 9(2), 25-45.
34.
Netemeyer, R. G.
, Johnston, M. W., & Burton, S. (1990). Analysis of role conflict and role ambiguity in a structural equations framework. Journal of Applied Psychology, 75(2), 148-157.
35.
Raykov, T.
, Tomer, A., & Nesselroade, J. R. (1991). Reporting structural equation modeling results in Psychology and Aging: Some proposed guidelines. Psychology and Aging, 6(4), 499-503.
36.
Rendell, R. (1988). Interdisciplinary collaboration, communication patterns and personality characteristics within milieu teams in a children's psychiatric hospital. Doctoral dissertation, School of Education, University of Michigan. (University Microfilms Order No. 8812972)
37.
Schaubroeck, J.
, Cotton, J. L., & Jennings, K. R. (1989). Antecedents and consequences of role stress: A covariance structure analysis. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 10, 35-58.
38.
Shalinsky, W.
(1989. Polydisciplinary group in the human services. Small Group Behavior, 20(2), 203-219.
39.
Shaw, R. B.
(1990). Mental health treatment teams. In J. R. Hackman (Ed.), Groups that work (and those that don't): Creating conditions for effective teamwork (pp. 330-348). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
40.
Sundstrom, E.
, & Altman, I. (1989). Physical environments and work-group effectiveness. Research in Organizational Behavior, 11, 175-209.
41.
Sundstrom, E.
, De Meuse, K. P., Futrell, D. (1990). Work teams: Applications and effectiveness. American Psychologist, 45(2), 120-133.
42.
Tannenbaum, S. I.
, Beard, R. L., & Salas, E. (1992). Team building and its influence on team effectiveness: An examination of conceptual and empirical developments. In K. Kelley (Ed.), Issues, theory, and research in industrial/organizational psychology (pp. 117-153). Amsterdam: Elsevier Science.
43.
Terem, E.
(1991). Interdisciplinary teams and the control of clients: A sociotechnical perspective. Human Relations, 44(4), 343-356.
44.
Toseland, R. W.
, Ivanoff, A., & Rose, S. R. (1987). Treatment conferences: Task groups in action. Social Work With Groups, 10(2), 80-94.
45.
Toseland, R. W.
, Palmer-Ganeles, J., & Chapman, D. (1986). Teamwork in psychiatric settings. Social Work, 31(1), 46-52.
46.
Trice, H. M.
(1993). Occupational subcultures in the workplace. Ithaca, NY: ILR.
47.
Tuckman, B. W.
, & Jensen, M.A.C. (1977). Stages in small group development revisited. Group and Organizational Studies, 2, 419-427.
48.
Vinokur-Kaplan, D.
(1992). Final report: Pre- and post-training team building assessment (Report to the Michigan Department of Mental Health). Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, School of Social Work.
49.
Vinokur-Kaplan, D.
(1993). Integrating team effectiveness in social work practice: Some responses to disciplinary diversity. Paper presented at the Annual Program Meeting of the Council on Social Work Education, New York.
50.
Vinokur-Kaplan, D.
(1995). Enhancing the effectiveness of interdisciplinary mental health treatment teams. Administration & Policy in Mental Health, 22(5), 521-530.
51.
Vinokur-Kaplan, D.
(in press). Integrating work team effectiveness with social work practice: An ecological approach. In D. J. Tucker, R. C. Sarri, & C. Garvin (Eds.), The integration of social work & social science. Westport, CT: Greenwood.
52.
Vinokur-Kaplan, D.
, & Walker-Burt, G. (1994). Meeting professionals' training needs during retrenchment: An example of federal, state and university collaboration with public psychiatric hospitals. Administration & Policy in Mental Health, 21(6), 525-530.
53.
Walton, R. E.
, & Hackman, J. R. (1986). Leading groups in organizations. In P. S. Goodman & Associates (Eds.), Designing effective work groups (pp. 72-119). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
54.
Wayne, S. J.
, & Ferris, G. R. (1990). Influence tactics, affect, and exchange quality in supervisor-subordinate interactions: A laboratory experiment and field study. Journal of Applied Psychology, 75, 487-499.
55.
Wheelan, S. A.
(1994). Group processes: A developmental perspective. Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
